Shalosh B. Ekhad, Aaron Robertson, Doron Zeilberger
Here we present the reasoning behind, and program to find, the generating functions for the number of permutations in the title. The article duals as the "accompanying" Maple package.
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We prove a conjecture by Stefan Kohl on the existence of triples of permutations of bounded degree with prescribed orders and product 1. This result leads to an existence result for covers of the complex projective line with bounded degree and prescribed ramification indices.
We initiate a general approach for the fast enumeration of permutations with a prescribed number of occurrences of `forbidden' patterns, that seems to indicate that the enumerating sequence is always P-recursive. We illustrate the method completely in terms of the patterns `abc',`cab' and `abcd'.
Let $π=(π_1,π_2,\hdots,π_n)$ be permutation of the elements $1,2,\hdots,n. $ Positive integer $k\leq2^{n-1}$ we call index of $π,$ if in its binary notation as $n$-digital binary number, the 1's correspond to the ascent points. We study behavior and properties of numbers of permutations of $n$ elements having index $k.$
We consider the problem of enumerating the permutations containing exactly $k$ occurrences of a pattern of length 3. This enumeration has received a lot of interest recently, and there are a lot of known results. This paper presents an alternative approach to the problem, which yields a proof for a formula which so far only was conjectured (by Noonan and Zeilberger). This approach is based on bijections from permutations to certain lattice paths with ``jumps'', which were first considered by Krattenthaler.
In recent work, Zeilberger and the author used a functional equations approach for enumerating permutations with r occurrences of the pattern 12...k. In particular, the approach yielded a polynomial-time enumeration algorithm for any fixed nonnegative r. We extend that approach to patterns of the form 12...(k-2)(k)(k-1) by deriving analogous functional equations and using them to develop similar algorithms that enumerate permutations with r occurrences of the pattern. We also generalize those techniques to handle patterns of the form 23...k1 and derive analogous functional equations and enumer…
We enumerate derangements with descents in prescribed positions. A generating function was given by Guo-Niu Han and Guoce Xin in 2007. We give a combinatorial proof of this result, and derive several explicit formulas. To this end, we consider fixed point $λ$-coloured permutations, which are easily enumerated. Several formulae regarding these numbers are given, as well as a generalisation of Euler's difference tables. We also prove that except in a trivial special case, if a permutation $π$ is chosen uniformly among all permutations on $n$ elements, the events that $π$ has descents in a set $S…
We define new statistics, (c, d)-descents, on the colored permutation groups Z_r \wr S_n and compute the distribution of these statistics on the elements in these groups. We use some combinatorial approaches, recurrences, and generating functions manipulations to obtain our results.
Explicit marginal distributions for permutations with prescribed Robinson-Schensted shape
本文研究了给定形状对排列局部行为的控制，推导了特定形状下σ(i)=j的概率公式，并分析了矩阵中的复杂衍射模式，发现当形状最大部分趋于无穷时，固定点比例趋近于Wallis积分。
We discuss both simple and more subtle connections between the numbers of permutations and full cycles with some restrictions,in particular, between the numbers of permutations and full cycles with prescribed up-down structure.
Spherical codes with prescribed signed permutation automorphisms inside shells of low-dimensional integer lattices
该研究通过计算机搜索指定自同构的码，计算低维整数格壳层球面码参数的下界，部分构造码改进了已有球面码下界。
We extend Stanley's work on alternating permutations with extremal number of fixed points in two directions: first, alternating permutations are replaced by permutations with a prescribed descent set; second, instead of simply counting permutations we study their generating polynomials by number of excedances. Several techniques are used: Desarmenien's desarrangement combinatorics, Gessel's hook-factorization and the analytical properties of two new permutation statistics "DEZ" and "lec". Explicit formulas for the maximal case are derived by using symmetric function tools.
Any permutation statistic $f:\sym\to\CC$ may be represented uniquely as a, possibly infinite, linear combination of (classical) permutation patterns: $f= Σ_τλ_f(τ)τ$. To provide explicit expansions for certain statistics, we introduce a new type of permutation patterns that we call mesh patterns. Intuitively, an occurrence of the mesh pattern $p=(π,R)$ is an occurrence of the permutation pattern $π$ with additional restrictions specified by $R$ on the relative position of the entries of the occurrence. We show that, for any mesh pattern $p=(π,R)$, we have $λ_p(τ) = (-1)^{|τ|-|π|}p^{\star}(τ)$ …
We describe a new method for finding patterns in permutations that produce a given pattern after the permutation has been passed once through a stack. We use this method to describe West-3-stack-sortable permutations, that is, permutations that are sorted by three passes through a stack. We also show how the method can be applied to the bubble-sort operator. The method requires the use of mesh patterns introduced by Brändén and Claesson (2011), as well as a new type of generalized pattern we call a decorated pattern.
In this paper, we focus on the enumeration of permutations by number of cyclic occurrence of peaks and valleys. We find several recurrence relations involving the number of permutations with a prescribed number of cyclic peaks, cyclic valleys, fixed points and cycles. Several associated permutation statistics and the corresponding generating functions are also studied. In particular, we establish a connection between cyclic valleys and Pell numbers as well as cyclic peaks and alternating runs.
Previous work has studied the pattern count on singly restricted permutations. In this work, we focus on patterns of length 3 in multiply restricted permutations, especially for double and triple pattern-avoiding permutations. We derive explicit formulae or generating functions for various occurrences of length 3 patterns on multiply restricted permutations, as well as some combinatorial interpretations for non-trivial pattern relationships.
This paper is continuation of the study of the 1-box pattern in permutations introduced by the authors in \cite{kitrem4}. We derive a two-variable generating function for the distribution of this pattern on 132-avoiding permutations, and then study some of its coefficients providing a link to the Fibonacci numbers. We also find the number of separable permutations with two and three occurrences of the 1-box pattern.
A brief presentation of basic definitions and notation used in permutation patterns research.
Let $Γ$ be a connected $G$-arc-transitive graph, let $uv$ be an arc of $Γ$ and let $L$ be the permutation group induced by the action of the vertex-stabiliser $G_v$ on the neighbourhood $Γ(v)$. We study the problem of bounding $|G_{uv}|$ in terms of $L$ and the order of $Γ$.
We prove that the number of permutations which avoid 132-patterns and have exactly one 123-pattern equals (n-2)2^(n-3). We then give a bijection onto the set of permutations which avoid 123-patterns and have exactly one 132-pattern. Finally, we show that the number of permutations which contain exactly one 123-pattern and exactly one 132-pattern is (n-3)(n-4)2^(n-5).
We define a variation of Stirling permutations, called quasi-Stirling permutations, to be permutations on the multiset $\{1,1,2,2,\ldots, n,n\}$ that avoid the patterns 1212 and 2121. Their study is motivated by a known relationship between Stirling permutations and increasing ordered rooted labeled trees. We construct a bijection between quasi-Stirling permutations and the set of ordered rooted labeled trees and investigate pattern avoidance for these permutations.
Motivated by study of Mahonian statistics, in 2000, Babson and Steingrimsson introduced the notion of a "generalized permutation pattern" (GP) which generalizes the concept of "classical" permutation pattern introduced by Knuth in 1969. The invention of GPs led to a large number of publications related to properties of these patterns in permutations and words. Since the work of Babson and Steingrimsson, several further generalizations of permutation patterns have appeared in the literature, each bringing a new set of permutation or word pattern problems and often new connections with other com…
In this paper we calculate the cardinality of the set S_n(T,tau) of all permutations in S_n that avoid one pattern from S_4 and a nonempty set of patterns from S_3.
We establish a bijection from the set of all permutations (of a given length) that avoid a pattern $q$ and a context-sensitive language.
For an arbitrary finite permutation group $G$, subgroup of the symmetric group $S_\ell$, we determine the permutations involving only members of $G$ as $\ell$-patterns, i.e., avoiding all patterns in the set $S_\ell \setminus G$. The set of all $n$-permutations with this property constitutes again a permutation group. We consequently refine and strengthen the classification of sets of permutations closed under pattern involvement and composition that is due to Atkinson and Beals.
Motivated by the recent proof of the Stanley-Wilf conjecture, we study the asymptotic behavior of the number of permutations avoiding a generalized pattern. Generalized patterns allow the requirement that some pairs of letters must be adjacent in an occurrence of the pattern in the permutation, and consecutive patterns are a particular case of them. We determine the asymptotic behavior of the number of permutations avoiding a consecutive pattern, showing that they are an exponentially small proportion of the total number of permutations. For some other generalized patterns we give partial resu…
Circular permutations on {1,2,...,n} that avoid a given pattern correspond to ordinary (linear) permutations that end with n and avoid all cyclic rotations of the pattern. Three letter patterns are all but unavoidable in circular permutations and here we give explicit formulas for the number of circular permutations that avoid one four letter pattern. In the three essentially distinct cases, the counts are as follows: the Fibonacci number F_{2n-3} for the pattern 1324, 2^{n-1}-(n-1) for 1342, and 2^{n}+1-2n-{n}choose{3} for 1234.
Numerical evidence suggests that certain permutation patterns of length k are easier to avoid than any other patterns of that same length. We prove that these patterns are avoided by no more than (2.25k^2)^n permutations of length n. In light of this, we conjecture that no pattern of length k is avoided by more than that many permutations of length n.
In this paper, we study the occurrence of patterns in the cycle structures of permutations.
We give a solution to a problem posed by Corteel and Nadeau concerning permutation tableaux of length n and the number of occurrences of the dashed pattern 32--1 in permutations on [n]. We introduce the inversion number of a permutation tableau. For a permutation tableau T and the permutation $π$ obtained from T by the bijection of Corteel and Nadeau, we show that the inversion number of T equals the number of occurrences of the dashed pattern 32--1 in the reverse complement of $π$. We also show that permutation tableaux without inversions coincide with L-Bell tableaux introduced by Corteel an…
Babson and Steingrìmsson introduced generalized permutation patterns that allow the requirement that two adjacent letters in a pattern must be adjacent in the permutation. Subsequently, Claesson presented a complete solution for the number of permutations avoiding any single pattern of type (1,2) or (2,1). For eight of these twelve patterns the answer is given by the Bell numbers. For the remaining four the answer is given by the Catalan numbers. In the present paper we give a complete solution for the number of permutations avoiding a pair of patterns of type (1,2) or (2,1). We also conjectur…
Pattern avoidance in permutations and their rotations
研究排列及其旋转中的模式避免问题，给出前\(k\geq2\)次旋转都避免给定长度为三的模式的排列数等精确公式，所研究的威尔夫等价类由补和反转决定，还对前两次旋转避免不同模式的排列进行分类枚举。
Pattern avoiding machines were recently introduced by Claesson, Ferrari and the current author to gain a better understanding of the classical $2$-stacksort problem. In this paper we generalize these devices by allowing permutations with repeated elements, also known as Cayley permutations. The main result is a description of those patterns such that the corresponding set of sortable permutations is a class. We also show a new involution on the set of Cayley permutations, obtained by regarding a pattern-avoiding stack as an operator. Finally, we analyze two generalizations of pop-stack sorting…
In this paper, we introduce the definitions of simsun succession, simsun cycle succession and simsun pattern. In particular, the ordinary simsun permutations are permutations avoiding simsun pattern 321. We study the descent and peak statistics on permutations avoiding simsun successions. We give a combinatorial interpretation of the q-Eulerian polynomials introduced by Brenti (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 91 (2000), 137-170). We also present a bijection between permutations avoiding simsun pattern 132 and set partitions.
We investigate permutations and involutions that avoid a pattern of length three and have a {\em unique} longest increasing subsequence.
The Goulden-Jackson cluster method is a powerful tool for counting words by occurrences of prescribed subwords, and was adapted by Elizalde and Noy for counting permutations by occurrences of prescribed consecutive patterns. In this paper, we lift the cluster method for permutations to the Malvenuto-Reutenauer algebra. Upon applying standard homomorphisms, our result specializes to both the cluster method for permutations as well as a q-analogue which keeps track of the inversion number statistic. We construct additional homomorphisms using the theory of shuffle-compatibility, leading to furth…
In 2012, Sagan and Savage introduced the notion of $st$-Wilf equivalence for a statistic $st$ and for sets of permutations that avoid particular permutation patterns which can be extended to generalized permutation patterns. In this paper we consider $inv$-Wilf equivalence on sets of two or more consecutive permutation patterns. We say that two sets of generalized permutation patterns $Π$ and $Π'$ are $inv$-Wilf equivalent if the generating function for the inversion statistic on the permutations that simultaneously avoid all elements of $Π$ is equal to the generating function for the inversio…
We consider the problem of packing fixed-length patterns into a permutation, and develop a connection between the number of large patterns and the number of bonds in a permutation. Improving upon a result of Kaplansky and Wolfowitz, we obtain exact values for the expectation and variance for the number of large patterns in a random permutation. Finally, we are able to generalize the idea of bonds to obtain results on fixed-length patterns of any size, and present a construction that maximizes the number of distinct large patterns.
We count the number of occurrences of restricted patterns of length 3 in permutations with respect to length and the number of cycles. The main tool is a bijection between permutations in standard cycle form and weighted Motzkin paths.
We enumerate permutations that avoid all but one of the $k$ patterns of length $k$ starting with a monotone increasing subsequence of length $k-1$. We compare the size of such permutation classes to the size of the class of permutations avoiding the monotone increasing subsequence of length $k-1$.
We modify the enumeration schemes of Zeilberger and Vatter so that they can efficiently enumerate many new classes of pattern-avoiding permutations including all such classes with a regular insertion encoding.
This paper is continuation of the systematic study of distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns. We study quadrant marked mesh patterns on up-down and down-up permutations, also known as alternating and reverse alternating permutations, respectively. In particular, we refine classic enumeration results of André on alternating permutations by showing that the distribution of the quadrant marked mesh pattern of interest is given by $(\sec(xt))^{1/x}$ on up-down permutations of even length and by $\int_0^t (\sec(xz))^{1+\frac{1}{x}}dz$ on down-up permutations of odd length.
We present some combinatorial interpretations for coefficients appearing in series partitioning the permutations avoiding 132 along marked mesh patterns. We identify for patterns in which only one parameter is non zero the combinatorial family in bijection with 132-avoiding permutations and also preserving the statistic counted by the marked mesh pattern.
In their study of cyclic pattern containment, Domagalski et al. conjecture differential equations for the generating functions of circular permutations avoiding consecutive patterns of length 3. In this note, we prove and significantly generalize these conjectures. We show that, for every consecutive pattern $σ$ beginning with 1, the bivariate generating function counting occurrences of $σ$ in circular permutations can be obtained from the generating function counting occurrences of $σ$ in (linear) permutations. This includes all the patterns for which the latter generating function is known.
Call a permutation $k$-inflatable if the sequence of its tensor products with uniform random permutations of increasing lengths has uniform $k$-point pattern densities. Previous work has shown that nontrivial $k$-inflatable permutations do not exist for $k \geq 4$. In this paper, we derive a general formula for the limit densities of patterns in the sequence of tensor products of a fixed permutation with each permutation from a convergent sequence. By applying this result, we completely characterize $3$-inflatable permutations and find explicit examples of $3$-inflatable permutations with vari…
Recently, Babson and Steingrimsson (see \cite{BS}) introduced generalized permutations patterns that allow the requirement that two adjacent letters in a pattern must be adjacent in the permutation. In this paper we study the generating functions for the number of permutations on $n$ letters avoiding a generalized pattern $ab\mn c$ where $(a,b,c)\in S_3$, and containing a prescribed number of occurrences of generalized pattern $cd\mn e$ where $(c,d,e)\in S_3$. As a consequence, we derive all the previously known results for this kind of problems, as well as many new results.
The class of permutations that avoid the bivincular pattern (231, {1},{1}) is known to be enumerated by the Fishburn numbers. In this paper, we call them Fishburn permutations and study their pattern avoidance. For classical patterns of size 3, we give a complete enumerative picture for regular and indecomposable Fishburn permutations. For patterns of size 4, we focus on a Wilf equivalence class of Fishburn permutations that are enumerated by the Catalan numbers. In addition, we also discuss a class enumerated by the binomial transform of the Catalan numbers and give conjectures for other equi…
Pattern expansions of permutation statistics
本文研究了排列统计的模式展开，证明了其有限性并给出了正性的组合准则。
An assortment of problems in permutation patterns: unimodality, equivalence, derangements, and sorting
本文探讨了排列模式中的单峰性、等价性、错排计数及排序问题，提出四个开放研究方向。
In this paper we study pattern avoidance for affine permutations. In particular, we show that for a given pattern p, there are only finitely many affine permutations in $\widetilde{S}_n$ that avoid p if and only if p avoids the pattern 321. We then count the number of affine permutations that avoid a given pattern p for each p in S_3, as well as give some conjectures for the patterns in S_4.
A Complete Enumeration of Ballot Permutations Avoiding Sets of Small Patterns
本文完全枚举了避免两个或三个长度为3模式的选票排列，建立了相应的递推关系与公式，并发现了避免132和312的选票排列与Dyck路径左因子间的双射，同时完成了相关的Wilf分类。
We introduce and study a new notion of patterns in Stirling and $k$-Stirling permutations, which we call block patterns. We prove a general result which allows us to compute generating functions for the occurrences of various block patterns in terms of generating functions for the occurrences of patterns in permutations. This result yields a number of applications involving, among other things, Wilf equivalence of block patterns and a new interpretation of Bessel polynomials. We also show how to interpret our results for a certain class of labeled trees, which are in bijection with Stirling pe…
In the last decade a huge amount of articles has been published studying pattern avoidance on permutations. From the point of view of enumeration, typically one tries to count permutations avoiding certain patterns according to their lengths. Here we tackle the problem of refining this enumeration by considering the statistics "first/last entry". We give complete results for every generalized patterns of type $(1,2)$ or $(2,1)$ as well as for some cases of permutations avoiding a pair of generalized patterns of the above types.
We study the problem of counting alternating permutations avoiding collections of permutation patterns including 132. We construct a bijection between the set S_n(132) of 132-avoiding permutations and the set A_{2n + 1}(132) of alternating, 132-avoiding permutations. For every set p_1, ..., p_k of patterns and certain related patterns q_1, ..., q_k, our bijection restricts to a bijection between S_n(132, p_1, ..., p_k), the set of permutations avoiding 132 and the p_i, and A_{2n + 1}(132, q_1, ..., q_k), the set of alternating permutations avoiding 132 and the q_i. This reduces the enumeration…
This paper is continuation of the systematic study of distribution of quadrant marked mesh patterns initiated in "S. Kitaev and J. Remmel, Quadrant marked mesh patterns, J. Integer Sequences 12, Issue 4 (2012), Article 12.4.7.". We study quadrant marked mesh patterns on up-down and down-up permutations.
We show that permutations of size $n$ avoiding both of the dashed patterns 32-41 and 41-32 are equinumerous with indecomposable set partitions of size $n+1$, and deduce a related result.
We investigate pattern avoidance in alternating permutations and generalizations thereof. First, we study pattern avoidance in an alternating analogue of Young diagrams. In particular, we extend Babson-West's notion of shape-Wilf equivalence to apply to alternating permutations and so generalize results of Backelin-West-Xin and Ouchterlony to alternating permutations. Second, we study pattern avoidance in the more general context of permutations with restricted ascents and descents. We consider a question of Lewis regarding permutations that are the reading words of thickened staircase Young t…
Enumeration of Dumont permutations avoiding certain four-letter patterns
本文枚举了第四类Dumont排列中避免或包含特定四字母模式的情况，并猜想第一类Dumont排列上两个四字母模式的Wilf等价性。
Pattern-avoiding stabilized-interval-free permutations
本文研究无稳定区间（SIF）排列对长度3经典模式及模式对的避免问题，利用不动点分布、组合论证及与有序森林的双射完成枚举，并提出相关猜想。
Pattern avoidance for permutations has been extensively studied, and has been generalized to vincular patterns, where certain elements can be required to be adjacent. In addition, cyclic permutations, i.e., permutations written in a circle rather than a line, have been frequently studied, including in the context of pattern avoidance. We investigate vincular pattern avoidance on cyclic permutations. In particular, we enumerate many avoidance classes of sets of vincular patterns of length 3, including a complete enumeration for all single patterns of length 3. Further, several of the avoidance …
The block number of a permutation is the maximal number of components in its expression as a direct sum. We show that, for $321$-avoiding permutations, the set of left-to-right maxima has the same distribution when the block number is assumed to be $k$ as when the last descent of the inverse is assumed to be at position $n - k$. This result is analogous to the Foata-Schützenberger equi-distribution theorem, and implies that the quasi-symmetric generating function of descent set over $321$-avoiding permutations with a prescribed number of blocks is Schur-positive.
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