We give an introduction to the theory of weak Hopf algebras proposed recently as a coassociative alternative of weak quasi-Hopf algebras. We follow an axiomatic approach keeping as close as possible to the "classical" theory of Hopf algebras. The emphasis is put on the new structure related to the presence of canonical subalgebras A^L and A^R in any weak Hopf algebra A that play the role of non-commutative numbers in many respects. A theory of integrals is developed in which we show how the algebraic properties of A, such as the Frobenius property, or semisimplicity, or innerness of the square of the antipode, are related to the existence of non-degenerate, normalized, or Haar integrals. In case of C^*-weak Hopf algebras we prove the existence of a unique Haar measure h in A and of a canonical grouplike element g in A implementing the square of the antipode and factorizing into left and right algebra elements. Further discussion of the C^*-case will be presented in Part II.
In this work we study some properties of comldules over (non-cosemisimple) Hopf algebras possessing integrals, which are also called co-Frobenius Hopf algebras. We apply the result obtained to the classification of representations of quantum groups of type $A_{0|0}$.
The theory of integrals is used to analyse the structure of Hopf algebroids, introduced in math.QA/0302325. We prove that the total algebra of the Hopf algebroid is a separable extension of the base algebra if and only if it is a semi-simple extension and if and only if the Hopf algebroid possesses a normalized integral. The total algebra of a finitely generated and projective Hopf algebroid is a Frobenius extension of the base algebrahe Hopf algebroid possesses anormalized integral. We give also a sufficient and necessary condition in terms of integrals under which it is a quasi-Frobenius ext…
We generalize the fundamental structure Theorem on Hopf (bi)-modules by Larson and Sweedler to quasi-Hopf algebras H. If H is finite dimensional this proves the existence and uniqueness (up to scalar multiples) of integrals in H. Among other applications we prove a Maschke type Theorem for diagonal crossed products as constructed by the authors.
The left and right homological integrals are introduced for a large class of infinite dimensional Hopf algebras. Using the homological integrals we prove a version of Maschke's theorem for infinite dimensional Hopf algebras. The generalization of Maschke's theorem and homological integrals are the keys to study noetherian regular Hopf algebras of Gelfand-Kirillov dimension one.
A classical result in the theory of Hopf algebras concerns the uniqueness and existence of integrals: for an arbitrary Hopf algebra, the integral space has dimension $\leq 1$, and for a finite dimensional Hopf algebra, this dimension is exaclty one. We generalize these results to quasi-Hopf algebras and dual quasi-Hopf algebras. In particular, it will follow that the bijectivity of the antipode follows from the other axioms of a finite dimensional quasi-Hopf algebra. We give a new version of the Fundamental Theorem for quasi-Hopf algebras. We show that a dual quasi-Hopf algebra is co-Frobenius…
For $A$ a Hopf algebra of arbitrary dimension over a field $K$, it is well-known that if $A$ has nonzero integrals, or, in other words, if the coalgebra $A$ is co-Frobenius, then the space of integrals is one-dimensional and the antipode of $A$ is bijective. Bulacu and Caenepeel recently showed that if $H$ is a dual quasi-Hopf algebra with nonzero integrals, then the space of integrals is one-dimensional, and the antipode is injective. In this short note we show that the antipode is bijective.
We recall the notion of a Hopf (co)quasigroup defined in \cite{Kl09} and define integration and Fourier Transforms on these objects analogous to those in the theory of Hopf algebras. Using the general Hopf module theory for Hopf (co)quasigroups from \cite{Br09} we show that a finite dimensional Hopf (co)quasigroup has a unique integration up to scale and an invertible antipode. We also supply the inverse Fourier transformation and show that it maps the convolution product on $H$ to the product in its dual $H^*$. Finally, we further develop the theory to consider Frobenius Hopf (co)quasigroups,…
Motivated by the study of depth 2 Frobenius extensions we introduce a new notion of Hopf algebroid. It is a 2-sided bialgebroid with a bijective antipode which connects the two, left and right handed, structures. While all the interesting examples of the Hopf algebroid of J.H. Lu turn out to be Hopf algebroids in the sense of this paper, there exist simple examples showing that our definition is not a special case of Lu's. Our Hopf algebroids, however, belong to the class of $\times_L$-Hopf algebras proposed by P. Schauenburg. After discussing the axioms and some examples we study the theory o…
We use integrals of left coideal subalgebras to develop Harmonic analysis for semisimple Hopf algebras. We show how $N^*,$ the space of functional on $N,$ is embedded in $H^*.$ We define a bilinear form on $N^*$ and show that irreducible $N$-characters are orthogonal with respect to that form. We then give an explicit formula for induced characters of $N$ and show how the induced characters are embedded in $R(H).$ In the second part we give an intrinsic definition for solvable semisimple Hopf algebras via left coideal subalgebras and their integrals. We show how this definition generalizes sol…
Integrals in Hopf algebras are an essential tool in studying finite dimensional Hopf algebras and their action on algebras. Over fields it has been shown by Sweedler that the existence of integrals in a Hopf algebra is equivalent to the Hopf algebra being finite dimensional. In this paper we examine how much of this is true for Hopf algebras over rings. We show that over any commutative ring R that is not a field there exists a Hopf algebra H over R containing a non-zero integral but not being finitely generated as R-module. On the contrary we show that Sweedler's equivalence is still valid fo…
Using the machinery provided by a Frobenius algebra we show how the antipode of a quasi-Hopf algebra $H$ carries out left or right cointegrals for $H$. These formulas will allow us to find out the explicit form of an integral and a cointegral for the quantum double $D(H)$ of $H$ in terms of those of $H$, and so to answer to a conjecture of Hausser and Nill raised at the end of the nineties.
The faithful quasi-dual $H^d$ and strict quasi-dual $H^{d'}$ of an infinite braided Hopf algebra $H$ are introduced and it is proved that every strict quasi-dual $H^{d'}$ is an $H$-Hopf module. The connection between the integrals and the maximal rational $H^{d}$-submodule $H^{d rat}$ of $H^{d}$ is found. That is, $H^{d rat}\cong \int ^l_{H^d} \otimes H$ is proved. The existence and uniqueness of integrals for braided Hopf algebras in the Yetter-Drinfeld category $(^B_B{\cal YD},C)$ are given.
Any finite-dimensional Hopf algebra has a left and a right integral. Conversely, Larsen and Sweedler showed that, if a finite-dimensional algebra with identity and a comultiplication with counit has a faithful left integral, it has to be a Hopf algebra. In this paper, we generalize this result to possibly infinite-dimensional algebras, with or without identity. We have to leave the setting of Hopf algebras and work with multiplier Hopf algebras. Moreover, whereas in the finite-dimensional case, there is a complete symmetry between the bialgebra and its dual, this is no longer the case in infin…
This paper studies invariants of 3-manifolds derived from certain fin ite dimensional Hopf algebras. The invariants are based on right integrals for these algebras. It is shown that the resulting class of invariants is distinct from the class of Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariants.
Let H be a Hopf algebra in a rigid braided monoidal category with split idempotents. We prove the existence of integrals on (in) H characterized by the universal property, employing results about Hopf modules, and show that their common target (source) object Int H is invertible. The fully braided version of Radford's formula for the fourth power of the antipode is obtained. Connections of integration with cross-product and transmutation are studied. The results apply to topological Hopf algebras, e.g. a torus with a hole, which do not have additive structure.
This paper has two purposes. The first is to explicate the diagrammatic approach to Hopf algebras due to Kuperberg, and to examine his proof of the existence and uniqueness of integrals in both the diagrammatic and purely algebraic contexts. The second purpose of the paper is to show that the theory of integrals for a finite dimensional Hopf algebra A can be deduced from ideas concerning the trace function on End(A). Connections between Kuperberg's work and the trace function should be of interest to those who study three manifold invariants in relation to Hopf algebras.
Weak C* Hopf algebras can act as global symmetries in low-dimensional quantum field theories, when braid group statistics prevents group symmetries. Possibilities to construct field algebras with weak C* Hopf symmetry from a given theory of local observables are discussed.
A Hopf algebra is co-Frobenius when it has a nonzero integral. It is proved that the composition length of the indecomposable injective comodules over a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra is bounded. As a consequence, the coradical filtration of a co-Frobenius Hopf algebra is finite; this confirms a conjecture by Sorin Dăscălescu and the first author. The proof is of categorical nature and the same result is obtained for Frobenius tensor categories of subexponential growth. A family of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras that are not of finite type over their Hopf socles is constructed, answering so in the nega…
In this paper we introduce the category of strong Hopf modules for a weak Hopf quasigroup H in a braided monoidal category. We also prove that this category is equivalent to the category of right modules over the image of the target morphism of H.
We study integrals of Hopf monoids in duoidal endohom categories of naturally Frobenius map monoidales in monoidal bicategories. We prove two Maschke type theorems, relating the separability of the underlying monoid and comonoid, respectively, to the existence of normalized integrals. It covers the examples provided by Hopf monoids in braided monoidal categories, weak Hopf algebras, Hopf algebroids over central base algebras, Hopf monads on autonomous monoidal categories and Hopf categories.
In a recent paper the authors Beliakova, Blanchet and Gainutdinov have shown that the modified trace on the category $H$-pmod of the projective modules corresponds to the symmetrised integral on the finite dimensional pivotal Hopf algebra $H$. We generalize this fact to the context of $G$-graded categories and Hopf $G$-coalgebra studied by Turaev-Virelizier. We show that the symmetrised $G$-integral on a finite type pivotal Hopf $G$-coalgebra induces a modified trace in the associated $G$-graded category.
Let H be a quasi-Hopf algebra, a weak Hopf algebra or a braided Hopf algebra. Let B be an H-bicomodule algebra such that there exists a morphism of H-bicomodule algebras v:H\rightarrow B. Then we can define an object B^{co(H)} which is a left-left Yetter-Drinfeld module over H, having extra properties that allow to make a smash product B^{co(H)}# H which is an H-bicomodule algebra, isomorphic to B.
In this paper we present the general theory of cleft extensions for a cocommutative weak Hopf algebra $H$. For a weak left $H$-module algebra we obtain a bijective correspondence between the isomorphisms classes of $H$-cleft extensions $A_{H}\hookrightarrow A$, where $A_{H}$ is the subalgebra of coinvariants, and the equivalence classes of crossed systems for $H$ over $A_H$. Finally, we establish a bijection between the set of equivalence classes of crossed systems with a fixed weak $H$-module algebra structure and the second cohomology group $H_{φ_{Z(A_H)}}^2(H, Z(A_H))$, where $Z(A_H)$ is th…
In this paper we show that weak Hopf (co)quasigroups can be characterized by a Galois-type condition. Taking into account that this notion generalizes the ones of Hopf (co)quasigroup and weak Hopf algebra, we obtain as a consequence the first fundamental theorem for Hopf (co)quasigroups and a characterization of weak Hopf algebras in terms of bijectivity of a Galois-type morphism (also called fusion morphism).
We extend the Larson-Sweedler theorem to weak Hopf algebras by proving that a finite dimensional weak bialgebra is a weak Hopf algebra iff it possesses a non-degenerate left integral. We show that the category of modules over a weak Hopf algebra is autonomous monoidal with semisimple unit and invertible modules. We also reveal the connection of invertible modules to left and right grouplike elements in the dual weak Hopf algebra. Defining distinguished left and right grouplike elements we derive the Radford formula for the fourth power of the antipode in a weak Hopf algebra and prove that the …
In this paper we introduce the notions of cleft and Galois (with normal basis) extension associated to a weak Hopf quasigroup. We show that, under suitable conditions, both notions are equivalent. As a particular instance we recover the classical results for (weak) Hopf algebras. Moreover, taking into account that weak Hopf quasigroups generalize the notion of Hopf quasigroup, we obtain the definitions of cleft and Galois (with normal basis) extension associated to a Hopf quasigroup and we get the equivalence betwen these extensions in this setting.
We investigate the weak Hopf algebras of Li based on $U_q[sl_n]$ and Sweedler's finite dimensional example. We give weak Hopf algebra isomorphisms between the weak generalisations of $U_q[sl_n]$ which are ``upgraded'' automorphisms of $U_q[sl_n]$ and hence give a classification of these structures as weak Hopf algebras. We also show how to decompose these examples into a direct sum which leads to unexpected isomorphisms between their algebraic structure.
In this paper we introduce the notion of weak Hopf quasigroup as a generalization of weak Hopf algebras and Hopf quasigroups. We obtain its main properties and we prove the fundamental theorem of Hopf modules for these algebraic structures.
We give a pedagogical introduction to integration techniques appropriate for non-commutative spaces while presenting some new results as well. A rather detailed discussion outlines the motivation for adopting the Hopf algebra language. We then present some trace formulas for the integral on Hopf algebras and show how to treat the $\int 1=0$ case. We extend the discussion to braided Hopf algebras relying on diagrammatic techniques. The use of the general formulas is illustrated by explicitly worked out examples.
We generalize the results on existence and uniqueness of integrals from compact groups and Hopf algebras in a pure (co)algebraic setting, and find a series of new results on (quasi)-co-Frobenius and semiperfect coalgebras. For a coalgebra $C$, we introduce the generalized space of integrals $\int_M=\Hom^C(C,M)$ associated to a right $C$-comodule $M$ and study connections between "uniqueness of integrals" $\dim(\int_M)\leq \dim(M)$ and "existence of integrals" $\dim(\int_M)\geq \dim(M)$ for all $M$ and representation theoretic properties of $C$: (quasi)-co-Frobenius, semiperfect. We show that a…
In this paper, we introduce the concept of a Rota-Baxter paired module to study Rota-Baxter modules without necessarily a Rota-Baxter operator. We obtain two characterizations of Rota-Baxter paired modules, and give some basic properties of Rota-Baxter paired modules. Beginning with the connection between the notion of integrals in the representations of Hopf algebra and of the notion of an integral algebra as a motivation and special case of Rota-Baxter algebra of weight zero, we obtain a large number of Rota-Baxter paired modules from Hopf related algebras and modules, including semisimple H…
In this paper, we define and study weak monoidal Hom-Hopf algebras, which generalize both weak Hopf algebras and monoidal Hom-Hopf algebras. If $H$ is a weak monoidal Hom-Hopf algebra with bijective antipode and let $Aut_{wmHH}(H)$ be the set of all automorphisms of $H$. Then we introduce a category ${_{H}\mathcal{WMHYD}^{H}}(α,β)$ with $α,β\in Aut_{wmHH}(H)$ and construct a braided $T$-category $\mathcal{WMHYD}(H)$ that having all the categories ${_{H}\mathcal{WMHYD}^{H}}(α,β)$ as components.
We develop a general approach to the problem of classification of weak coideal C*-subalgebras of weak Hopf C*-algebras. As an example, we consider weak Hopf C*-algebras and their weak coideal C*-subalgebras associated with Tambara Yamagami categories.
We define and investigate pairings of multiplier Hopf algebras. It is shown that two dually paired regular multiplier Hopf ($*$-)algebras $A$ and $B$ yield a quantum double multiplier Hopf ($*$-)algebra which is again regular. Integrals on $A$ and $B$ induce an integral on the quantum double. The results generalize pairing and quantum double construction from ordinary Hopf algebras to multiplier Hopf algebras.
In this paper, we study weak bialgebras and weak Hopf algebras. These algebras form a class wider than bialgebras respectively Hopf algebras. The main results of this paper are Kaplansky's constructions type which lead to weak bialgebras or weak Hopf algebras starting from a regular algebra or a bialgebra. Also we provide a classification of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional weak bialgebras and weak Hopf algebras. We determine then the stabilizer group and the representative of these classes, the action being that of the linear group.
We study the group of group-like elements of a weak Hopf algebra and derive an analogue of Radford's formula for the fourth power of the antipode S, which implies that the antipode has a finite order modulo a trivial automorphism. We find a sufficient condition in terms of Tr(S^2) for a weak Hopf algebra to be semisimple, discuss relation between semisimplicity and cosemisimplicity, and apply our results to show that a dynamical twisting deformation of a semisimple Hopf algebra is cosemisimple.
We introduce and investigate the basic properties of an involutory (dual) quasi-Hopf algebra. We also study the representations of an involutory quasi-Hopf algebra and prove that an involutory dual quasi-Hopf algebra with non-zero integral is cosemisimple.
Let $R$ be an associative ring and $e,f$ idempotent elements of $R$. In this paper we introduce the notion of $(e,f)$-invertibility for an element of $R$ and use it to define inner actions of weak Hopf algebras. Given a weak Hopf algebra $H$ and an algebra $A$, we present sufficient conditions for $A$ to admit an inner action of $H$. We also prove that if $A$ is a left $H$-module algebra then $H$ acts innerly on the smash product $A\#H$ if and only if $H$ is a quantum commutative weak Hopf algebra.
We give a detailed comparison between the notion of a weak Hopf algebra (also called a quantum groupoid by Nikshych and Vainerman), and that of a $\times_R$-bialgebra due to Takeuchi (and also called a bialgebroid or quantum (semi)groupoid by Lu and Xu). A weak bialgebra is the same thing as a $\times_R$-bialgebra in which $R$ is Frobenius-separable. We extend the comparison to cover module and comodule theory, duality, and the question when a bialgebroid should be called a Hopf algebroid.
In [1] a new notion of Hopf algebroid has been introduced. It was shown to be inequivalent to the structure introduced under the same name in [17]. We review this new notion of Hopf algebroid. We prove that two Hopf algebroids are isomorphic as bialgebroids if and only if their antipodes are related by a `twist' i.e. are deformed by the analogue of a character. A precise relation to weak Hopf algebras is given. After the review of the integral theory of Hopf algebroids we show how a right bialgebroid can be made a Hopf algebroid in the presence of a non-degenerate left integral. This can be in…
Given a weak distributive law between algebras underlying two weak bialgebras, we present sufficient conditions under which the corresponding weak wreath product algebra becomes a weak bialgebra with respect to the tensor product coalgebra structure. When the weak bialgebras are weak Hopf algebras, then the same conditions are shown to imply that the weak wreath product becomes a weak Hopf algebra, too. Our sufficient conditions are capable to describe most known examples, (in particular the Drinfel'd double of a weak Hopf algebra).
We develop the theory of weak bimonoids in braided monoidal categories and show them to be quantum categories in a certain sense. Weak Hopf monoids are shown to be quantum groupoids. Each separable Frobenius monoid R leads to a weak Hopf monoid R \otimes R.
All rational semisimple braided tensor categories are representation categories of weak quasi Hopf algebras. To proof this result we construct for any given category of this kind a weak quasi tensor functor to the category of finite dimensional vector spaces. This allows to reconstruct a weak quasi Hopf algebra with the given category as its representation category.
We characterize braided commutative Yetter-Drinfeld $C^*$-algebras over weak Hopf $C^*$-algebras in categorical terms. Using this, we then study quotient type coideal subalgebras of a given weak Hopf $C^*$-algebra $\mathcal G$ and coideal subalgebras invariant with respect to the adjoint action of $\mathcal G$. Finally, as an example, we explicitly describe quotient type coideal subalgebras of the weak Hopf $C^*$-algebras associated with Tambara-Yamagami categories.
By weakening the counit and antipode axioms of a C*-Hopf algebra and allowing for the coassociative coproduct to be non-unital we obtain a quantum group, that we call a weak C*-Hopf algebra, which is sufficiently general to describe the symmetries of essentially arbitrary fusion rules. This amounts to generalizing the Baaj-Skandalis multiplicative unitaries to multipicative partial isometries. Every weak C*-Hopf algebra has a dual which is again a weak C*-Hopf algebra. An explicit example is presented with Lee-Yang fusion rules. We shortly discuss applications to amalgamated crossed products, …
Let $H$ be a weak Hopf algebra that is a finitely generated module over its affine center. We show that $H$ has finite self-injective dimension and so the Brown--Goodearl Conjecture holds in this special weak Hopf setting.
A weakly equivariant Hopf algebra is a Hopf algebra A with an action of a finite group G up to inner automorphisms. We show that each weakly equivariant Hopf algebra can be replaced by a Morita equivalent algebra B with a strict action of G and with a coalgebra structure that leads to a tensor equivalent representation category. However, the coproduct of this strictification cannot, in general, be chosen to be unital, so that a strictification of the G-action can only be found on a weak Hopf algebra B.
In this paper we study the isotypic decomposition of the regular module of a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. For a semisimple Hopf algebra, the idempotents realizing the isotypic decomposition can be explicitly expressed in terms of characters and the Haar integral. In this paper we investigate Hopf algebras with the Chevalley property, which are not necessarily semisimple. We find explicit expressions for idempotents in terms of Hopf-algebraic data, where the Haar integral is replaced by the regular character of the dual Hopf algebra.…
We investigate when a weak Hopf algebra H is Frobenius; we show this is not always true, but it is true if the semisimple base algebra A has all its matrix blocks of the same dimension. However, if A is a semisimple algebra not having this property, there is a weak Hopf algebra H with base A which is not Frobenius (and consequently, it is not Frobenius "over" A either). We give, moreover, a categorical counterpart of the result that a Hopf algebra is a Frobenius algebra for a noncoassociative generalization of weak Hopf algebra.
In this paper we present the Sweedler cohomology for a cocommutative weak Hopf algebra H. We show that the second cohomology group classifies completely the weak crossed products, having a common preunit, of H with a commutative left H-module algebra A.
We construct explicit examples of weak Hopf algebras (actually face algebras in the sense of Hayashi) via vacant double groupoids as explained in \http://arxiv.org/abs/math.QA/0308228. To this end, we first study the Kac exact sequence for matched pairs of groupoids and show that it can be computed via group cohomology. Then we describe explicit examples of finite vacant double groupoids.
The concept of biperfect (noncocommutative) weak Hopf algebras is introduced and their properties are discussed. A new type of quasi-bicrossed products are constructed by means of weak Hopf skew-pairs of the weak Hopf algebras which are generalizations of the Hopf pairs introduced by Takeuchi. As a special case, the quantum double of a finite dimensional biperfect (noncocommutative) weak Hopf algebra is built. Examples of quantum doubles from a Clifford monoid as well as a noncommutative and noncocommutative weak Hopf algebra are given, generalizing quantum doubles from a group and a noncommut…
We show how the data of a finite dimensional weak C^*-Hopf algebra can be encoded into a pair (H,V) where H is a finite dimensional Hilbert space and V: H øH --> H øH is a partial isometry satisfying, among others, the pentagon equation. In case of V being unitary we recover the Baaj-Skandalis multiplicative unitary of the discrete compact type. Relation to the pseudo- multiplicative unitary approach proposed by J.-M. Vallin and M. Enock is also discussed.
We define a new kind quantized enveloping algebra of a generalized Kac-Moody algebra ${\mathcal G}$ by adding a new generator $J$ satisfying $J^m=J$ for some integer $m$. We denote this algebra by $wU_q^τ({\mathcal G})$. This algebra is a weak Hopf algebra if and only if $m=2,3$. In general, it is a bialgebra, and contains a Hopf subalgebra. This Hopf subalgebra is isomorphic to the usually quantum envelope algebra $U_q({\mathcal G})$ of a generalized Kac-Moody algebra ${\mathcal G}$.
