James Cummings, Saharon Shelah
We prove some consistency results about b(lambda) and d(lambda), which are natural generalisations of the cardinal invariants of the continuum b and d. We also define invariants b_cl(lambda) and d_cl(lambda), and prove that almost always b(lambda) = b_cl(lambda) and d(lambda)=d_cl(lambda)
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We study the general problem of the behaviour of the continuum function in the presence of non-supercompact strongly compact cardinals.
We prove combinatorial theorems concerning the stick principle and cardinal characteristics.
Strong reflection principles with the reflection cardinal $\leq\aleph_1$ or $<2^{\aleph_0}$ imply that the size of the continuum is either $\aleph_1$ or $\aleph_2$ or very large. Thus, the stipulation, that a strong reflection principle should hold, seems to support the trichotomy on the possible size of the continuum. In this article, we examine the situation with the reflection principles and related notions of generic large cardinals.
The generalized continuum hypothesis above a strongly compact cardinal
本文证明若κ为强紧基数且GCH在κ之下成立，则GCH整体成立，解答了Woodin的长期开放问题。
We extend the applications of the techniques used in Arch Math Logic 52:261-278, 2013, to present various examples of consistency results where some cardinal invariants of the continuum take arbitrary regular values with the size of the continuum being bigger than $\aleph_2$.
Given a Woodin cardinal $δ$, I show that if $F$ is any Easton function with $F"δ\subseteqδ$ and $\GCH$ holds, then there is a cofinality-preserving forcing extension in which $2^γ= F(γ)$ for each regular cardinal $γ<δ$, and in which $δ$ remains Woodin. I also present a new example in which forcing a certain behavior of the continuum function on the regular cardinals, while preserving a given large cardinal, requires large cardinal strength beyond that of the original large cardinal under consideration. Specifically, I prove that the existence of a $λ$-supercompact cardinal $κ$ such that $\GCH$…
Under large cardinal hypotheses beyond the Kunen inconsistency -- hypotheses so strong as to contradict the Axiom of Choice -- we solve several variants of the generalized continuum problem and identify structural features of the levels $V_α$ of the cumulative hierarchy of sets that are eventually periodic, alternating according to the parity of the ordinal $α$. For example, if there is an elementary embedding from the universe of sets to itself, then for sufficiently large ordinals $α$, the supremum of the lengths of all wellfounded relations on $V_α$ is a strong limit cardinal if and only if…
We discuss the Borel Tukey ordering on cardinal invariants of the continuum. We observe that this ordering makes sense for a larger class of cardinals than has previously been considered. We then provide a Borel version of a large portion of van Douwen's diagram. For instance, although the usual proof of the inequality $\mathfrak p\leq\mathfrak b$ does not provide a Borel Tukey map, we show that in fact there is one. Afterwards, we revisit a result of Mildenberger concerning a generalization of the unsplitting and splitting numbers. Lastly, we show that the inclusion ordering on $\mathcal P(ω)…
We show that from a supercompact cardinal κ, there is a forcing extension V[G] that has a symmetric inner model N in which ZF + not AC holds, κ and κ^+ are both singular, and the continuum function at κ can be precisely controlled, in the sense that the final model contains a sequence of distinct subsets of κ of length equal to any predetermined ordinal. We also show that the above situation can be collapsed to obtain a model of ZF + not AC_ω in which either (1) aleph_1 and aleph_2 are both singular and the continuum function at aleph_1 can be precisely controlled, or (2) aleph_ω and aleph_{ω+…
An interval algebra is a Boolean algebra which is isomorphic to the algebra of finite unions of half-open intervals, of a linearly ordered set. An interval algebra is hereditary if every subalgebra is an interval algebra. We answer a question of M. Bekkali and S. Todorčević, by showing that it is consistent that every $σ$-centered interval algebra of size $\mathfrak{b}$ is hereditary. We also show that there is, in ZFC, an hereditary interval algebra of cardinality $\aleph_1.$
We prove that the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis holds above a supercompact cardinal assuming the Ultrapower Axiom, an abstract comparison principle motivated by inner model theory at the level of supercompact cardinals.
We discuss two general aspects of the theory of cardinal characteristics of the continuum, especially of proofs of inequalities between such characteristics. The first aspect is to express the essential content of these proofs in a way that makes sense even in models where the inequalities hold trivially (e.g., because the continuum hypothesis holds). For this purpose, we use a Borel version of Vojtas's theory of generalized Galois-Tukey connections. The second aspect is to analyze a sequential structure often found in proofs of inequalities relating one characteristic to the minimum (or maxim…
We prove two ZFC theorems about cardinal invariants above the continuum which are in sharp contrast to well-known facts about these same invariants at the continuum. It is shown that for an uncountable regular cardinal $κ$, $\mathfrak{b}(κ) = κ^{+}$ implies $\mathfrak{a}(κ) = κ^{+}$. This improves an earlier result of Blass, Hyttinen, and Zhang. It is also shown that if $κ\geq {\beth}_ω$ is an uncountable regular cardinal, then $\mathfrak{d}(κ) \leq \mathfrak{r}(κ)$. This result partially dualizes an earlier theorem of the authors.
There is an optimal way to increase certain cardinal invariants of the continuum.
We classify many cardinal characteristics of the continuum according to the complexity, in the sense of descriptive set theory, of their definitions. The simplest characteristics (boldface Sigma^0_2 and, under suitable restrictions, Pi^0_2) are shown to have pleasant properties, related to Baire category. We construct models of set theory where (unrestricted) boldface Pi^0_2-characteristics behave quite chaotically and no new characteristics appear at higher complexity levels. We also discuss some characteristics associated with partition theorems and we present, in an appendix, a simplified p…
A usual dichotomy is that in many cases, reasonably definable sets, satisfy the CH, i.e. if they are uncountable they have cardinality continuum. A strong dichotomy is when: if the cardinality is infinite it is continuum as in [Sh:273]. We are interested in such phenomena when lambda = aleph_0 is replaced by lambda regular uncountable and also by lambda = beth_omega or more generally by strong limit of cofinality aleph_0 .
While many inner model theoretic combinatorial principles are incompatible with large cardinal axioms, on some rare occasions, large cardinals actually imply that the structure of the universe of sets is analogous to the canonical inner models. This note provides two new instances of this phenomenon.
Motivated by results of Bagaria, Magidor and Väänänen, we study characterizations of large cardinal properties through reflection principles for classes of structures. More specifically, we aim to characterize notions from the lower end of the large cardinal hierarchy through the principle $\mathrm{SR}^-$ introduced by Bagaria and Väänänen. Our results isolate a narrow interval in the large cardinal hierarchy that is bounded from below by total indescribability and from above by subtleness, and contains all large cardinals that can be characterized through the validity of the principle $\mathr…
Preservation of splitting families and cardinal characteristics of the continuum
本研究提出通过力迫法构造可被特定有限支撑迭代保持的分裂族的方法，并应用该方法构造出15个经典连续统基数特征两两不同的集合论模型。
On the strength of ultrafilters above choiceless large cardinals and their Prikry forcings
本文研究无选择大基数上超滤子强度与普利克里力迫，证明超滤子的大基数强度界，拓展普利克里力迫理论并限制可坍缩/奇异化基数，提出张量普利克里系统以构造无选择集合论的一致性结果（如所有不可数基数奇异的模型）。
We prove that for regular $λ$ above a strong limit singular $μ$ certain guessing principles follow just from cardinal arithmetic assumptions. The main result is that for such $λ$ and $μ$ there are coboundedly many regular $κ<μ$ such that $\clubsuit^-(S^λ_κ)$ holds whenever $λ=λ^{<κ}$.
We argue that we solved Hilbert's first problem positively (after reformulating it just to avoid the known consistency results) and give some applications. Let lambda to the revised power of kappa, denoted lambda^{[kappa]}, be the minimal cardinality of a family of subsets of lambda each of cardinality kappa such that any other subset of lambda of cardinality kappa is included in the union of <kappa members of the family. The main theorem says that almost always this revised power is equal to lambda. Our main result is The Revised GCH Theorem: Assume we fix an uncountable strong limit cardinal…
We argue against Foreman's proposal to settle the continuum hypothesis and other classical independent questions via the adoption of generic large cardinal axioms.
Using GCH, we force the following: There are continuum many simple cardinal characteristics with pairwise different values.
We prove the consistency of the theory ZFC + there is a strongly compact cardinal from the existence of a cardinal preserving embedding from the universe into an inner model. The proof almost shows that under SCH, every cardinal preserving embedding preserves the cofinality and continuum functions.
Countably compact extensions and cardinal characteristics of the continuum
研究建立了第一可数紧型扩张的存在性与连续统基数特征等式之间的等价关系，并给出涉及$\mathfrak b$、$\mathfrak s$、$\mathfrak c$及稠密可数紧嵌入的判定实例。
A Kunen-Like Model with a Critical Failure of the Continuum Hypothesis
本文构造形如 $L[A,U]$ 的类 Kunen 模型，在单个可测基数 $\kappa$ 下保持超滤子简单结构，却令 $2^\kappa=\kappa^{++}$，回答 Goldberg 关于 Ultrapower Axiom 下 CH 失败的问题。
We prove that consistently, cov($\mathcal{M})< λ_\mathbf{0} < λ_\mathbf{1} < λ_\mathbf{\infty} < 2^{\aleph_0}$, where $λ_\mathbf{0}$ denotes the weak Borel chromatic number of the Kechris-Solecki-Todorčević graph $\mathbb{G}_0$, that is, the minimal cardinality of a $\mathbb{G}_0$-independent Borel covering of $2^ω$, while $λ_\mathbf{1}$ and $λ_\infty$ are the corresponding invariants of the graph $\mathbb{G}_1$ and the simple graph associated with the equivalence relation $E_0$.
Every conditionally convergent series of real numbers has a divergent subseries. How many subsets of the natural numbers are needed so that every conditionally convergent series diverges on the subseries corresponding to one of these sets? The answer to this question is defined to be the subseries number, a new cardinal characteristic of the continuum. This cardinal is bounded below by $\aleph_1$ and above by the cardinality of the continuum, but it is not provably equal to either. We define three natural variants of the subseries number, and compare them with each other, with their correspond…
We introduce the concept of inverse powerset by adding three axioms to the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. This extends the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with a new type of set which is motivated by an intuitive meaning and interesting applications. We present different ways to extend the definition of cardinality and show that one implies the continuum hypothesis while another implies the negation of the continuum hypothesis. We will also explore the idea of empty sets of different cardinalities which could be seen as the empty counterpart of Cantor's theorem for infinite sets.
Combining creature forcing approaches from arXiv:1003.3425 and arXiv:1402.0367, we show that, under CH, there is a proper $ω^ω$-bounding poset with $\aleph_2$-cc that forces continuum many pairwise different cardinal characteristics, parametrised by reals, for each one of the following six types: uniformity and covering numbers of Yorioka ideals as well as both kinds of localisation and anti-localisation cardinals, respectively. This answers several open questions from arXiv:1805.11005.
We prove that the strong polarized relation of $θ$ above $ω$ applied simultaneously for every cardinal in the interval $[\aleph_1,\aleph]$ is consistent. We conclude that this positive relation is consistent for every cardinal invariant on the continuum. We show that similar results hold for a supercompact cardinal, and for a strong limit singular under some assumptions.
A topological space $X$ is called a $Q$-space if every subset of $X$ is of type $F_σ$ in $X$. For $i\in\{1,2,3\}$ let $\mathfrak q_i$ be the smallest cardinality of a second-countable $T_i$-space which is not a $Q$-space. It is clear that $\mathfrak q_1\le\mathfrak q_2\le\mathfrak q_3$. For $i\in\{1,2\}$ we prove that $\mathfrak q_i$ is equal to the smallest cardinality of a second-countable $T_i$-space which is not perfect. Also we prove that $\mathfrak q_3$ is equal to the smallest cardinality of a submetrizable space, which is not a $Q$-space. Martin's Axiom implies that $\mathfrak q_i=\mat…
A ccc-generically supercompact cardinal $κ$ can be smaller than or equal to the continuum. On the other hand, such a cardinal $κ$ still satisfies diverse largeness properties, like that it is a stationary limit of ccc-generically measurable cardinals (Theorem 4.1). This is in a strong contrast to $\cal P$-generically supercompact cardinals for the class $\cal P$ of all $σ$-closed posets, which can be $\aleph_n$ for any n>1.
Assuming the existence of a strong cardinal and a measurable cardinal above it, we construct a model of $ZFC$ in which for every singular cardinal $δ$, $δ$ is strong limit, $2^δ=δ^{+3}$ and the tree property at $δ^{++}$ holds. This answers a question of Friedman, Honzik and Stejskalova [8]. We also produce, relative to the existence of a strong cardinal and two measurable cardinals above it, a model of $ZFC$ in which the tree property holds at all regular even cardinals. The result answers questions of Friedman-Halilovic [5] and Friedman-Honzik [6].
A function f from reals to reals (f:R->R) is almost continuous (in the sense of Stallings) iff every open set in the plane which contains the graph of f contains the graph of a continuous function. Natkaniec showed that for any family F of continuum many real functions there exists g:R->R such that f+g is almost continuous for every f in F. Let AA be the smallest cardinality of a family F of real functions for which there is no g:R->R with the property that f+g is almost continuous for every f in F. Thus Natkaniec showed that AA is strictly greater than the continuum. He asked if anything more…
Explicit Morphisms in the Galois-Tukey Category
本文通过将连续统基数特征不等式中的底层态射显式化，重新表述传统直接证明，并给出新的纯范畴论结果。
We prove that the strong polarized relation for the continuum holds for $\aleph_0$ and for every supercompact cardinal. We use iteration of Mathias forcing.
Whenever I is a projectively generated projectively defined sigma ideal on the reals, if ZFC+large cardinals proves cov(I)=continuum then ZFC+large cardinals proves non(I)<aleph four.
The purpose of this paper is to provide an introductory overview of the large cardinal hierarchy in set theory. By a large cardinal, we mean any cardinal $κ$ whose existence is strong enough of an assumption to prove the consistency of ZFC. We assume basic familiarity with set theory, model theory, and the ZFC axioms, though certain concepts will be reviewed as necessary. We attempt to clarify the vast landscape of the higher infinite, motivating the definitions of some (but certainly not all) of the known large cardinals. We also discuss connections with the Continuum Hypothesis and provide s…
A function $f:X\to Y$ between topological spaces is called $σ$-$continuous$ (resp. $\barσ$-$continuous$) if there exists a (closed) cover $\{X_n\}_{n\inω}$ of $X$ such that for every $n\inω$ the restriction $f{\restriction}X_n$ is continuous. By $\mathfrak c_σ$ (resp. $\mathfrak c_{\barσ}$) we denote the largest cardinal $κ\le\mathfrak c$ such that every function $f:X\to\mathbb R$ defined on a subset $X\subset\mathbb R$ of cardinality $|X|<κ$ is $σ$-continuous (resp. $\barσ$-continuous). It is clear that $ω_1\le\mathfrak c_{\barσ}\le\mathfrak c_σ\le\mathfrak c$. We prove that $\mathfrak p\le\m…
Assuming the existence of a strong cardinal $κ$ and a measurable cardinal above it, we force a generic extension in which $κ$ is a singular strong limit cardinal of any prescribed cofinality, and such that the tree property holds at $κ^{++}$.
Cardinal Characteristics and Computability
本文将连续统基数特征引入可计算性理论，研究预言机性质的层级，详细证明支配函数与极大独立族的Medvedev等价性，并将构造扩展至$ω$-可计算逼近集与极大理想独立族。
We prove from the existence of a Mahlo cardinal the consistency of the statement that $2^ω= ω_3$ holds and every stationary subset of $ω_2 \cap \mathrm{cof}(ω)$ reflects to an ordinal less than $ω_2$ with cofinality $ω_1$.
We show that in Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory without the Axiom of Choice a surjectively modified continuum function $θ(κ)$ can take almost arbitrary values for all infinite cardinals. This choiceless version of Easton's Theorem is in sharp contrast to the situation in ZFC, where for singular cardinals $κ$, the value of $2^κ$ is strongly influenced by the behaviour of the continuum function below. Our construction can roughly be described as follows: In a ground model $V \models ZFC + GCH$ with a "reasonable" function $F: Card \rightarrow Card$ on the infinite cardinals, a class forcing ${\mathb…
Mice with Woodin cardinals from a Reinhardt
本文证明若存在 Reinhardt 基数，则对任意传递集 X 和自然数 n，M_n(X) 存在且完全可迭代，且所有集合力迫扩张中射影决定性成立。
Starting with infinitely many supercompact cardinals, we show that the tree property at every cardinal $\aleph_n$, $1 < n <ω$, is consistent with an arbitrary continuum function below $\aleph_ω$ which satisfies $2^{\aleph_n} > \aleph_{n+1}$, $n<ω$. Thus the tree property has no provable effect on the continuum function below $\aleph_ω$ except for the restriction that the tree property at $κ^{++}$ implies $2^κ>κ^+$ for every infinite $κ$.
Assuming the existence of a strong cardinal $κ$, a weakly compact cardinal $λ$ above it and $γ> λ,$ we force a generic extension in which $κ$ is a singular strong limit cardinal of any given cofinality $δ$, $2^κ\geq γ$ and such that the tree property holds at $κ^{++}$.
Large cardinals, structural reflection, and the HOD Conjecture
本文引入了exacting cardinals与ultraexacting cardinals，证明其存在性挑战了大基数层谱的线性递增图景，并表明其超越现有与ZFC一致的大基数层级，能够反驳Woodin的HOD猜想与Ultimate-L猜想。
It is proved that the consistency strength of having definable tree property for successors of all regular cardinals is the consistency strength of having proper class many small large cardinals which are defined very similar to indescribables but are much weaker in consistency strength. Also the consistency strength of definable tree property for successor of a singular cardinal is reduced to the existence of a supercompact cardinal and a measurable above it.
In [6], given a metrizable profinite group $G$, a cardinal invariant of the continuum $\mathfrak{fm}(G)$ was introduced, and a positive solution to the Haar Measure Problem for $G$ was given under the assumption that $\mathrm{non}(\mathcal{N}) \leq \mathfrak{fm}(G)$. We prove here that it is consistent with ZFC that there is a metrizable profinite group $G_*$ such that $\mathrm{non}(\mathcal{N}) > \mathfrak{fm}(G_*)$, thus demonstrating that the strategy of [6] does not suffice for a general solution to the Haar Measure Problem.
We continue the work of [KlSh:362] and prove that for lambda successor, a lambda-categorical theory T in L_{kappa^*, omega} is mu-categorical for every mu, mu <= lambda which is above the (2^{LS(T)})^+-beth cardinal.
If an extension Vbar of V satisfies the delta approximation and cover properties for classes and V is a class in Vbar, then every suitably closed embedding j:Vbar to Nbar in Vbar with critical point above delta restricts to an embedding j|V:V to N amenable to the ground model V. In such extensions, therefore, there are no new large cardinals above delta. This result extends work in math.LO/9808011.
We prove a revised version of Laver's indestructibility theorem which slightly improves over the classical result. An application yields the consistency of $(κ^+,κ)\notcc(\aleph\_1,\aleph\_0)$ when $κ$ is supercompact. The actual proofs show that $ω\_1$-regressive Kurepa-trees are consistent above a supercompact cardinal even though ${\rm MM}$ destroys them on all regular cardinals. This rather paradoxical fact contradicts the common intuition.
In this article we prove three main theorems: (1) guessing models are internally unbounded, (2) for any regular cardinal $κ\ge ω_2$, $\textsf{ISP}(κ)$ implies that $\textsf{SCH}$ holds above $κ$, and (3) forcing posets which have the $ω_1$-approximation property also have the countable covering property. These results solve open problems of Viale and Hachtman-Sinapova.
We introduce a stronger version of an $ω_1$-guessing model, which we call an indestructibly $ω_1$-guessing model. The principle IGMP states that there are stationarily many indestructibly $ω_1$-guessing models. This principle, which follows from PFA, captures many of the consequences of PFA, including the Suslin hypothesis and the singular cardinal hypothesis. We prove that IGMP is consistent with the continuum being arbitrarily large.
The tree property on long intervals of regular cardinals
本文围绕 Foreman–Magidor 关于首个不可数基数以上所有正则基数均具有树性质的问题，证明树性质可在与强极限基数相交的正则基数区间上成立。
Assuming the existence of a supercompact cardinal and an inaccessible above it, we construct a model of ZFC, in which all uncountable regular cardinals are inaccessible in HOD.
Given a cardinal $κ$ that is $λ$-supercompact for some regular cardinal $λ\geqκ$ and assuming $\GCH$, we show that one can force the continuum function to agree with any function $F:[κ,λ]\cap\REG\to\CARD$ satisfying $\forallα,β\in\dom(F)$ $α<\cf(F(α))$ and $α<β$ $\implies$ $F(α)\leq F(β)$, while preserving the $λ$-supercompactness of $κ$ from a hypothesis that is of the weakest possible consistency strength, namely, from the hypothesis that there is an elementary embedding $j:V\to M$ with critical point $κ$ such that $M^λ\subseteq M$ and $j(κ)>F(λ)$. Our argument extends Woodin's technique of …
We introduce and analyze a new cardinal characteristic of the continuum, the \emph{splitting number of the reals}, denoted $\mathfrak{s}(\mathbb R)$. This number is connected to Efimov's problem, which asks whether every infinite compact Hausdorff space must contain either a non-trivial convergent sequence, or else a copy of $β\mathbb N$.
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