Let $G$ be a simple algebraic group of classical type over an algebraically closed field $k$. Let $P$ be a parabolic subgroup of $G$ and let $\p = \Lie P$ be the Lie algebra of $P$ with Levi decomposition $\p = ł\oplus \u$, where $\u$ is the Lie algebra of the unipotent radical of $P$ and $ł$ is a Levi complement. Thanks to a fundamental theorem of R. W. Richardson, $P$ acts on $\u$ with an open dense orbit; this orbit is called the {\em Richardson orbit} and its elements are called {\em Richardson elements}. Recently, the first author gave constructions of Richardson elements in the case $k = \C$ for many parabolic subgroups $P$ of $G$. In this note, we observe that these constructions remain valid for any algebraically closed field $k$ of characteristic not equal to 2 and we give constructions of Richardson elements for the remaining parabolic subgroups.
Let $α$, $β$, and $γ$ be partitions describing the isomorphism types of the finite abelian $p$-groups $A$, $B$, and $C$. From theorems by Green and Klein it is well-known that there is a short exact sequence $0\to A\to B\to C\to 0$ of abelian groups if and only if there is a Littlewood-Richardson sequence of type $(α,β,γ)$. Starting from the observation that a sequence of partitions has the LR property if and only if every subsequence of length 2 does, we demonstrate how LR-sequences of length two correspond to embeddings of a $p^2$-bounded subgroup in a finite abelian $p$-group. Using the kno…
Parabolic subalgebras of semi-simple Lie algebras decompose as $\frak{p}=\frak{m}\oplus\frak{n}$ where $\frak{m}$ is a Levi factor and $\frak{n}$ the corresponding nilradical. By Richardsons theorem, there exists an open orbit under the action of the adjoint group $P$ on the nilradical. The elements of this dense orbits are known as Richardson elements. In this paper we describe a normal form for Richardson elements in the classical case. This generalizes a construction for the general linear group of Bruestle, Hille, Ringel and Roehrle to the other classical Lie algebra and it extends the aut…
We consider parabolic subgroups of a general algebraic group over an algebraically closed field $k$ whose Levi part has exactly $t$ factors. By a classical theorem of Richardson, the nilradical of a parabolic subgroup $P$ has an open dense $P$-orbit. In the complement to this dense orbit, there are infinitely many orbits as soon as the number $t$ of factors in the Levi part is $\ge 6$. In this paper, we describe the irreducible components of the complement. In particular, we show that there are at most $t-1$ irreducible components.
We observe that the expansion in the basis of Schubert cycles for $H^*(G/B)$ of the class of a Richardson variety stable under a spherical Levi subgroup is described by a theorem of Brion. Using this observation, along with a combinatorial model of the poset of certain symmetric subgroup orbit closures, we give positive combinatorial descriptions of certain Schubert structure constants on the full flag variety in type $A$. Namely, we describe $c_{u,v}^w$ when $u$ and $v$ are inverse to Grassmannian permutations with unique descents at $p$ and $q$, respectively. We offer some conjectures for si…
We study the Delta-filtered modules for the Auslander algebra of k[T]/T^n\rtimes C_2 where C_2 is the cyclic group of order two. The motivation for this is the bijection between parabolic orbits in the nilradical of a parabolic subgroup of SL_n and certain Delta-filtered modules for the Auslander algebra of k[T]/T^n as found by Hille and Roehrle and Bruestle et al. Under this bijection, the Richardson orbit (i.e. the dense orbit) corresponds to the Delta-filtered module without self-extensions. It has remained an open problem to describe such a correspondence for other classical groups. In thi…
Let $\ell$ be a prime divisor of the order of a finite unitary reflection group. We classify up to conjugacy the parabolic and reflection subgroups that are minimal with respect to inclusion, subject to containing an $\ell$-Sylow subgroup. The classification assists in describing the $\ell$-Sylow subgroups of unitary reflection groups up to group isomorphism. This classification also relates to the modular representation theory of finite groups of Lie type. We observe that unless a parabolic subgroup minimally containing an $\ell$-Sylow subgroup is $G$ itself, the reflection subgroup within th…
In Lie theory, a dense orbit in the unipotent radical of a parabolic group under the adjoint action is called a Richardson orbit. We define a quiver-graded version of Richardson orbits generalising the classical definition in the case of the general linear group. In our setting a product of parabolic subgroups of general linear groups acts on a closed subvariety of the representation space of a quiver. Such dense orbits do not exist in general. We define a quasi-hereditary algebra called the nilpotent quiver algebra whose isomorphism classes of $Δ$-filtered modules correspond to orbits in our …
We show that the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients are values at 1 of certain parabolic Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials for affine symmetric groups. These q-analogues of Littlewood-Richardson multiplicities coincide with those previously introduced in terms of ribbon tableaux.
We compute conjugacy classes in maximal parabolic subgroups of the general linear group. This computation proceeds by reducing to a ``matrix problem''. Such problems involve finding normal forms for matrices under a specified set of row and column operations. We solve the relevant matrix problem in small dimensional cases. This gives us all conjugacy classes in maximal parabolic subgroups over a perfect field when one of the two blocks has dimension less than 6. In particular, this includes every maximal parabolic subgroup of GL_n(k) for n < 12 and k a perfect field. If our field is finite of …
Seaweed Lie algebras are a natural generalisation of parabolic subalgebras of reductive Lie algebras. The well-known Richardson Theorem says that the adjoint action of a parabolic group has a dense open orbit in the nilpotent radical of its Lie algebra \cite{richardson}. We call elements in the open orbit Richardson elements. In \cite{JSY} together with Yu, we generalized Richardson's Theorem and showed that Richardson elements exist for seaweed Lie algebras of type $\mathbb{A}$. Using GAP, we checked that Richardson elements exist for all exceptional simple Lie algebras except $\mathbb{E}_8$,…
Let $q$ be a power of a prime $p$. Let $P$ be a parabolic subgroup of the general linear group $\GL_n(q)$ that is the stabilizer of a flag in $\FF_q^n$ of length at most 5, and let $U = O_p(P)$. In this note we prove that, as a function of $q$, the number $k(U)$ of conjugacy classes of $U$ is a polynomial in $q$ with integer coefficients.
In his 1951 book "Infinite Abelian Groups", Kaplansky gives a combinatorial characterization of the isomorphism types of embeddings of a cyclic subgroup in a finite abelian group. In this paper we first use partial maps on Littlewood-Richardson tableaux to generalize this result to finite direct sums of such embeddings. We then focus on an application to invariant subspaces of nilpotent linear operators. We develop a criterion to decide if two irreducible components in the representation space are in the boundary partial order.
In this paper we discuss the isomorphism types of parabolic subgroups in Kac-Moody groups. The results have applications in the study of topology of Kac-Moody groups and their classifying spaces.
The supercharacter theory is constructed for the parabolic subgroups of $\mathrm{GL}(n,\Fq)$ with blocks of orders less or equal to two. The author formulated the hypotheses on construction of a supercharacter theory for an arbitrary parabolic subgroup in $\mathrm{GL}(n,\Fq)$.
In the context of Hecke algebras of complex reflection groups, we prove that the generalized Hecke algebras of normalizers of parabolic subgroups are semidirect products, under suitable conditions on the parameters involved in their definition.
We consider the action of a parabolic subgroup of the General Linear Group on a metabelian ideal. For those actions, we classify actions with finitely many orbits using methods from representation theory.
For any ordinary irreducible character of a maximal reflection subgroup of type $D_aD_b$ of a type $D$ Weyl group we give an explicit decomposition of the induced character in terms of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients.
We construct two supercharacter theories (in the sense of P. Diaconis and I.M. Isaacs) for the parabolic subgroups in orthogonal and symplectic groups. For each supercharacter theory, we obtain a supercharacter analog of the A.A.Kirillov formula for irreducible characters of finite unipotent groups.
Using Cohen's classification of symplectic reflection groups, we prove that the parabolic subgroups, that is, stabilizer subgroups, of a finite symplectic reflection group are themselves symplectic reflection groups. This is the symplectic analogue of Steinberg's Theorem for complex reflection groups. Using computational results required in the proof, we show the non-existence of symplectic resolutions for symplectic quotient singularities corresponding to three exceptional symplectic reflection groups, thus reducing further the number of cases for which the existence question remains open. An…
Let G be an exceptional algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic p>0 and let H be a subgroup of G. Then following Serre we say H is G-completely reducible or G-cr if, whenever H is contained in a parabolic subgroup P of G, then H is in a Levi subgroup of that parabolic. Building on work of Liebeck and Seitz, we find all triples (X,G,p) such that there exists a closed, connected, simple non-G-cr subgroup H<G with root system X.
We study the structure of minimal parabolic subgroups of the classical infinite dimensional real simple Lie groups, corresponding to the classical simple direct limit Lie algebras. This depends on the recently developed structure of parabolic subgroups and subalgebras that are not necessarily direct limits of finite dimensional parabolics. We then discuss the use of that structure theory for the infinite dimensional analog of the classical principal series representations. We look at the unitary representation theory of the classical lim--compact groups $U(\infty)$, $SO(\infty)$ and $Sp(\infty…
A new descent algebra $\sum_{W}(A_{n})$ of Weyl groups of type $A_n$, constructed by present authors in [1], is generated by equivalence classes $[x_J]$ arising from the equivalence relation defined on the set of all $x_J$. In this paper, we introduce the structure of this new descent algebra for standard parabolic subgroups $W_J$ of Weyl groups of type $A_n$.
Let $k$ and $n$ be positive coprime integers with $k<n$. Let $T$ denote the subgroup of diagonal matrices in $SL(n,\mathbb{C})$. We study the GIT quotient of Richardson varieties $X^v_w$ in the Grassmannian $\mathrm{Gr}_{k,n}$ by $T$ with respect to a $T$-linearised line bundle $\cal{L}$ corresponding to the Plücker embedding. We give necessary and sufficient combinatorial conditions for the quotient variety $T \backslash\mkern-6mu\backslash (X_w^v)^{ss}_T({\cal L})$ to be smooth.
This paper is part of the program to classify Kazhdan-Lusztig cells for Weyl groups of type $D_n$. We prove analogous results to those of section 4 of Kazhdan-Lusztig's original paper, this time related to a parabolic subgroup of type $D_4$. We also show how this is used in the definition of the generalized $τ$-invariant.
Let $G_R$ be a classical real direct limit Lie group and $g_R$ its Lie algebra. The parabolic subalgebras of the complexification $g_C$ were described by the first two authors. In the present paper we extend these results to $g_R$. This also gives a description of the parabolic subgroups of $G_R$. Furthermore, we give a geometric criterion for a parabolic subgroup $P_C$ of $G_C$ to intersect $G_R$ in a parabolic subgroup. This criterion involves the $G_R$-orbit structure of the flag ind-manifold $G_C/P_C$.
In a series of recent papers we extended the notion of square integrability, for representations of nilpotent Lie groups, to that of stepwise square integrability. There we discussed a number of applications based on the fact that nilradicals of minimal parabolic subgroups of real reductive Lie groups are stepwise square integrable. Here, in Part I, we prove stepwise square integrability for nilradicals of arbitrary parabolic subgroups of real reductive Lie groups. This is technically more delicate than the case of minimal parabolics. We further discuss applications to Plancherel formulae and …
The paper is devoted to the problem of finding free generators in the fields of invariants for actions of unipotent groups on affine varieties. We consider the case when the unipotent group is the unipotent radical in an arbitrary parabolic subgroup in the reductive group of classical type GL(n), SL(n), O(n) or Sp(2n). In the explicit form, we present a system of free generators in the field of invariants for the action of the unipotent radical on the reductive group by conjugation.
Symmetric $k$-varieties are a natural generalization of symmetric spaces to general fields $k$. We study the action of minimal parabolic $k$-subgroups on symmetric $k$-varieties and define a map that embeds these orbits within the orbits corresponding to algebraically closed fields. We develop a condition for the surjectivity of this map in the case of $k$-split groups that depends only on the dimension of a maximal $k$-split torus contained within the fixed point group of the involution defining the symmetric $k$-variety.
Let $G=G(K)$ be a simple algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field $K$ of characteristic $p>0$. A subgroup $X$ of $G$ is said to be $G$-completely reducible if, whenever it is contained in a parabolic subgroup of $G$, it is contained in a Levi subgroup of that parabolic. A subgroup $X$ of $G$ is said to be $G$-irreducible if $X$ is in no parabolic subgroup of $G$; and $G$-reducible if it is in some parabolic of $G$. In this thesis, we consider the case that $G$ is of exceptional type. When $G$ is of type $G_2$ we find all conjugacy classes of closed, connected, reductive subgr…
Let $G$ be an irreducible Hermitian Lie group and $D=G/K$ its bounded symmetric domain in $\mathbb C^d$ of rank $r$. Each $γ$ of the Harish-Chandra strongly orthogonal roots $\{γ_1, \cdots, γ_r\}$ defines a Heisenberg parabolic subgroup $P=MAN$ of $G$. We study the principal series representations $\Ind_P^G(1\otimes e^ν\otimes 1)$ of $G$ induced from $P$. We find the complementary series, reduction points, and unitary subrepresentations in this family of representations.
In a recent paper we found conditions for a nilpotent Lie group to be foliated into subgroups that have square integrable unitary representations that fit together to form a filtration by normal subgroups. That resulted in explicit character formulae, Plancherel formulae and multiplicity formulae. We also showed that nilradicals $N$ of minimal parabolic subgroups $P = MAN$ enjoy that "stepwise square integrable" property. Here we extend those results from $N$ to $P$. The Pfaffian polynomials, which give orthogonality relations and Plancherel density for $N$, also give a semiinvariant different…
In this paper, we obtain explicit branching laws for all irreducible unitary representations of $\Spin(N,1)$ restricted to a parabolic subgroup $P$. The restriction turns out to be a finite direct sum of irreducible unitary representations of $P$. We also verify Duflo's conjecture for the branching law of tempered representations of $\Spin(N,1)$ with respect to a parabolic subgroup $P$. That is to show: in the framework of the orbit method, the branching law of a tempered representation is determined by the behavior of the moment map from the corresponding coadjoint orbit. A few key tools used…
Let $G$ be a simple algebraic group of adjoint type over the field $\mathbb{C}$ of complex numbers, $B$ be a Borel subgroup of $G$ containing a maximal torus $T$ of $G.$ In this article, we show that $α$ is a co-minuscule root if and only if for any parabolic subgroup $Q$ containing $B$ properly, there is no Schubert variety $X_{Q}(w)$ in $G/Q$ such that the minimal parabolic subgroup $P_α$ of $G$ is the connected component, containing the identity automorphism of the group of all algebraic automorphisms of $X_{Q}(w).$
Let $G$ be a simple simply-laced algebraic group of adjoint type over the field $\mathbb{C}$ of complex numbers, $B$ be a Borel subgroup of $G$ containing a maximal torus $T$ of $G.$ In this article, we show that $ω_α$ is a minuscule fundamental weight if and only if for any parabolic subgroup $Q$ containing $B$ properly, there is no Schubert variety $X_{Q}(w)$ in $G/Q$ such that the minimal parabolic subgroup $P_α$ of $G$ is the connected component, containing the identity automorphism of the group of all algebraic automorphisms of $X_{Q}(w).$
In this note, I will prove a conjecture in \cite{BYY}, which is related to the invariants of a maximal parabolic subgroup of $\GL_{n+1}$. Consequently, the natural tensor invariants of this typical maximal parabolic subgroup of $\GL_{n+1}$ are determined when $n\geq r$.
A Moore--Penrose inverse of an arbitrary complex matrix A is defined as a unique matrix A' such that AA'A=A, A'AA'=A', and AA', A'A are Hermite matrices. We show that this definition has a natural generalization in the context of shortly graded simple Lie algebras corresponding to parabolic subgroups with aura (abelian unipotent radical) in simple complex Lie groups, or equivalently in the context of simple complex Jordan pairs. We give further generalizations and applications.
In this paper, we study the restriction of an irreducible unitary representation $π$ of the universal covering $\widetilde{Sp}_{2n}(\mb R)$ to a Heisenberg maximal parabolic group $\tilde P$. We prove that if $π|_{\tilde P}$ is irreducible, then $π$ must be a highest weight module or a lowest weight module. This is in sharp constrast with the $GL_n(\mathbb R)$ case. In addition, we show that for a unitary highest or lowest weight module, $π|_{\tilde P}$ decomposes discretely. We also treat the groups $U(p,q)$ and $O^*(2n)$.
This paper studies Emerton's Jacquet module functor for locally analytic representations of p-adic reductive groups. When P is a parabolic subgroup whose Levi factor M is not commutative, we show that passing to an isotypical subspace for the derived subgroup of M gives rise to essentially admissible locally analytic representations of the torus Z(M), which have a natural interpretation in terms of rigid geometry. We use this to extend Emerton's representation-theoretic construction of eigenvarieties by constructing eigenvarieties interpolating automorphic representations whose local component…
In this note, we provide a short and self-contained proof that the braid group on n strands acts transitively on the set of reduced factorizations of a Coxeter element in a Coxeter group of finite rank n into products of reflections. We moreover use the same argument to also show that all factorizations of an element in a parabolic subgroup of W lie as well in this parabolic subgroup.
In this paper we explicitly compute all Littlewood-Richardson coefficients for semisimple or Kac-Moody groups G, that is, the structure coefficients of the cohomology algebra H^*(G/P), where P is a parabolic subgroup of G. These coefficients are of importance in enumerative geometry, algebraic combinatorics and representation theory. Our formula for the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients is given in terms of the Cartan matrix and the Weyl group of G. However, if some off-diagonal entries of the Cartan matrix are 0 or -1, the formula may contain negative summands. On the other hand, if the Cart…
Let G be a connected reductive algebraic group and H be a reductive closed and connected subgroup of G both defined on an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. We consider the set C of the couple (x,y) of the dominant weights such that the irreducible H-module of highest weight x is a submodule of the G-module corresponding to y. This set identifies canonically with a semi-group finitely generated in a rational vector space. We consider the generalized Littlewood-Richardson cone C' generated by C. This cone is polyhedral. For any (x',y') in C', x' is dominant, and so, satisfies a …
We examine the structure of the Levi component $MA$ in a minimal parabolic subgroup $P = MAN$ of a real reductive Lie group $G$ and work out the cases where $M$ is metabelian, equivalently where $\mathfrak{p}$ is solvable. When $G$ is a linear group we verify that $\mathfrak{p}$ is solvable if and only if $M$ is commutative. In the general case $M$ is abelian modulo the center $Z_G$, we indicate the exact structure of $M$ and $P$, and we work out the precise Plancherel Theorem and Fourier Inversion Formulae. This lays the groundwork for comparing tempered representations of $G$ with those indu…
We study the following question: given a locally compact group when does its Fourier algebra coincide with the subalgebra of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra consisting of functions vanishing at infinity? We provide sufficient conditions for this to be the case. As an application, we show that when P is the minimal parabolic subgroup in one of the classical simple Lie groups of real rank one or the exceptional such group, then the Fourier algebra of P coincides with the subalgebra of the Fourier-Stieltjes algebra of P consisting of functions vanishing at infinity. In particular, the regular repre…
The notion of "Weierstrass Section", comes from Weierstrass canonical form for elliptic curves. In celebrated work [B. Kostant, Lie group representations on polynomial rings, Amer. J. Math. 85 (1963), 327-404] constructed such a section for the action of a semisimple Lie algebra on its dual using a principal s-triple. Actually it is enough to have an "adapted pair" and indeed the construction in [A. Joseph and D. Shafrir, Polynomiality of invariants, unimodularity and adapted pairs, Transform. Groups 15 (2010), no. 4, 851-882] works rather well for the coadjoint action of an algebraic, but not…
In \cite{MR3284482} and \cite{MR3658191}, the twisted standard $\mathcal{L}$-function $\mathcal{L}(s,π,χ,st)$ of a cuspidal representation $ π$ of the exceptional group of type $G_2$ was shown to be represented by a family of new-way Rankin-Selberg integrals. These integrals connect the analytic behaviour of $\mathcal{L}(s,π,χ,st)$ with that of a family of degenerate Eisenstein series $\mathcal{E}_E(χ, f_s, s, g)$ on quasi-split forms $H_E$ of $Spin_8$, induced from Heisenberg parabolic subgroups. The analytic behaviour of the series $\mathcal{E}_E(χ, f_s, s, g)$ in the right half-plane $Re(s)…
Let $Γ$ be the Littlewood-Richardson tableau corresponding to an embedding $M$ of a subgroup in a finite abelian $p$-group. Each individual entry in $Γ$ yields information about the homomorphisms from $M$ into a particular subgroup embedding, and hence determines the position of $M$ within the category of subgroup embeddings. Conversely, this category provides a categorification for LR-tableaux in the sense that all subgroup embeddings corresponding to a given LR-tableau share certain homological properties.
Recall the classical result that the cup product structure constants for the singular cohomology with integral coefficients of the Grassmannian of r-planes coincide with the Littlewood-Richardson tensor product structure constants for GL(r). Specifically, the result asserts that there is an explicit ring homomorphism ϕ: \Rep _{\poly}(GL(r)) to H^*(Gr(r, n)), where Gr(r, n) denotes the Grassmannian of r-planes in C^n and \Rep_{\poly} (GL(r)) denotes the polynomial representation ring of GL(r). This work seeks to achieve one possible generalization of this classical result for GL(r) and the Gras…
Following Lusztig, we consider a Coxeter group $W$ together with a weight function. Geck showed that the Kazhdan-Lusztig cells of $W$ are compatible with parabolic subgroups. In this paper, we generalize this argument to some subsets of $W$ which may not be parabolic subgroups. We obtain two applications: we show that under specific technical conditions on the parameters, the cells of a certain finite parabolic subgroup of $W$ are cells in the whole group, and we decompose the affine Weyl group $\tilde{G}_{2}$ into left and two-sided cells for a whole class of weight functions.
