We give a simple characterization of Mackenzie's double Lie algebroids in terms of homological vector fields. Application to the `Drinfeld double' of Lie bialgebroids is given and an extension to the multiple case is suggested.
Double Lie algebroids were discovered by Kirill Mackenzie from the study of double Lie groupoids and were defined in terms of rather complicated conditions making use of duality theory for Lie algebroids and double vector bundles. In this paper we establish a simple alternative characterization of double Lie algebroids in a supermanifold language. Namely, we show that a double Lie algebroid in Mackenzie's sense is equivalent to a double vector bundle endowed with a pair of commuting homological vector fields of appropriate weights. Our approach helps to simplify and elucidate Mackenzie's origi…
The preprint is prepared as description of results that were obtained during joint scientific project No: 71NC /2015/VNCCCT on the VIASM (Vietnam Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics) from 08.12.2015 to 06.02.2016. The problem was formulated how to calculate so called the Mackenzie obstruction for existing of transitive Lie algebroid for given coupling between a finite dimensional Lie algebra and the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold. It is proved that the Mackenzie obstruction for transitive Lie algebroids is trivial for the finite dimensional Lie algebra which is the direct sum of t…
This text is meant to be a brief overview of the topics announced in the title and is based on my talk in Vienna (August/September 2007). It does not contain new results (except probably for a remark concerning Q-manifold homology, which I wish to elaborate elsewhere). "Mackenzie theory" stands for the rich circle of notions that have been put forward by Kirill Mackenzie (solo or in collaboration): double structures such as double Lie groupoids and double Lie algebroids, Lie bialgebroids and their doubles, nontrivial dualities for double and multiple vector bundles, etc. "Q-manifolds" are (sup…
Q-groupoids and Q-algebroids are, respectively, supergroupoids and superalgebroids that are equipped with compatible homological vector fields. These new objects are closely related to the double structures of Mackenzie; in particular, we show that Q-groupoids are intermediary objects between Mackenzie's LA-groupoids and double complexes, which include as a special case the simplicial model of equivariant cohomology. There is also a double complex associated to a Q-algebroid, which in the above special case is the BRST model of equivariant cohomology. Other special cases include models for the…
We consider a simple instance of action up to homotopy. More precisely, we consider strict actions of DGLAs in degrees -1 and 0 on degree 1 NQ-manifolds. In a more conventional language this means: strict actions of Lie algebra crossed modules on Lie algebroids. When the action is strict, we show that it integrates to group actions in the categories of Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids (i.e. actions of LA-groups and 2-groups). We perform the integration in the framework of Mackenzie's doubles.
Graded bundles are a class of graded manifolds which represent a natural generalisation of vector bundles and include the higher order tangent bundles as canonical examples. We present and study the concept of the linearisation of graded bundle which allows us to define the notion of the linear dual of a graded bundle. They are examples of double structures, graded-linear ($\mathcal{GL}$) bundles, including double vector bundles as a particular case. On $\mathcal{GL}$-bundles we define what we shall call weighted algebroids, which are to be understood as algebroids in the category of graded bu…
It is well-known that a Lie algebroid A is equivalently described by a degree 1 Q-manifold M. We study distributions on M, giving a characterization in terms of A. We show that involutive Q-invariant distributions on M correspond bijectively to IM-foliations on A (the infinitesimal version of Mackenzie's ideal systems). We perform reduction by such distributions, and investigate how they arise from non-strict actions of strict Lie 2-algebras on M.
We reformulate the notion of a Jacobi algebroid in terms of weighted odd Jacobi brackets. We then show how a Jacobi algebroid can be understood in terms of a kind of curved Q-manifold. In particular the homological condition on the odd vector field is deformed in a very specific way. This leads to the notion of a quasi Q-manifold.
We approach Mackenzie's LA-groupoids from a supergeometric point of view by introducing Q-groupoids, which are groupoid objects in the category of Q-manifolds. There is a faithful functor from the category of LA-groupoids to the category of Q-groupoids. We associate to every Q-groupoid a double complex that provides a model for the Q-cohomology of the classifying space. As examples, we obtain models for equivariant Q- and orbifold Q-cohomology, and for equivariant Lie algebroid and orbifold Lie algebroid cohomology. We obtain double complexes associated to Poisson groupoids and groupoid-algebr…
In this paper we define a Grassmann odd analogue of Jacobi structure on a supermanifold. The basic properties are explored. The construction of odd Jacobi manifolds is then used to reexamine the notion of a Jacobi algebroid. It is shown that Jacobi algebroids can be understood in terms of a kind of curved Q-manifold, which we will refer to as a quasi Q-manifold.
This paper shows the equivalence of the categories of $N$-manifolds of degree $2$ with the category of double vector bundles endowed with a linear metric. Split Poisson $N$-manifolds of degree $2$ are shown to be equivalent to self-dual representations up to homotopy. As a consequence, the equivalence above induces an equivalence between so called metric VB-algebroids and Poisson $N$-manifolds of degree $2$. Then a new description of split Lie $2$-algebroids is given, as well as their "duals", the Dorfman $2$-representations. We show that Dorfman $2$-representations are equivalent in a simple …
In this paper, we first discuss the relation between VB-Courant algebroids and E-Courant algebroids and construct some examples of E-Courant algebroids. Then we introduce the notion of a generalized complex structure on an E-Courant algebroid, unifying the usual generalized complex structures on even-dimensional manifolds and generalized contact structures on odd-dimensional manifolds. Moreover, we study generalized complex structures on an omni-Lie algebroid in detail. In particular, we show that generalized complex structures on an omni-Lie algebra $\gl(V)\oplus V$ correspond to complex Lie …
This thesis studies the representation theory and linear structures of $\mathcal{Q}$-manifolds and higher Lie algebroids. We introduce differential graded modules (or for short DG-modules) of $\mathcal{Q}$-manifolds and the equivalent notion of representations up to homotopy in the case of Lie $n$-algebroids ($n\in\mathbb{N}$), as generalisations of the homonymous structures that exist already in the case of ordinary Lie algebroids. The adjoint and coadjoint modules are described, and the corresponding split versions of the adjoint and coadjoint representations up to homotopy of Lie $n$-algebr…
The core diagram of a double Lie algebroid consists in the core of the double Lie algebroid, together with the two core-anchor maps to the sides of the double Lie algebroid. If these two core anchors are surjective, then the double Lie algebroid and its core diagram are called transitive. This paper establishes an equivalence between transitive double Lie algebroids, and transitive core diagrams over a fixed base manifold. In other words, it proves that a transitive double Lie algebroid is completely determined by its core diagram. The comma double Lie algebroid associated to a morphism of Lie…
Lie theory for the integration of Lie algebroids to Lie groupoids, on the one hand, and of Poisson manifolds to symplectic groupoids, on the other, has undergone tremendous developements in the last decade, thanks to the work of Mackenzie-Xu, Moerdijk-Mrcun, Cattaneo-Felder and Crainic-Fernandes, among others. In this thesis we study - part of - the categorified version of this story, namely the integrability of LA-groupoids (groupoid objects in the category of Lie algebroids), to double Lie groupoids (groupoid objects in the category of Lie groupoids) providing a first set of sufficient condi…
In this paper, first we modify the definition of a Hom-Lie algebroid introduced by Laurent-Gengoux and Teles and give its equivalent dual description. Many results that parallel to Lie algebroids are given. In particular, we give the notion of a Hom-Poisson manifold and show that there is a Hom-Lie algebroid structure on the pullback of the cotangent bundle of a Hom-Poisson manifold. Then we give the notion of a Hom-Lie bialgebroid, which is a natural generalization of a purely Hom-Lie bialgebra and a Lie bialgebroid. We show that the base manifold of a Hom-Lie bialgebroid is a Hom-Poisson man…
We show how the relation between $Q$-manifolds and Lie algebroids extends to ``higher'' or ``non-linear'' analogs of Lie algebroids. We study the identities satisfied by a new algebraic structure that arises as a replacement of operations on sections of a Lie algebroid. When the base is a point, we obtain a generalization of Lie superalgebras.
We study Maurer-Cartan elements on homotopy Poisson manifolds of degree $n$. They unify many twisted or homotopy structures in Poisson geometry and mathematical physics, such as twisted Poisson manifolds, quasi-Poisson $\g$-manifolds, and twisted Courant algebroids. Using the fact that the dual of an $n$-term $L_\infty$-algebra is a homotopy Poisson manifold of degree $n-1$, we obtain a Courant algebroid from a $2$-term $L_\infty$-algebra $\g$ via the degree $2$ symplectic NQ-manifold $T^*[2]\g^*[1]$. By integrating the Lie quasi-bialgebroid associated to the Courant algebroid, we obtain a Lie…
Deformations of a Courant Algebroid E and its Dirac subbundle A have been widely considered under the assumption that the pseudo-Euclidean metric is fixed. In this paper, we attack the same problem in a setting that allows the pseudo-Euclidean metric to deform. Thanks to Roytenberg, a Courant algebroid is equivalent to a symplectic graded Q-manifold of degree 2. From this viewpoint, we extend the notions of graded Q-manifold, DGLA and L_\infty-algebra all to "blended" version so that Poisson manifold, Lie algebroid and Courant algebroid are unified as blended Q-manifolds; and define a submanio…
In this paper, for a Jacobi algebroid $A$, by introducing the notion of Jacobi quasi-Nijenhuis algebroids, which is a generalization of Poisson quasi-Nijenhuis manifolds introduced by Stiénon and Xu, we study generalized complex structures on the Courant-Jacobi algebroid $A\oplus A^*$, which unifies generalized complex (contact) structures on an even(odd)-dimensional manifold.
We introduce the notion of the modular class of a Lie algebroid equipped with a Nambu structure. In particular, we recover the modular class of a Nambu-Poisson manifold $M$ with its Nambu tensor $Λ$ as the modular class of the tangent Lie algebroid $TM$ with Nambu structure $Λ.$ We show that many known properties of the modular class of a Nambu-Poisson manifold that of a Lie algebropid extend to the setting of a Lie algebroid with Nambu structure. Finally, we prove that for a large class of Nambu-Poisson manifolds considered as tangent Lie algebroids with Nambu structures, the associated modul…
We develop a systematic approach to contact and Jacobi structures on graded supermanifolds. In this framework, contact structures are interpreted as symplectic principal GL(1,R)-bundles. Gradings compatible with the GL(1,R)-action lead to the concept of a graded contact manifold, in particular a linear (more generally, n-linear) contact structure. Linear contact structures are proven to be exactly the canonical contact structures on first jets of line bundles. They provide linear Kirillov (or Jacobi) brackets and give rise to the concept of a Kirillov algebroid, an analog of a Lie algebroid, f…
For any regular Courant algebroid $E$ over a smooth manifold $M$ with characteristic distribution $F$ and ample Lie algebroid $A_E$, we prove that there exists a canonical homological vector field on the graded manifold $A_E[1] \oplus (TM/F)^\ast[2]$ such that the resulting dg manifold $\mathcal{M}_E$, which we call the minimal model of the Courant algebroid $E$, encodes all cohomological information of $E$. Indeed, the standard cohomology of $E$ can be identified with the cohomology of the function space on $\mathcal{M}_E$, which can be computed by a Hodge-to-de Rham type spectral sequence. W…
We show how to reduce, under certain regularities conditions, a Poisson-Nijenhuis Lie algebroid to a symplectic-Nijenhuis Lie algebroid with nondegenerate Nijenhuis tensor. We generalize the work done by Magri and Morosi for the reduction of Poisson-Nijenhuis manifolds. The choice of the more general framework of Lie algebroids is motivated by the geometrical study of some reduced bi-Hamiltonian systems. An explicit example of reduction of a Poisson-Nijenhuis Lie algebroid is also provided.
We study holomorphic Poisson manifolds and holomorphic Lie algebroids from the viewpoint of real Poisson geometry. We give a characterization of holomorphic Poisson structures in terms of the Poisson Nijenhuis structures of Magri-Morosi and describe a double complex which computes the holomorphic Poisson cohomology. A holomorphic Lie algebroid structure on a vector bundle $A\to X$ is shown to be equivalent to a matched pair of complex Lie algebroids $(T^{0,1}X,A^{1,0})$, in the sense of Lu. The holomorphic Lie algebroid cohomology of $A$ is isomorphic to the cohomology of the elliptic Lie alge…
We construct the family of algebroid brackets $[\cdot,\cdot]_{c,v}$ on the tangent bundle $T^*M$ to a Poisson manifold $(M,π)$ starting from an algebroid bracket of differential forms. We use these brackets to generate Poisson structures on the tangent bundle $TM$. Next, in the case when $M$ is equipped with a bi-Hamiltonian structure $(M,π_1, π_2)$ we show how to construct another family of Poisson structures. Moreover we present how to find Casimir functions for those structures and we discuss some particular examples.
Let M be a manifold carrying the action of a Lie group G, and A a Lie algebroid on M equipped with a compatible infinitesimal G-action. Out of these data we construct an equivariant Lie algebroid cohomology and prove for compact G a related localization formula. As an application we prove a Bott-type formula.
We study the stability of singular points for smooth Poisson structures as well as general Lie algebroids. We give sufficient conditions for stability lying on the first (not necessarily linear) approximation of the given Poisson structure or Lie algebroid at a singular point. The main tools used here are the classical Lichnerowicz-Poisson cohomology and the deformation cohomology for Lie algebroids recently introduced by Crainic and Moerdijk. We also provide several examples of stable singular points of order $k \geq 1$ for Poisson structures and Lie algebroids. Finally, we apply our results …
Vector bundles and double vector bundles, or $2$-fold vector bundles, arise naturally for instance as base spaces for algebraic structures such as Lie algebroids, Courant algebroids and double Lie algebroids. It is known that all these structures possess a unified description using the language of super\-geometry and graded manifolds of degree $\leq 2$. Indeed, a link has been established between the super and classical pictures by the geometrization process, leading to an equivalence of the category of graded manifolds of degree $\leq 2$ and the category of (double) vector bundles with additi…
We introduce and study a class of Lie algebroids associated to faithful modules which is motivated by the notion of cotangent Lie algebroids of Poisson manifolds. We also give a classification of transitive Lie algebroids and describe Poisson algebras by using the notions of algebroid and Lie connections.
We present a global construction of a so-called D-bracket appearing in the physics literature of Double Field Theory (DFT) and show that if certain integrability criteria are satisfied, it can be seen as a sum of two Courant algebroid brackets. In particular, we show that the local picture of the extended space-time used in DFT fits naturally in the geometrical framework of para-Hermitian manifolds and that the data of an (almost) para-Hermitian manifold is sufficient to construct the D-bracket. Moreover, the twists of the bracket appearing in DFT can be interpreted in this framework geometric…
Due to a result by Mackenzie, extensions of transitive Lie groupoids are equivalent to certain Lie groupoids which admit an action of a Lie group. This paper is a treatment of the equivariant connection theory and holonomy of such groupoids, and shows that such connections give rise to the transition data necessary for the classification of their respective Lie algebroids.
We define the transgression functor which associates to a (higher-dimensional) Courant algebroid on a manifold a Lie algebroid on the shifted tangent bundle of the manifold.
A degree 1 non-negative graded super manifold equipped with a degree 1 vector field Q satisfying [Q, Q]=1, namely a so-called NQ-1 manifold is, in plain differential geometry language, a Lie algebroid. We introduce a notion of fibration for such super manifols, that essentially involves a complete Ehresmann connection. As it is the case for Lie algebras, such fibrations turn out not to be just locally trivial products. We also define homotopy groups and prove the expected long exact sequence associated to a fibration. In particular, Crainic and Fernandes's obstruction to the integrability of L…
A notion of an algebroid - a generalization of a Lie algebroid structure is introduced. We show that many objects of the differential calculus on a manifold M associated with the canonical Lie algebroid structure on T^M can be obtained in the framework of a general algebroid. Also a compatibility condition which leads, in general, to a concept of a bialgebroid.
We propose a generalization of the momentum map on a symplectic manifold with a Lie algebra action to a Courant algebroid structure. The theory of a momentum section on a Lie algebroid is generalized to the theory compatible with a Courant algebroid. As an example, we identify the momentum section in a constrained Hamiltonian mechanics with Courant algebroid symmetry. Moreover, we construct cohomological formulations by considering the BFV and BV formalism of this Hamiltonian system. The Weil algebra for this structure is constructed.
We study the graded geometric point of view of curvature and torsion of Q-manifolds (differential graded manifolds). In particular, we get a natural graded geometric definition of Courant algebroid curvature and torsion, which correctly restrict to Dirac structures. Depending on an auxiliary affine connection K, we introduce the K-curvature and K-torsion of a Courant algebroid connection. These are conventional tensors on the body. Finally, we compute their Ricci and scalar curvature.
We show how to extend the construction of Tulczyjew triples to Lie algebroids via graded manifolds. We also provide a generalisation of triangular Lie bialgebroids as higher Poisson and Schouten structures on Lie algebroids.
We introduce Courant algebroids, providing definitions, some historical notes, and some elementary properties. Next, we summarize basic properties of graded manifolds. Then, drawing on the work of Roytenberg and others, we introduce the graded or supergraded language demonstrating a cochain complex / cohomology for (general) Courant algebroids. We review spectral sequences and show how this tool is used to compute cohomology of regular Courant algebroids with a split base. Finally we analyze matched pairs of Courant algebroids including the complexified standard Courant algebroid of a complex …
If $A$ is a Lie algebroid over a foliated manifold $(M,\mathcal{F})$, a foliation of $A$ is a Lie subalgebroid $B$ with anchor image $T\mathcal{F}$ and such that $A/B$ is locally equivalent with Lie algebroids over the slice manifolds of $\mathcal{F}$. We give several examples and, for foliated Lie algebroids, we discuss the following subjects: the dual Poisson structure and Vaintrob's super-vector field, cohomology and deformations of the foliation, integration to a Lie groupoid. In the last section, we define a corresponding notion of a foliation of a Courant algebroid $A$ as a bracket-close…
For any transversal-Courant algebroid $E$ on a foliated manifold $(M,\mathcal{F})$, and for any choice of a decomposition $TM=T\mathcal{F}\oplus Q$, we construct a Courant algebroid structure on $T\mathcal{F}\oplus T^*\mathcal{F}\oplus E$.
We consider homotopy actions of a Lie algebroid on a graded manifold, defined as suitable $L_{\infty}$-algebra morphisms. On the "semi-direct product" we construct a homological vector field that projects to the Lie algebroid. Our main theorem states that this construction is a bijection. Since several classical geometric structures can be described by homological vector fields as above, we can display many explicit examples, involving Lie algebroids (including extensions, representations up to homotopy and their cocycles) as well as transitive Courant algebroids.
We show that $L_{\infty}$-algebroids, understood in terms of Q-manifolds can be described in terms of certain higher Schouten and Poisson structures on graded (super)manifolds. This generalises known constructions for Lie (super)algebras and Lie algebroids.
The modular vector field of a Poisson-Nijenhuis Lie algebroid $A$ is defined and we prove that, in case of non-degeneracy, this vector field defines a hierarchy of bi-Hamiltonian $A$-vector fields. This hierarchy covers an integrable hierarchy on the base manifold, which may not have a Poisson-Nijenhuis structure.
We introduce a notion of a homotopy momentum section on a Lie algebroid over a pre-multisymplectic manifold. A homotopy momentum section is a generalization of the momentum map with a Lie group action and the momentum section on a pre-symplectic manifold, and is also regarded as a generalization of the homotopy momentum map on a multisymplectic manifold. We show that a gauged nonlinear sigma model with Wess-Zumino term with Lie algebroid gauging has the homotopy momentum section structure.
We examine Lie (super)algebroids equipped with a homological section, i.e., an odd section that `self-commutes', we refer to such Lie algebroids as inner Q-algebroids: these provide natural examples of suitably "superised" Q-algebroids in the sense of Mehta. Such Lie algebroids are a natural generalisation of Q-manifolds and Lie superalgebras equipped with a homological element. Amongst other results, we show that, via the derived bracket formalism, the space of sections of an inner Q-algebroid comes equipped with an odd Loday-Leibniz bracket.
Given a vector bundle $A$ over a smooth manifold $M$ such that the square root $\mathcal{L}$ of the line bundle $\wedge^{\mathrm{top}}A^\ast \otimes \wedge^{\mathrm{top}}T^\ast M$ exists, the Clifford bundle associated to the split pseudo-Euclidean vector bundle $(E = A \oplus A^\ast, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$, admits a spinor bundle $\wedge^\bullet A \otimes \mathcal{L}$, whose section space can be thought of as that of Berezinian half-densities of the graded manifold $A^\ast[1]$. We give an explicit construction of Dirac generating operators of split Courant algebroid (or proto-bialgebr…
We study pairs of structures, such as the Poisson-Nijenhuis structures, on the tangent bundle of a manifold or, more generally, on a Lie algebroid or a Courant algebroid. These composite structures are defined by two of the following, a closed 2-form, a Poisson bivector or a Nijenhuis tensor, with suitable compatibility assumptions. We establish the relationships between such composite structures. We then show that the non-degenerate Monge-Ampère structures on 2-dimensional manifolds satisfying an integrability condition provide numerous examples of such structures, while in the case of 3-dime…
We generalize the $(n+1)$-dimensional twisted $R$-Poisson topological sigma model with flux on a target Poisson manifold to a Lie algebroid. Analyzing consistency of constraints in the Hamiltonian formalism and the gauge symmetry in the Lagrangian formalism, geometric conditions of the target space to make the topological sigma model consistent are identified. The geometric condition is an universal compatibility condition of a Lie algebroid with the multi-symplectic structure. This condition is a generalization of the momentum map theory of a Lie group and is regarded as a generalization of t…
We define Lie and Courant algebroids on Fréchet manifolds. Moreover, we construct a Dirac structure on the generalized tangent bundle of a Fréchet manifold and show that it inherits a Fréchet Lie algebroid structure. We show that the Lie algebroid cohomology of the $\bb$-cotangent bundle Lie algebroid of a weakly symplectic Fréchet manifold $M$ is the Lichnerowicz-Poisson cohomology of $M$.