Suppose $G$ is a second countable, locally compact, Hausdorff groupoid with a fixed left Haar system. Let $\go/G$ denote the orbit space of $G$ and $\cs(G)$ denote the groupoid $C^*$-algebra. Suppose that $G$ is a principal groupoid. We show that $C^*(G)$ is CCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_1$ topological space, and that $C^*(G)$ is GCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_0$ topological space. We also show that $C^*(G)$ is a Fell Algebra if and only if $G$ is a Cartan groupoid.
Suppose G is a second countable, locally compact, Hausdorff, principal groupoid with a fixed left Haar system. We define a notion of integrability for groupoids, and show G is integrable if and only if the groupoid C*-algebra C*(G) has bounded trace.
From a suitable groupoid G, we show how to construct an amenable principal groupoid whose C*-algebra is a Kirchberg algebra which is KK-equivalent to C*(G). Using this construction, we show by example that many UCT Kirchberg algebras can be realised as the C*-algebras of amenable principal groupoids.
The study of different types of ideals in non self-adjoint operator algebras has been a topic of recent research. This study focuses on principal ideals in subalgebras of groupoid C*-algebras. An ideal is said to be principal if it is generated by a single element of the algebra. We look at subalgebras of r-discrete principal groupoid C*-algebras and prove that these algebras are principal ideal algebras. Regular canonical subalgebras of almost finite C*-algebras have digraph algebras as their building blocks. The spectrum of almost finite C*-algebras has the structure of an r-discrete princip…
Given a free and proper action of a groupoid on a Fell bundle (over another groupoid), we give an equivalence between the semidirect-product and the generalized-fixed-point Fell bundles, generalizing an earlier result where the action was by a group. As an application, we show that the Stabilization Theorem for Fell bundles over groupoids is essentially another form of crossed-product duality.
Renault proved in 2008 that if $G$ is a topologically principal groupoid, then $C_0(G^{(0)})$ is a Cartan subalgebra in $C^*_r(G, Σ)$ for any twist $Σ$ over $G$. However, there are many groupoids which are not topologically principal, yet their (twisted) $C^*$-algebras admit Cartan subalgebras. This paper gives a dynamical description of a class of such Cartan subalgebras, by identifying conditions on a 2-cocycle $c$ on $G$ and a subgroupoid $S \subseteq G$ under which $C^*_r(S, c)$ is Cartan in $C^*_r(G, c)$. When $G$ is a discrete group, we also describe the Weyl groupoid and twist associate…
We define the notion of a principal S-bundle where S is a groupoid group bundle and show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between principal S-bundles and elements of a sheaf cohomology group associated to S. We also define the notion of a locally unitary action and show that the spectrum of the crossed product is a principal bundle. Furthermore, we prove that the isomorphism class of the spectrum determines the exterior equivalence class of the action and that every principal bundle can be realized as the spectrum of some locally unitary crossed product.
We construct examples of principal groupoids that have weak containment but are not amenable, thus answering questions by Claire Anantharaman-Delaroche and Rufus Willett.
We present a number of findings concerning groupoid dynamical systems and groupoid crossed products. The primary result is an identification of the spectrum of the groupoid crossed product when the groupoid has continuously varying abelian stabilizers and a well behaved orbit space. In this case, the spectrum of the crossed product is homeomorphic, via an induction map, to a quotient of the spectrum of the crossed product by the stabilizer group bundle. The main theorem is also generalized in the groupoid algebra case to an identification of the primitive ideal space. This generalization repla…
This dissertation concerns the classification of groupoid and higher-rank graph C*-algebras and has two main components. Firstly, for a groupoid it is shown that the notions of strength of convergence in the orbit space and measure-theoretic accumulation along the orbits are equivalent ways of realising multiplicity numbers associated to a sequence of induced representations of the groupoid C*-algebra. Examples of directed graphs are given, showing how to determine the multiplicity numbers associated to various sequences of induced representations of the directed graph C*-algebras. The second …
In this paper, we study the ideal structure of reduced $C^*$-algebras $C^*_r(G)$ associated to étale groupoids $G$. In particular, we characterize when there is a one-to-one correspondence between the closed, two-sided ideals in $C_r^*(G)$ and the open invariant subsets of the unit space $G^{(0)}$ of $G$. As a consequence, we show that if $G$ is an inner exact, essentially principal, ample groupoid, then $C_r^*(G)$ is (strongly) purely infinite if and only if every non-zero projection in $C_0(G^{(0)})$ is properly infinite in $C_r^*(G)$. We also establish a sufficient condition on the ample gr…
We construct ample groupoids from certain categories of paths, and prove that their $C^*$-algebras coincide with the continued fraction AF algebras of Effros and Shen. The proof relies on recent classification results for simple nuclear $C^*$-algebras. The groupoids are not principal. This provides examples of Cartan subalgebras in the continued fraction AF algebras that are isomorphic, but not conjugate, to the standard diagonal subalgebras.
Let $G$ be a Hausdorff, étale groupoid that is minimal and topologically principal. We show that $C^*_r(G)$ is purely infinite simple if and only if all the nonzero positive elements of $C_0(G^0)$ are infinite in $C_r^*(G)$. If $G$ is a Hausdorff, ample groupoid, then we show that $C^*_r(G)$ is purely infinite simple if and only if every nonzero projection in $C_0(G^0)$ is infinite in $C^*_r(G)$. We then show how this result applies to $k$-graph $C^*$-algebras. Finally, we investigate strongly purely infinite groupoid $C^*$-algebras.
In 1990, Rieffel defined a notion of proper action of a group $H$ on a $C^*$-algebra $A$. He then defined a generalized fixed point algebra $A^α$ for this action and showed that $A^α$ is Morita equivalent to an ideal of the reduced crossed product. We generalize Rieffel's notion to define proper groupoid dynamical systems and show that the generalized fixed point algebra for proper groupoid actions is Morita equivalent to a subalgebra of the reduced crossed product. We give some nontrivial examples of proper groupoid dynamical systems and show that if $(\A, G, α)$ is a groupoid dynamical syste…
We propose a definition of compact quantum groupoids in the setting of C*-algebras, associate to such a quantum groupoid a regular C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitary, and use this unitary to construct a dual Hopf C*-bimodule and to pass to a measurable quantum groupoid in the sense of Enock and Lesieur. Moreover, we discuss examples related to compact and to étale groupoids and study principal compact C*-quantum groupoids.
We prove that a minimal second countable ample groupoid has dynamical comparison if and only if its type semigroup is almost unperforated. Moreover, we investigate to what extent a not necessarily minimal almost finite groupoid has an almost unperforated type semigroup. Finally, we build a bridge between coarse geometry and topological dynamics by characterizing almost finiteness of the coarse groupoid in terms of a new coarsely invariant property for metric spaces, which might be of independent interest in coarse geometry. As a consequence, we are able to construct new examples of almost fini…
We study the finite versus infinite nature of C*-algebras arising from etale groupoids. For an ample groupoid G, we relate infiniteness of the reduced C*-algebra of G to notions of paradoxicality of a K-theoretic flavor. We construct a pre-ordered abelian monoid S(G) which generalizes the type semigroup introduced by Rørdam and Sierakowski for totally disconnected discrete transformation groups. This monoid reflects the finite/infinite nature of the reduced groupoid C*-algebra of G. If G is ample, minimal, and topologically principal, and S(G) is almost unperforated we obtain a dichotomy betwe…
Work of Jean Renault shows that, for topologically principal étale groupoids, a diagonal-preserving isomorphism of reduced $C^*$-algebras yields an isomorphism of groupoids. Several authors have proved analogues of this result for ample groupoid algebras over integral domains under suitable hypotheses. In this paper, we extend the known results by allowing more general coefficient rings and by weakening the hypotheses on the groupoids. Our approach has the additional feature that we only need to impose conditions on one of the two groupoids. Applications are given to Leavitt path algebras.
We study the groupoid C*-algebras associated to the equivalence relation induced by a quotient map on a locally compact Hausdorff space. This C*-algebra is always a Fell algebra, and if the quotient space is Hausdorff, it is a continuous-trace algebra. We show that the C*-algebra of a locally compact, Hausdorff and principal groupoid is a Fell algebra if and only if the groupoid is one of these relations, extending a theorem of Archbold and Somerset about etale groupoids. The C*-algebras of these relations are, up to Morita equivalence, precisely the Fell algebras with trivial Dixmier-Douady i…
Topological T-duality is a transformation taking a gerbe on a principal torus bundle to a gerbe on a principal dual-torus bundle. We give a new geometric construction of T-dualization, which allows the duality to be extended in following two directions. First, bundles of groups other than tori, even bundles of some nonabelian groups, can be dualized. Second, bundles whose duals are families of noncommutative groups (in the sense of noncommutative geometry) can be treated, though in this case the base space of the bundles is best viewed as a topological stack. Some methods developed for the con…
Can Boutet de Monvel's algebra on a compact manifold with boundary be obtained as the algebra $Ψ^0(G)$ of pseudodifferential operators on some Lie groupoid $G$? If it could, the kernel ${\mathcal G}$ of the principal symbol homomorphism would be isomorphic to the groupoid {$C^*$-algebra} $C^*(G)$. While the answer to the above question remains open, we exhibit in this paper a groupoid $G$ such that $C^*(G)$ possesses an ideal ${\mathcal I}$ isomorphic to ${\mathcal G}$. %ES, the kernel of the principal symbol homomorphism on Boutet de Monvel's algebra. In fact, we prove first that ${\mathcal G…
We prove that the Baire Category Theorem is equivalent to the following: Let G be a topological groupoid such that the unit space is a complete metric space, and there is a countable cover of G by neighbourhood bisections. If G is effective, then G is topologically principal.
Let E be a second-countable, locally compact, Hausdorff groupoid equipped with an action of T such that G:=E/T is a principal groupoid with Haar system λ. The twisted groupoid C*-algebra C*(E;G,λ) is a quotient of the C*-algebra of E obtained by completing the space of T-equivariant functions on E. We show that C*(E;G,λ) is postliminal if and only if the orbit space of G is T_0 and that C*(E;G, λ) is liminal if and only if the orbit space is T_1. We also show that C*(E;G, λ) has bounded trace if and only if G is integrable and that C*(E;G, λ) is a Fell algebra if and only if G is Cartan. Let \…
In this paper, we introduce properties including groupoid comparison, pure infiniteness and paradoxical comparison as well as a new algebraic tool called groupoid semigroup for locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoids. We show these new tools help establishing pure infiniteness of reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras. As an application, we show a dichotomy of stably finiteness against pure infiniteness for reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras arising from locally compact Hausdorff étale minimal topological principal groupoids. This generalizes the dichotomy obtained by Bönicke-Li and Rainone-Sims. We a…
We prove that the C*-algebra of a second-countable, étale, amenable groupoid is simple if and only if the groupoid is topologically principal and minimal. We also show that if G has totally disconnected unit space, then the associated complex *-algebra introduced by Steinberg is simple if and only if the interior of the isotropy subgroupoid of G is equal to the unit space and G is minimal.
We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for pure infiniteness of the path groupoid $C^*$-algebra of a row-finite graph without sinks. In particular we show that for such a path groupoid $\mathcal{G}_E$, the properties of being essential principal and the existence of a basis of $(\mathcal{G}_E^a, 2, 1)$-paradoxical sets for the topology are not only sufficient, but also necessary.
We present examples of non-Hausdorff, etale, essentially principal groupoids for which three results, known to hold in the Hausdorff case, fail. These results are: (A) the subalgebra of continuous functions on the unit space is maximal abelian within the reduced groupoid C*-algebra, (B) every nonzero ideal of the reduced groupoid C*-algebra has a nonzero intersection with the subalgebra of continuous functions on the unit space, and (C) the open support of a normalizer is a bissection.
We provide an operator algebraic interpretation of discrete measurable groupoids in the course of re-proving (and slightly generalizing) a result on treeability due to Adams and Spatzier. Then, we reconstruct Gaboriau's beautiful work on costs of equivalence relations in operator algebra framework, avoiding any measure theoretic argument, and clarify what kind of his results can or cannot be generalized to the non-principal groupoid case.
We show how to reconstruct a graded ample Hausdorff groupoid with topologically principal neutrally graded component from the ring structure of its graded Steinberg algebra over any commutative integral domain with 1, together with the embedding of the canonical abelian subring of functions supported on the unit space. We deduce that diagonal-preserving ring isomorphism of Leavitt path algebras implies $C^*$-isomorphism of $C^*$-algebras for graphs $E$ and $F$ in which every cycle has an exit.
We extend to arbitrary commutative base rings a recent result of Demeneghi that every ideal of an ample groupoid algebra over a field is an intersection of kernels of induced representations from isotropy groups, with a much shorter proof, by using the author's Disintegration Theorem for groupoid representations. We also prove that every primitive ideal is the kernel of an induced representation from an isotropy group; however, we are unable to show, in general, that it is the kernel of an irreducible induced representation. If each isotropy group is finite (e.g., if the groupoid is principal)…
In this paper, we prove that the algebra of an étale groupoid with totally disconnected unit space has a simple algebra over a field if and only if the groupoid is minimal and effective and the only function of the algebra that vanishes on every open subset is the null function. Previous work on the subject required the groupoid to be also topologically principal in the non-Hausdorff case, but we do not. Furthermore, we provide the first examples of minimal and effective but not topologically principal étale groupoids with totally disconnected unit spaces. Our examples come from self-similar g…
We characterize the groupoids for which an operator is Fredholm if, and only if, its principal symbol and all its boundary restrictions are invertible. A groupoid with this property is called {\em Fredholm}. Using results on the Effros-Hahn conjecture, we show that an almost amenable, Hausdorff, second countable groupoid is Fredholm. Many groupoids, and hence many pseudodifferential operators appearing in practice, fit into this framework. In particular, one can use these results to characterize the Fredholm operators on manifolds with cylindrical and poly-cylindrical ends, on manifolds that a…
Given an inverse semigroup $S$ endowed with a partial action on a topological space $X$, we construct a groupoid of germs $S\ltimes X$ in a manner similar to Exel's groupoid of germs, and similarly a partial action of $S$ on an algebra $A$ induces a crossed product $A\rtimes S$. We then prove, in the setting of partial actions, that if $X$ is locally compact Hausdorff and zero-dimensional, then the Steinberg algebra of the groupoid of germs $S\ltimes X$ is isomorphic to the crossed product $A_R(X)\rtimes S$, where $A_R(X)$ is the Steinberg algebra of $X$. We also prove that the converse holds,…
For any Lie groupoid $G$, the vector bundle $g^*$ dual to the associated Lie algebroid $g$ is canonically a Poisson manifold. The (reduced) C*-algebra of $G$ (as defined by A. Connes) is shown to be a strict quantization (in the sense of M. Rieffel) of $g^*$. This is proved using a generalization of Weyl's quantization prescription on flat space. Many other known strict quantizations are a special case of this procedure; on a Riemannian manifold, one recovers Connes' tangent groupoid as well as a recent generalization of Weyl's prescription. When $G$ is the gauge groupoid of a principal bundle…
We study Fell bundles on groupoids from the viewpoint of quantale theory. Given any saturated upper semicontinuous Fell bundle $π:E\to G$ on an étale groupoid $G$ with $G_0$ locally compact Hausdorff, equipped with a suitable completion C*-algebra $A$ of its convolution algebra, we obtain a map of involutive quantales $p:\mathrm{Max}\ A\toΩ(G)$, where $\mathrm{Max}\ A$ consists of the closed linear subspaces of $A$ and $Ω(G)$ is the topology of $G$. We study various properties of $p$ which mimick, to various degrees, those of open maps of topological spaces. These are closely related to proper…
