12 pages, no figures. An entirely new section was added with an example showing that it is impossible to reconstruct a non-Hausdorff essentially principal groupoid as the germs for the action of the normalizers
We present examples of non-Hausdorff, etale, essentially principal groupoids for which three results, known to hold in the Hausdorff case, fail. These results are: (A) the subalgebra of continuous functions on the unit space is maximal abelian within the reduced groupoid C*-algebra, (B) every nonzero ideal of the reduced groupoid C*-algebra has a nonzero intersection with the subalgebra of continuous functions on the unit space, and (C) the open support of a normalizer is a bissection.
A compactification of Fell is applied to locally compact non-Hausdorff groupoids and yields locally compact Hausdorff groupoids. In the etale case, this construction provides a geometric picture for the left-regular representations introduced by Khoshkam and Skandalis.
In this paper, we introduce properties including groupoid comparison, pure infiniteness and paradoxical comparison as well as a new algebraic tool called groupoid semigroup for locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoids. We show these new tools help establishing pure infiniteness of reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras. As an application, we show a dichotomy of stably finiteness against pure infiniteness for reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras arising from locally compact Hausdorff étale minimal topological principal groupoids. This generalizes the dichotomy obtained by Bönicke-Li and Rainone-Sims. We a…
Given a not-necessarily Hausdorff, topologically free, twisted étale groupoid $(G, L)$, we consider its "essential groupoid C*-algebra", denoted $C^*_{ess}(G, L)$, obtained by completing $C_c(G, L)$ with the smallest among all C*-seminorms coinciding with the uniform norm on $C_c(G^0)$. The inclusion of C*-algebras $(C_0(G^0), C^*_{ess}(G, L))$ is then proven to satisfy a list of properties characterizing it as what we call a "weak Cartan inclusion". We then prove that every weak Cartan inclusion $(A, B)$, with $B$ separable, is modeled by a topologically free, twisted étale groupoid, as above…
Suppose $G$ is a second countable, locally compact Hausdorff groupoid with abelian stabilizer subgroups and a Haar system. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the groupoid $C^*$-algebra to have Hausdorff spectrum. In particular we show that the spectrum of $C^*(G)$ is Hausdorff if and only if the stabilizers vary continuously with respect to the Fell topology, the orbit space $G^{(0)}/G$ is Hausdorff, and, given convergent sequences $χ_i\to χ$ and $γ_i\cdotχ_i \to ω$ in the dual stabilizer groupoid $\hat{S}$ where the $γ_i\in G$ act via conjugation, if $χ$ and $ω$ are elements o…
Let G be a (not necessarily Hausdorff) locally compact groupoid. We introduce a notion of properness for G, which is invariant under Morita-equivalence. We show that any generalized morphism between two locally compact groupoids which satisfies some properness conditions induces a C*-correspondence from $C*_r(G_1)$ to $C^*_r(G_2)$, and thus two Morita equivalent groupoids have Morita-equivalent $C^*$-algebras.
The classical Hausdorff-Young inequality for locally compact abelian groups states that, for $1\le p\le 2$, the $L^p$-norm of a function dominates the $L^q$-norm of its Fourier transform, where $1/p+1/q=1$. By using the theory of non-commutative $L^p$-spaces and by reinterpreting the Fourier transform, R. Kunze (1958) [resp. M. Terp (1980)] extended this inequality to unimodular [resp. non-unimodular] groups. The analysis of the $L^p$-spaces of the von Neumann algebra of a measured groupoid provides a further extension of the Hausdorff-Young inequality to measured groupoids.
We prove a uniqueness theorem and give a characterization of simplicity for Steinberg algebras associated to non-Hausdorff ample groupoids. We also prove a uniqueness theorem and give a characterization of simplicity for the C*-algebra associated to non-Hausdorff étale groupoids. Then we show how our results apply in the setting of tight representations of inverse semigroups, groups acting on graphs, and self-similar actions. In particular, we show that C*-algebra and the complex Steinberg algebra of the self-similar action of the Grigorchuk group are simple but the Steinberg algebra with coef…
We define inverse semigroup actions on topological groupoids by partial equivalences. From such actions, we construct saturated Fell bundles over inverse semigroups and non-Hausdorff étale groupoids. We interpret these as actions on C*-algebras by Hilbert bimodules and describe the section algebras of these Fell bundles. Our constructions give saturated Fell bundles over non-Hausdorff étale groupoids that model actions on locally Hausdorff spaces. We show that these Fell bundles are usually not Morita equivalent to an action by automorphisms. That is, the Packer-Raeburn Stabilisation Trick doe…
The complex algebra of an inverse semigroup with finitely many idempotents in each $\mathcal D$-class is stably finite by a result of Munn. This can be proved fairly easily using $C^*$-algebras for inverse semigroups satisfying this condition that have a Hausdorff universal groupoid, or more generally for direct limits of inverse semigroups satisfying this condition and having Hausdorff universal groupoids. It is not difficult to see that a finitely presented inverse semigroup with a non-Hausdorff universal groupoid cannot be a direct limit of inverse semigroups with Hausdorff universal groupo…
We show that a (not necessarily Hausdorff) etale, second countable groupoid G with totally disconnected unit space may be reconstructed solely from the algebraic structure of its ample semigroup S. We also show that C*(G) possesses a universal property related to tight representations of S.
We define the Furstenberg boundary of a locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid, generalising the Furstenberg boundary for discrete groups, by providing a construction of a groupoid-equivariant injective envelope. Using this injective envelope, we establish the absence of recurrent amenable subgroups in the isotropy as a sufficient criterion for the intersection property of a locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid with compact unit space and no fixed points. This yields a criterion for C*-simplicity of minimal groupoids.
Symmetry groups or groupoids of C*-algebras associated to non-Hausdorff spaces are often non-Hausdorff as well. We describe such symmetries using crossed modules of groupoids. We define actions of crossed modules on C*-algebras and crossed products for such actions, and justify these definitions with some basic general results and examples.
We provide an exposition and proof of Renault's equivalence theorem for crossed products by locally Hausdorff, locally compact groupoids. Our approach stresses the bundle approach, concrete imprimitivity bimodules and is a preamble to a detailed treatment of the Brauer semigroup for a locally Hausdorff, locally compact groupoid.
The reduced $C^*$-algebra of the interior of the isotropy in any Hausdorff étale groupoid $G$ embeds as a $C^*$-subalgebra $M$ of the reduced $C^*$-algebra of $G$. We prove that the set of pure states of $M$ with unique extension is dense, and deduce that any representation of the reduced $C^*$-algebra of $G$ that is injective on $M$ is faithful. We prove that there is a conditional expectation from the reduced $C^*$-algebra of $G$ onto $M$ if and only if the interior of the isotropy in $G$ is closed. Using this, we prove that when the interior of the isotropy is abelian and closed, $M$ is a C…
We show how to construct a graded locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid from a C*-algebra carrying a coaction of a discrete group, together with a suitable abelian subalgebra. We call this groupoid the extended Weyl groupoid. When the coaction is trivial and the subalgebra is Cartan, our groupoid agrees with Renault's Weyl groupoid. We prove that if G is a second-countable locally compact étale groupoid carrying a grading of a discrete group, and if the interior of the trivially graded isotropy is abelian and torsion free, then the extended Weyl groupoid of its reduced C*-algebra is isomorp…
Let $G$ be a Hausdorff, étale groupoid that is minimal and topologically principal. We show that $C^*_r(G)$ is purely infinite simple if and only if all the nonzero positive elements of $C_0(G^0)$ are infinite in $C_r^*(G)$. If $G$ is a Hausdorff, ample groupoid, then we show that $C^*_r(G)$ is purely infinite simple if and only if every nonzero projection in $C_0(G^0)$ is infinite in $C^*_r(G)$. We then show how this result applies to $k$-graph $C^*$-algebras. Finally, we investigate strongly purely infinite groupoid $C^*$-algebras.
We study the groupoid C*-algebras associated to the equivalence relation induced by a quotient map on a locally compact Hausdorff space. This C*-algebra is always a Fell algebra, and if the quotient space is Hausdorff, it is a continuous-trace algebra. We show that the C*-algebra of a locally compact, Hausdorff and principal groupoid is a Fell algebra if and only if the groupoid is one of these relations, extending a theorem of Archbold and Somerset about etale groupoids. The C*-algebras of these relations are, up to Morita equivalence, precisely the Fell algebras with trivial Dixmier-Douady i…
We construct the full and reduced C*-algebras of an ample groupoid from its complex Steinberg algebra. We also show that our construction gives the same C*-algebras as the standard constructions. In the last section, we consider an arbitrary locally compact, second-countable, étale groupoid, possibly non-Hausdorff. Using the techniques developed for Steinberg algebras, we show that every $*$-homomorphism from Connes' space of functions to $B(\mathcal{H})$ is automatically I-norm bounded. Previously, this was only known for Hausdorff groupoids.
We give a definition of amenability at infinity for a locally compact, $σ$-compact and Hausdorff etale groupoid and we study in some case the exactness of the reduced $C^*$-algebra of a such groupoid.
Suppose G is a second countable, locally compact, Hausdorff, principal groupoid with a fixed left Haar system. We define a notion of integrability for groupoids, and show G is integrable if and only if the groupoid C*-algebra C*(G) has bounded trace.
In this paper, we show that the generalized fixed-point algebra of a proper groupoid dynamical system, under certain assumptions, may be fibered over any locally compact Hausdorff space to which a continuous map exists from the unit space of the underlying groupoid. We will also provide some important examples.
Let $G$ be second countable locally compact Hausdorff groupoid with a continuous Haar system. We remove the assumption of amenability in a theorem by Clark about GCR groupoid $C^*$-algebras. We show that if the groupoid $C^*$-algebra of $G$ is GCR then the orbits of $G$ are locally closed.
Let G be second countable locally compact Hausdorff groupoid with a continuous Haar system. We remove the assumption of amenability in a theorem of Clark about groupoids whose $C^*$-algebras are CCR. We show that if the groupoid C*-algebra of G is CCR then the orbits of G are closed.
We investigate the homology of ample Hausdorff groupoids. We establish that a number of notions of equivalence of groupoids appearing in the literature coincide for ample Hausdorff groupoids, and deduce that they all preserve groupoid homology. We compute the homology of a Deaconu{Renault groupoid associated to k pairwisecommuting local homeomorphisms of a zero-dimensional space, and show that Matui's HK conjecture holds for such a groupoid when k is one or two. We specialise to k-graph groupoids, and show that their homology can be computed in terms of the adjacency matrices, using a chain co…
If $G$ is a second countable locally compact Hausdorff groupoid with Haar system, we show that every representation induced from an irreducible representation of a stability group is irreducible.
We give an example of a locally compact effective Hausdorff, minimal ample groupoid such that its rational homology differs from the $K$-theory of its reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebra. Moreover, we prove that such example satisfies Matui's AH-conjecture.
For a second-countable locally compact Hausdorff étale groupoid $\mathcal{G}$ with a continuous $2$-cocycle $σ$ we find conditions that guarantee that $\ell^1 (\mathcal{G},σ)$ has a unique $C^*$-norm.
Let G be a second-countable locally-compact Hausdorff groupoid with a Haar system, and let {x_n} be a sequence in the unit space of G. We show that the notions of strength of convergence of {x_n} in the orbit space and measure-theoretic accumulation along the orbits are equivalent ways of realising multiplicity numbers associated to a sequence of induced representation of the groupoid C*-algebra.
It is proved that every second countable locally Hausdorff and locally compact continuous groupoid has a Borel set of units that meets every orbit and is what is called "lacunary," a property that implies that the intersection with every orbit is countable.
Let E be a second-countable, locally compact, Hausdorff groupoid equipped with an action of T such that G:=E/T is a principal groupoid with Haar system λ. The twisted groupoid C*-algebra C*(E;G,λ) is a quotient of the C*-algebra of E obtained by completing the space of T-equivariant functions on E. We show that C*(E;G,λ) is postliminal if and only if the orbit space of G is T_0 and that C*(E;G, λ) is liminal if and only if the orbit space is T_1. We also show that C*(E;G, λ) has bounded trace if and only if G is integrable and that C*(E;G, λ) is a Fell algebra if and only if G is Cartan. Let \…
Suppose $G$ is a second countable, locally compact, Hausdorff groupoid with a fixed left Haar system. Let $\go/G$ denote the orbit space of $G$ and $\cs(G)$ denote the groupoid $C^*$-algebra. Suppose that $G$ is a principal groupoid. We show that $C^*(G)$ is CCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_1$ topological space, and that $C^*(G)$ is GCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_0$ topological space. We also show that $C^*(G)$ is a Fell Algebra if and only if $G$ is a Cartan groupoid.
We construct a locally compact groupoid with the properties in the title. Our example is based closely on constructions used by Higson, Lafforgue, and Skandalis in their work on counterexamples to the Baum-Connes conjecture. It is a bundle of countable groups over the one point compactification of the natural numbers, and is Hausdorff, second countable and étale.
Given a second-countable, Hausdorff, étale, amenable groupoid G with compact unit space, we show that an element a in C*(G) is invertible if and only if λ_x(a) is invertible for every x in the unit space of G, where λ_x refers to the "regular representation" of C*(G) on l_2(G_x). We also prove that, for every a in C*(G), there exists some x in G^{(0)} such that ||a|| = ||λ_x(a)||.
We develop a framework suitable for obtaining simplicity criteria for reduced $C^*$-algebras of Hausdorff etale groupoids. This is based on the study of certain non-degenerate $C^*$-subalgebras (in the case of groupoids, the $C^*$-algebra of the interior isotropy bundle), for which one can control (non-unique) state extensions to the ambient C*-algebra. As an application, we give simplicity criteria for reduced crossed products of abelian $C^*$-algebras by discrete groups.
We investigate recent uniqueness theorems for reduced $C^*$-algebras of Hausdorff étale groupoids in the context of inverse semigroups. In many cases the distinguished subalgebra is closely related to the structure of the inverse semigroup. In order to apply our results to full $C^*$-algebras, we also investigate amenability. More specifically, we obtain conditions that guarantee amenability of the universal groupoid for certain classes of inverse semigroups. These conditions also imply the existence of a conditional expectation onto a canonical subalgebra.
Suppose $G$ is a second countable, locally compact, Hausdorff groupoid with a fixed left Haar system. Let $\go/G$ denote the orbit space of $G$ and $C^*(G)$ denote the groupoid $C^*$-algebra. Suppose that the isotropy groups of $G$ are amenable. We show that $C^*(G)$ is CCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_1$ topological space and all of the isotropy groups are CCR. We also show that $C^*(G)$ is GCR if and only if $\go/G$ is a $T_0$ topological space and all of the isotropy groups are GCR.
Norm upper-semicontinuity of functions supported on open abelian isotropy in étale groupoids (a corrigendum to "Reconstruction of groupoids and C*-rigidity of dynamical systems," Adv. Math 390 (2021), 107923)
For an $r$-discrete Hausdorff groupoid ${\cal G}$ and an inverse semigroup $S$ of slices of ${\cal G}$ there is an isomorphism between ${\cal G}$-equivariant $KK$-theory and compatible $S$-equivariant $KK$-theory. We use it to define descent homomorphisms for $S$, and indicate a Baum--Connes map for inverse semigroups. Also findings by Khoshkam and Skandalis for crossed products by inverse semigroups are reflected in $KK$-theory.
We describe the envelope C*-algebra associated to a partial action of a countable discrete group on a locally compact space as a groupoid C*-algebra (more precisely as a C*-algebra from an equivalence relation) and we use our approach to show that, for a large class of partial actions of Z on the Cantor set, the envelope C*-algebra is an AF-algebra. We also completely characterize partial actions of a countable discrete group on a compact space such that the envelope action acts in a Hausdorff space.
We extend the classical Stone duality between zero dimensional compact Hausdorff spaces and Boolean algebras. Specifically, we simultaneously remove the zero dimensionality restriction and extend to étale groupoids, obtaining a duality with an elementary class of inverse semigroups.
