Given a probability space $(Ω, \mathsf{A}, μ)$, let $\mathsf{A}_1, \mathsf{A}_2, ...$ be a filtration of $σ$-subalgebras of $\mathsf{A}$ and let $\mathsf{E}_1, \mathsf{E}_2, ...$ denote the corresponding family of conditional expectations. Given a martingale $f = (f_1, f_2, ...)$ adapted to this filtration and bounded in $L_p(Ω)$ for some $2 \le p < \infty$, Burkholder's inequality claims that $$\|f\|_{L_p(Ω)} \sim_{\mathrm{c}_p} \Big\| \Big(\sum_{k=1}^\infty \mathsf{E}_{k-1}(|df_k|^2) \Big)^{1/2} \Big\|_{L_{p}(Ω)} + \Big(\sum_{k=1}^\infty \|df_k\|_p^p \Big)^{1/p}.$$ Motivated by quantum probability, Junge and Xu recently extended this result to the range $1 < p < 2$. In this paper we study Burkholder's inequality for $p=1$, for which the techniques (as we shall explain) must be different. Quite surprisingly, we obtain two non-equivalent estimates which play the role of the weak type $(1,1)$ analog of Burkholder's inequality. As application, we obtain new properties of Davis decomposition for martingales.
In this paper, the classical Dellacherie's theorem about stochastic process is extended to variable exponent Lebesgue spaces. As its applications, we obtain variable exponent analogues of several famous inequalities in classical martingale theory, including convexity lemma, Burkholder-Gundy-Davis' inequality and Chevalier's inequality. Moreover, we investigate some other equivalent relations between variable exponent martingale Hardy spaces.
We prove sharp maximal inequalities for $L^q$-valued stochastic integrals with respect to any Hilbert space-valued local martingale. Our proof relies on new Burkholder-Rosenthal type inequalities for martingales taking values in an $L^q$-space.
We study stability estimates for the almost extremal functions associated with the $L^p$-bound for the real and imaginary parts of the Beurling-Ahlfors operator. The proof exploits probabilistic methods and rests on analogous results for differentially subordinate martingales which are of independent interest. This allows us to obtain stability inequalities for a larger class of Fourier multipliers.
The motivation for this paper comes from the following question on comparison of norms of conformal martingales $X$, $Y$ in $\R^d$, $d\geq 2$. Suppose that $Y$ is differentially subordinate to $X$. For $0<p<\infty$, what is the optimal value of the constant $C_{p,d}$ in the inequality $$ Y_p\leq C_{p,d}X_p ?$$ We answer this question by considering a more general related problem for nonnegative submartingales. This enables us to study extension of the above inequality to the case when $d>1$ is not an integer, which has further interesting applications to stopped Bessel processes and to the beh…
Multi-dimensional continuous local martingales, enhanced with their stochastic area process, give rise to geometric rough paths with a.s. finite homogenous p-variation, p>2. Here we go one step further and establish quantitative bounds of the p-variation norm in the form of a BDG inequality. Our proofs are based on old ideas by Lepingle. We also discuss geodesic and piecewise linear approximations.
In this paper we prove Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequalities for a general martingale $M$ with values in a UMD Banach space $X$. Assuming that $M_0=0$, we show that the following two-sided inequality holds for all $1\leq p<\infty$: \begin{align}\label{eq:main}\tag{$\star$} \mathbb E \sup_{0\leq s\leq t} \|M_s\|^p \eqsim_{p, X} \mathbb E γ([\![M]\!]_t)^p ,\;\;\; t\geq 0. \end{align} Here $ γ([\![M]\!]_t) $ is the $L^2$-norm of the unique Gaussian measure on $X$ having $[\![M]\!]_t(x^*,y^*):= [\langle M,x^*\rangle, \langle M,y^*\rangle]_t$ as its covariance bilinear form. This extends to general U…
Let X be a Banach space. We prove p-independence of the one-sided decoupling inequality for X-valued tangent martingales as introduced by Kwapien and Woyczynski. It is known that a Banach space X satisfies the two-sided decoupling inequality if and only if X is a UMD Banach space. The one-sided decoupling inequality is a weaker property, including e.g. the space L^1. We provide information on the optimal constants for various spaces, and give a upper estimate of order p in general. In the second part of our paper we derive Burkholder-Davis-Gundy type estimates for p-th moments, p in (0,infty),…
Let $\{d_k\}_{k \geq 0}$ be a complex martingale difference in $L^p[0,1],$ where $1<p<\infty,$ and $\{\e_k\}_{k \geq 0}$ a sequence in $\{\pm 1\}.$ We obtain the following generalization of Burkholder's famous result. If $τ\in [-\frac 12, \frac 12]$ and $n \in \Z_+$ then $$|\sum_{k=0}^n{(\{c} \e_k τ) d_k}|_{L^p([0,1], \C^2)} \leq ((p^*-1)^2 + τ^2)^{\frac 12}|\sum_{k=0}^n{d_k}|_{L^p([0,1], \C)},$$ where $((p^*-1)^2 + τ^2)^{\frac 12}$ is sharp and $p^*-1 = \max\{p-1, \frac 1{p-1}\}.$ For $2\leq p<\infty$ the result is also true with sharp constant for $τ\in \R.$
Let $X$ be a continuous-path martingale and let $Y$ be a stochastic integral, with respect to $X$, of some predictable process with values in $[-1,1]$. We provide an explicit formula for Burkholder's function associated with the weighted $L^2$ bound $$ \|Y\|_{L^2(W)}\lesssim [w]_{A_2}\|X\|_{L^2(W)}.$$
This paper present an overview of some of the applications of the martingale inequalities of D.L. Burkholder to $L^p$-bounds for singular integral operators, concentrating on the Hilbert transform, first and second order Riesz transforms, the Beurling-Ahlfors operator and other multipliers obtained by projections (conditional expectations) of transformations of stochastic integrals. While martingale inequalities can be used to prove the boundedness of a wider class of Calderón-Zygmund singular integrals, the aim of this paper is to show results which give optimal or near optimal bounds in the …
The paper contains an alternative proof of the celebrated $L^p$ estimates for differentially subordinate martingales established by Burkholder and Wang in the eighties and nineties. The approach links the validity of the estimate to the existence of a lower solution to a novel boundary value problem.
We determine the optimal orders for the best constants in the non-commutative Burkholder-Gundy, Doob and Stein inequalities obtained recently in the non-commutative martingale theory.
We report recent advances on noncommutative martingale inequalities associated with convex functions. These include noncommutative Burkholder-Gundy inequalities associated with convex functions due to the present authors and Dirksen and Ricard, noncommutative maximal inequalities associated with convex functions due to Osȩkowski and the present authors, and noncommutative Burkholder and Junge-Xu inequalities associated with convex functions due to Randrianantoanina and Lian Wu. Some open problems for noncommutative martingales are also included.
We present a new proof of the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequalities for $1\leq p<\infty$. The novelty of our method is that these martingale inequalities are obtained as consequences of elementary deterministic counterparts. The latter have a natural interpretation in terms of robust hedging.
We prove noncommutative martingale inequalities associated with convex functions. More precisely, we obtain $Φ$-moment analogues of the noncommutative Burkholder inequalities and the noncommutative Rosenthal inequalities for any convex Orlicz function $Φ$ whose Matuzewska-Orlicz indices $p_Φ$ and $q_Φ$ are such that $1<p_Φ\leq q_Φ<2$ or $2<p_Φ\leq q_Φ<\infty$. These results generalize the noncommutative Burkholder/Rosenthal inequalities due to Junge and Xu.
We derive inequalities for time-discrete and time-continuous martingales that are similar to the well-known Burkholder inequalities. For the time-discrete case arbitrary martingales in $L^p(Ω)$ are treated, whereas in the time-continuous case martingales defined by Itô integrals w.r.t. a multi-dimensional Wiener process are considered. The estimates for the time-discrete martingales are related to the more general results by I. Pinelis (1994) and are proved to be sharp by a different and more elementary proof for this special setting. Further, for time-continuous martingales the presented ineq…
Let $\{\mathsf{T}_t\}_{t>0}$ be a symmetric diffusion semigroup on a $σ$-finite measure space $(Ω, \mathscr{A}, μ)$ and $G^{\mathsf{T}}$ the associated Littlewood-Paley $g$-function operator: $$G^{\mathsf{T}}(f)=\Big(\int_0^\infty \left|t\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \mathsf{T}_t(f)\right|^2\frac{\mathrm{d}t}{t}\Big)^{\frac12}.$$ The classical Littlewood-Paley-Stein inequality asserts that for any $1<p<\infty$ there exist two positive constants $\mathsf{L}^{\mathsf{T}}_{p}$ and $\mathsf{S}^{\mathsf{T}}_{ p}$ such that $$ \big(\mathsf{L}^{\mathsf{T}}_{ p}\big)^{-1}\big\|f-\mathrm{F}(f)\big\|_{p}\…
{Consider a càdlàg local martingale $M$ with square brackets $[M]$. In this paper, we provide upper and lower bounds for expectations of the type ${\mathbb E} [M]^{q/2}_τ$, for any stopping time $τ$ and $q\ge 2$, in terms of predictable processes. This result can be thought of as a Burkholder-Davis-Gundy type inequality in the sense that it can be used to relate the expectation of the running maximum $|M^*|^q$ to the expectation of the dual previsible projections of the relevant powers of the associated jumps of $M$. The case for a class of moderate functions is also discussed.
We revisit the celebrated family of BDG-inequalities introduced by Burkholder, Gundy \cite{BuGu70} and Davis \cite{Da70} for continuous martingales. For the inequalities $\mathbb{E}[τ^{\frac{p}{2}}] \leq C_p \mathbb{E}[(B^*(τ))^p]$ with $0 < p < 2$ we propose a connection of the optimal constant $C_p$ with an ordinary integro-differential equation which gives rise to a numerical method of finding this constant. Based on numerical evidence we are able to calculate, for $p=1$, the explicit value of the optimal constant $C_1$, namely $C_1 = 1,27267\dots$. In the course of our analysis, we find a …
In this paper we consider the martingale Hardy spaces defined with the help of the mixed $L_{\pv}$-norm. Five mixed martingale Hardy spaces will be investigated: $H_{\pv}^{s}$, $H_{\pv}^S$, $H_{\pv}^M$, $\cP_{\pv}$ and $\cQ_{\pv}$. Several results are proved for these spaces, like atomic decompositions, Doob's inequality, boundedness, martingale inequalities and the generalization of the well-known Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality.
We prove inequalities involving noncommutative differentially subordinate martingales. More precisely, we prove that if $x$ is a self-adjoint noncommutative martingale and $y$ is weakly differentially subordinate to $x$ then $y$ admits a decomposition $dy=a +b +c$ (resp. $dy=z +w$) where $a$, $b$, and $c$ are adapted sequences (resp. $z$ and $w$ are martingale difference sequences) such that: $$ \Big\| (a_n)_{n\geq 1}\Big\|_{L_{1,\infty}({\mathcal M}\overline{\otimes}\ell_\infty)} +\Big\| \Big(\sum_{n\geq 1} \mathcal{E}_{n-1}|b_n|^2 \Big)^{{1}/{2}}\Big\|_{1, \infty} + \Big\| \Big(\sum_{n\geq 1…
We prove a deviation inequality for noncommutative martingales by extending Oliveira's argument for random matrices. By integration we obtain a Burkholder type inequality with satisfactory constant. Using continuous time, we establish noncommutative Poincaré type inequalities for "nice" semigroups with a positive curvature condition. These results allow us to prove a general deviation inequality and a noncommutative transportation inequality due to Bobkov and Götze in the commutative case. To demonstrate our setting is general enough, we give various examples, including certain group von Neuma…
We prove a weak-type (1, 1) inequality involving conditioned versions of square functions for martingales in noncommutative $L^p$-spaces associated with finite von Neumann algebras. As application, we determine the optimal orders for the best constants in the noncommutative Burkholder/Rosenthal inequalities from [Ann. Probab. 31 (2003) 948--995]. We also discuss BMO-norms of sums of noncommuting order-independent operators.
Given two martingales on the filtration generated by two dimensional Brownian motion, we want to estimate the $L^p$ norm of the subordinated one if we have some extra orthogonality property available. We construct several new Bellman functions, very different from Burkholder's function, and using them give an estimate of $L^p$ norm of a subordinated martingale, if the dominating martingale is orthogonal and $1<p\le 2$. We use Monge--Ampere equation to construct these Bellman functions.
We show norm estimates for the sum of independent random variables in noncommutative $L_p$-spaces for $1<p<\infty$ following our previous work. These estimates generalize the classical Rosenthal inequality in the commutative case. Among applications, we derive an equivalence for the $p$-norm of the singular values of a random matrix with independent entries, and characterize those symmetric subspaces and unitary ideals which can be realized as subspaces of a noncommutative $L_p$ for $2<p<\infty$.
We show existence and uniqueness of solutions of stochastic path-dependent differential equations driven by cadlag martingale noise under joint local monotonicity and coercivity assumptions on the coefficients with a bound in terms of the supremum norm. In this set-up, the usual proof using the ordinary Gronwall lemma together with the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality seems impossible. In order to solve this problem, we prove a new and quite general stochastic Gronwall lemma for cadlag martingales using Lenglart's inequality.
We show that bilinear variational estimates of Do, Muscalu, and Thiele (arXiv:1009.5187) remain valid for a pair of general martingales with respect to the same filtration. Our result can also be viewed as an off-diagonal generalization of the Burkholder--Davis--Gundy inequality for martingale rough paths by Chevyrev and Friz (arXiv:1704.08053).
We prove the noncommutative Davis decomposition for the column Hardy space $\H_p^c$ for all $0<p\leq 1$. A new feature of our Davis decomposition is a simultaneous control of $\H_1^c$ and $\H_q^c$ norms for any noncommutative martingale in $\H_1^c \cap \H_q^c$ when $q\geq 2$. As applications, we show that the Burkholder/Rosenthal inequality holds for bounded martingales in a noncommutative symmetric space associated with a function space $E$ that is either an interpolation of the couple $(L_p, L_2)$ for some $1<p<2$ or is an interpolation of the couple $(L_2, L_q)$ for some $2<q<\infty$. We al…
We prove that a large class of operators, which arise as the projections of martingale transforms of stochastic integrals with respect to Brownian motion, as well as other closely related operators, are in fact Calderón--Zygmund operators. Consequently, such operators are not only bounded on $L^p$, $1<p<\infty$, but also satisfy weak-type inequalities. Unlike the boundedness on $L^p,$ which can be obtained directly from the Burkholder martingale transform inequalities, the weak-type estimates do not follow from the corresponding martingale results.
We give a short summary of Varopoulos' generalised Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality for self-adjoint $C_{0}$ semigroups and give a new probabilistic representation of the classical fractional integral operators on $\R^n$ as projections of martingale transforms. Using this formula we derive a new proof of the classical Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality based on Burkholder-Gundy and Doob's inequalities for martingales.
Let $\tilde{N}\_{t}$ be a standard compensated Poisson process on $[0,1]$. We prove a new characterization of anticipating integrals of the Skorohod type with respect to $\tilde{N}$, and use it to obtain several counterparts to well established properties of semimartingale stochastic integrals. In particular we show that, if the integrand is sufficiently regular, anticipating Skorohod integral processes with respect to $\tilde{N}$ admit a pointwise representation as usual Itô integrals in an independently enlarged filtration. We apply such a result to: (i) characterize Skorohod integral proces…
In this paper, we will study concentration inequalities for Banach space-valued martingales. Firstly, we prove that a Banach space $X$ is linearly isomorphic to a $p$-uniformly smooth space ($1<p\leq 2$) if and only if an Azuma-type inequality holds for $X$-valued martingales. This can be viewed as a generalization of Pinelis' work on Azuma inequality for martingales with values in $2$-uniformly smooth space. Secondly, Azuma-type inequality for self-normalized sums will be presented. Finally, some further inequalities for Banach space-valued martingales, such as moment inequalities for double …
In this paper we introduce a variant of Burkholder's martingale transform associated with two martingales with respect to different filtrations. Even though the classical martingale techniques cannot be applied, we show that the discussed transformation still satisfies some expected $\mathrm{L}^p$ estimates. Then we apply the obtained inequalities to general-dilation twisted paraproducts, particular instances of which have already appeared in the literature. As another application we construct stochastic integrals $\int_{0}^{t}H_s d(X_s Y_s)$ associated with certain continuous-time martingales…
We prove new sharp $L^p$, logarithmic, and weak-type inequalities for martingales under the assumption of differentially subordination. The $L^p$ estimates are "Fyenman-Kac" type versions of Burkholder's celebrated martingale transform inequalities. From the martingale $L^p$ inequalities we obtain that Riesz transforms on manifolds of nonnegative Bakry-Emery Ricci curvature have exactly the same $L^p$ bounds as those known for Riesz transforms in the flat case of $\R^n$. From the martingale logarithmic and weak-type inequalities we obtain similar inequalities for Riesz transforms on compact Li…
We prove a stochastic Gronwall lemma of the following type: if $Z$ is an adapted nonnegative continuous process which satisfies a linear integral inequality with an added continuous local martingale $M$ and a process $H$ on the right hand side, then for any $p \in (0,1)$ the $p$-th moment of the supremum of $Z$ is bounded by a constant $κ_p$ (which does not depend on $M$) times the $p$-th moment of the supremum of $H$. Our main tool is a martingale inequality which is due to D. Burkholder. We provide an alternative simple proof of the martingale inequality which provides an explicit numerical …
We give a representation of the fractional integral for symmetric Markovian semigroups as the projection of martingale transforms and prove the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev(HLS) inequality based on this representation. The proof rests on a new inequality for a fractional Littlewood-Paley $g$-function.
The paper considers the martingale theory in the $G$-framework. A form of Doob's optional sampling is established, which allows to prove the exact analogue of the classical maximal inequality. The obtained results are used to improve the existing $G$-martingale representation theorems.
In this paper we extend an inequality of Lenglart, Lépingle and Pratelli \cite[Lemma 1.1]{LLP} to general continuous adapted stochastic processes with values in topology spaces. By this inequality we show Burkholder-Davies-Gundy's inequality for stochastic integrals in Orlicz-type spaces (a class of quasi-Banach spaces) with respect to cylindrical Brownian motions.
Let $(Ω,\mathcal{F},\mathbb{P})$ be a probability space and $φ:\ Ω\times[0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)$ be a Musielak-Orlicz function. In this article, the authors prove that the Doob maximal operator is bounded on the Musielak-Orlicz space $L^φ(Ω)$. Using this and extrapolation method, the authors then establish a Fefferman-Stein vector-valued Doob maximal inequality on $L^φ(Ω)$. As applications, the authors obtain the dual version of the Doob maximal inequality and the Stein inequality for $L^φ(Ω)$, which are new even in weighted Orlicz spaces. The authors then establish the atomic characterization…
We obtain a Bernstein type Gaussian concentration inequality for martingales. Our inequality improves the Azuma-Hoeffding inequality for moderate deviations $x$. Following the work of McDiarmid (1989), Talagrand (1996) and Boucheron, Lugosi and Massart (2000,2003), we show that our result can be applied to the concentration of random functions, Erdös-Rényi random graph, and maxima of empirical processes. Several interesting Gaussian concentration inequalities have been obtained.
Freedman's inequality is a martingale counterpart to Bernstein's inequality. This result shows that the large-deviation behavior of a martingale is controlled by the predictable quadratic variation and a uniform upper bound for the martingale difference sequence. Oliveira has recently established a natural extension of Freedman's inequality that provides tail bounds for the maximum singular value of a matrix-valued martingale. This note describes a different proof of the matrix Freedman inequality that depends on a deep theorem of Lieb from matrix analysis. This argument delivers sharp constan…
Let $f$ be a martingale with values in a uniformly $p$-smooth Banach space and $w$ any positive weight. We show that $\mathbb{E} (f^* \cdot w) \lesssim \mathbb{E}(S_p f \cdot w^*)$, where $\cdot^*$ is the martingale maximal operator and $S_p$ is the $\ell^p$ sum of martingale increments.
In this paper, we consider the measure determined by a fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. For such measure, we establish a martingale representation theorem and consequently obtain the Logarithmic-Sobolev inequality. To this end, we also present the integration by parts formula for such measure, which is obtained via its pull back formula and the Bismut method.
We provide a variant of Azuma's concentration inequality for martingales, in which the standard boundedness requirement is replaced by the milder requirement of a subgaussian tail.
We prove a new inequality controlling the large deviations of the empirical measure of a Markov chain. This inequality is based on the martingale used by Donsker and Varadhan and the minimax theorem. It holds for convex sets and it requires to take an infimum over the starting point. In the case of a compact space, this inequality is a partial improvement of the large deviations estimates of Donsker and Varadhan. In the case of a non compact space, we condition on the event that the process visits $n$ times a compact subset of the space and we still obtain a control on the exponential scale.
In this paper, several weak Orlicz-Hardy martingale spaces associated with concave functions are introduced, and some weak atomic decomposition theorems for them are established. With the help of weak atomic decompositions, a sufficient condition for a sublinear operator defined on the weak Orlicz-Hardy martingale spaces to be bounded is given. Further, we investigate the duality of weak Orlicz-Hardy martingale spaces and obtain a new John-Nirenberg type inequality when the stochastic basis is regular. These results can be regarded as weak versions of the Orlicz-Hardy martingale spaces due to …
For a Hilbert space valued martingale $(f_n)$ and an adapted sequence of positive random variables $(w_n)$, we show the weighted Davis type inequality \[ \mathbb{E} \Bigl( |f_0| w_0 + \frac{1}{4} \sum_{n=1}^{N} \frac{|df_n|^2}{f^*_n} w_n \Bigr) \leq \mathbb{E} ( f^*_N w^*_N). \] This inequality is sharp and implies several results about the martingale square function. We also obtain a variant of this inequality for martingales with values in uniformly convex Banach spaces.
As an alternative to the well-known methods of "chaining" and "bracketing" that have been developed in the study of random fields, a new method, which is based on a stochastic maximal inequality derived by using the Taylor expansion, is presented. The inequality dealing with finite-dimensional discrete-time martingales is pulled up to infinite-dimensional ones by using the monotone convergence arguments. The main results are some weak convergence theorems for sequences of separable random fields of discrete-time martingales under the uniform topology with the help also of entropy methods. As s…
In this paper, we study the John-Nirenberg inequality for BMO and the atomic decomposition for H1 of noncommutative martingales. We first establish a crude version of the column (resp. row) John-Nirenberg inequality for all 0 < p < \infty. By an extreme point property of Lp -space for 0 < p \leq 1, we then obtain a fine version of this in equality. The latter corresponds exactly to the classical John-Nirenberg inequality and enables us to obtain an exponential integrability inequality like in the classical case. These results extend and improve Junge and Musat's John-Nirenberg inequality. By d…
The Bernstein inequality is a tight upper bound on tail probabilities for independent random variables. Freedman extended the Bernstein inequality to martingales with differences bounded from above, and then Dzhaparidze and van Zanten generalized Freedman's result to non-bounded locally square integrable martingales. In this paper, we derive some Dzhaparidze-van Zanten type inequalities for self-normalized martingales with square integrable and non-square integrable differences.
For each 1 < p < infinity, there exists a positive constant c_p, depending only on p, such that the following holds. Let (d_k), (e_k) be real-valued martingale difference sequences. If for for all bounded nonnegative predictable sequences (s_k) and all positive integers k we have E[s_k vee |e_k|] le E[s_k vee |d_k|] then for all positive integers n we have || sum_{k=1}^n e_k ||_p le c_p || \sum_{k=1}^n d_k ||_p .
