We consider the quantum group $U_q(g)$ associated with a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra $g$. We display a presentation for $U_q(g)$ that we find attractive; we call this the equitable presentation. For $g=sl_2$ the equitable presentation has generators $X,X^{-1},Y,Z$ and relations
$X X^{-1} =1$,
$X^{-1} X=1$,
$\frac{qXY-q^{-1}YX}{q-q^{-1}}=1$,
$\frac{qYZ-q^{-1}ZY}{q-q^{-1}}=1$,
$\frac{qZX-q^{-1}XZ}{q-q^{-1}}=1$.
In this paper we prove the Kazhdan-Lusztig type character formula for irreducible highest weight modules with positive rational highest weights over symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebras.
Kirillov-Reshetikhin and Levendorskii-Soibelman developed a formula for the universal R-matrix of the form R=(X^{-1} \otimes X^{-1}) Δ(X). The action of X on a representation V permutes weight spaces according to the longest element in the Weyl group, so is only defined in finite type. We give a similar formula which is valid for the quantized universal enveloping algebra of any symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra. This is done by replacing the action of X on V with an endomorphism that preserves weight spaces, but which is bar-linear instead of linear.
Kashiwara and Saito have a geometric construction of the infinity crystal for any symmetric Kac-Moody algebra. The underlying set consists of the irreducible components of Lusztig's quiver varieties, which are varieties of nilpotent representations of a pre-projective algebra. We generalize this to symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras by replacing Lusztig's preprojective algebra with a more general one due to Dlab and Ringel. In non-symmetric types we are forced to work over non-algebraically-closed fields.
Classical symmetric pairs consist of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, together with its subalgebra of fixed points under an involutive automorphism of the second kind. Quantum group analogs of this construction, known as quantum symmetric pairs, replace the fixed point Lie subalgebras by one-sided coideal subalgebras of the quantized enveloping algebra $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$. We provide a complete presentation by generators and relations for these quantum symmetric pair coideal subalgebras. These relations are of inhomogeneous $q$-Serre type and are valid without restrictions on …
Lie algebra involutions and their fixed-point subalgebras give rise to symmetric spaces and real forms of complex Lie algebras, and are well-studied in the context of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras. In this paper we study a generalization. Namely, we introduce the concept of a pseudo-involution, an automorphism which is only required to act involutively on a stable Cartan subalgebra, and the concept of a pseudo-fixed-point subalgebra, a natural substitute for the fixed-point subalgebra. In the symmetrizable Kac-Moody setting, we give a comprehensive discussion of pseudo-involutions of the se…
Henriques and Kamnitzer have defined a commutor for the category of crystals of a finite-dimensional complex reductive Lie algebra that gives it the structure of a coboundary category (somewhat analogous to a braided monoidal category). Kamnitzer and Tingley then gave an alternative definition of the crystal commutor, using Kashiwara's involution on Verma crystals, that generalizes to the setting of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras. In the current paper, we give a geometric interpretation of the crystal commutor using quiver varieties. Equipped with this interpretation we show that the commuto…
The present paper develops a general theory of quantum group analogs of symmetric pairs for involutive automorphism of the second kind of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras. The resulting quantum symmetric pairs are right coideal subalgebras of quantized enveloping algebras. They give rise to triangular decompositions, including a quantum analog of the Iwasawa decomposition, and they can be written explicitly in terms of generators and relations. Moreover, their centers and their specializations are determined. The constructions follow G. Letzter's theory of quantum symmetric pairs for semisimpl…
A Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolution for arbitrary Kac-Moody algebras and arbitrary subsets of the set of simple roots is proven. Moreover, quantum group analogs of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolution for symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras are established. For quantized enveloping algebras with fixed complex nonzero deformation parameter q exactness is proven for all q which are not a root of unity.
Given an affine Kac-Moody algebra, we explain how to construct a coproduct for its associated Yangian. In order to prove that this coproduct is an algebra homomorphism, we obtain, in the first half of this paper, a minimalistic presentation of the Yangian when the Kac-Moody algebra is, more generally, symmetrizable.
We name an indecomposable symmetrizable generalized Cartan matrix $A$ and the corresponding Kac--Moody Lie algebra ${\goth g} ^\prime (A)$ {\it of the arithmetic type} if for any $β\in Q$ with $(β| β)<0$ there exist $n(β)\in {\Bbb N}$ and an imaginary root $α\in Δ^{im}$ such that $n(β)β\equiv α\mod Ker\ (.|.)$ on $Q$. Here $Q$ is the root lattice. This generalizes "symmetrizable hyperbolic" type of Kac and Moody. We show that generalized Cartan matrices of the arithmetic type are divided in $4$ types: (a) finite, (b) affine, (c) rank two, and (d) arithmetic hyperbolic type. The last type is ve…
We study projective functors (i.e. direct summands of compositions of translations through walls) for parabolic versions of $\cO$ as well as for integral regular blocks outside the critical hyperplanes in the symmetrizable Kac-Moody case. It turns out that in both situations the functors are completely determined by their restriction to the additive category generated by (the limit of) a `full projective tilting' object. We describe how projective functors in the parabolic setup give rise to an invariant of tangle cobordisms and formulate a conjectural direct connection to Khovanov homology. O…
Simple representations of KLR algebras can be used to realize the infinity crystal for the corresponding symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra. It was recently shown that, in finite and affine types, certain sub-categories of cuspidal representations realize crystals for sub Kac-Moody algebras. Here we put that observation an a firmer categorical footing by exhibiting a functor between the category of representations of the KLR algebra for the sub Kac-Moody algebra and the category of cuspidal representations of the original KLR algebra.
In this paper, we prove Khovanov-Lauda's cyclotomic categorification conjecture for all symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras. Let $U_q(g)$ be the quantum group associated with a symmetrizable Cartan datum and let $V(Λ)$ be the irreducible highest weight $U_q(g)$-module with a dominant integral highest weight $Λ$. We prove that the cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier algebra $R^Λ$ gives a categorification of $V(Λ)$.
We construct a categorification of parabolic Verma modules for symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras using KLR-like diagrammatic algebras. We show that our construction arises naturally from a dg-enhancement of the cyclotomic quotients of the KLR-algebras. As a consequence, we are able to recover the usual categorification of integrable modules. We also introduce a notion of dg-2-representation for quantum Kac--Moody algebras, and in particular of parabolic 2-Verma module.
We show that the Weyl-Kac type character formula holds for the integrable highest weight modules over the quantized enveloping algebra of any symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebra, when the parameter $q$ is not a root of unity.
This paper studies the loop algebras that arise from pairs consisting of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebra $\g$ and a finite order automorphism $σ$ of $\g$. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for two such loop algebras to be isomorphic.
We study braid group actions on Yangians associated with symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebras. As an application, we focus on the affine Yangian of type A and use the action to prove that the image of the evaluation map contains the diagonal Heisenberg algebra inside $\hat{\mathfrak{gl}}_N$.
We give a representation-theoretic interpretation of the Langlands character duality of Frenkel and Hernandez, and show that the "Langlands branching multiplicities" for symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebras are equal to certain tensor product multiplicities. For finite type quantum groups, the connection with tensor products can be explained in terms of tilting modules.
We give the first positive formulas for the weights of every simple highest weight module $L(λ)$ over an arbitrary Kac-Moody algebra. Under a mild condition on the highest weight, we also express the weights of $L(λ)$ as an alternating sum similar to the Weyl-Kac character formula. To obtain these results, we show the following data attached to a highest weight module are equivalent: (i) its integrability, (ii) the convex hull of its weights, (iii) the Weyl group symmetry of its character, and (iv) when a localization theorem is available, its behavior on certain codimension one Schubert cells…
This paper is a continuation of the series of papers "Quantization of Lie bialgebras (QLB) I-V". We show that the image of a Kac-Moody Lie bialgebra with the standard quasitriangular structure under the quantization functor defined in QLB-I,II is isomorphic to the Drinfeld-Jimbo quantization of this Lie bialgebra, with the standard quasitriangular structure. This implies that when the quantization parameter is formal, then the category O for the quantized Kac-Moody algebra is equivalent, as a braided tensor category, to the category O over the corresponding classical Kac-Moody algebra, with th…
It is proved that the entire multi-parameter (small-)quantum groups of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras can be realized as certain subquotients of the cotensor Hopf algebras. This is an axiomatic construction. Hopf 2-cocycle deformations variation for the construction machinery is described, moreover, the integrable irreducible modules can be constructed using this setting, even available for those in the fundamental alcove at root of unity case.
We canonically quantize the tau-functions for the birational Weyl group action arising from a nilpotent Poisson algebra proposed by Noumi and Yamada. We also construct the q-difference deformation of the canonical quantization of the tau-functions. Using the translation functors for the symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras, we prove the regularity of the quantum tau-functions, namely, we show that the quantum tau-functions are polynomials in dependent variables.
The first goal of this paper is to study the amount of compatibility between two important constructions in the theory of quantized enveloping algebras, namely the canonical basis and the quantum Frobenius morphism. The second goal is to study orders with which the Kashiwara crystal B(infinity) of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra can be endowed; these orders are defined so that the transition matrices between bases naturally indexed by B(infinity) are lower triangular.
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra and let $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ denote the corresponding quantized enveloping algebra. In the present paper we show that quantum symmetric pair coideal subalgebras $B_{c,s}$ of $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ have a universal K-matrix if $\mathfrak{g}$ is of finite type. By a universal K-matrix for $B_{c,s}$ we mean an element in a completion of $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ which commutes with $B_{c,s}$ and provides solutions of the reflection equation in all integrable $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$-modules in category $\mathcal{O}$. The construction of the universal K-mat…
Some filtrations of the tensor product of a highest weight module and a lowest weight module over quantum group $U_q(\mathfrak g)$ are constructed in \cite{LZ:2009} and one can use them to define some ideals of the modified quantized enveloping algebra. It is shown that the quotient algebras inherit canonical bases from the modified quantized enveloping algebra and are dual to the quantum coordinate ring defined by Kashiwara for symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra $\mathfrak g$.
The understanding of the topology of the spectra of quantum Schubert cell algebras hinges on the description of their prime factors by ideals invariant under the maximal torus of the ambient Kac-Moody group. We give an explicit description of these prime quotients by expressing their Cauchon generators in terms of sequences of normal elements in chains of subalgebras. Based on this, we construct large families of quantum clusters for all of these algebras and the quantum Richardson varieties associated to arbitrary symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras and all pairs of Weyl group elements. Along th…
In this article, we introduce a completion $\widehat{U}^+_v(\mathcal{L}\mathfrak{g})$ of the positive half of the quantum affinization $U^+_v(\mathcal{L}\mathfrak{g})$ of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. On $\widehat{U}^+_v(\mathcal{L}(\mathfrak{g}))$, we define a new "bar-involution" and construct the analogue Kashiwara's operators. We conjecture that the resulting pair $(\widehat{\mathcal{L}},\widehat{\mathcal{B}})$ is a crystal basis which provides the existence of the "canonical basis" on the (completion of the) of the positive half of the quamtum affinization.
In early eighties, Belavin and Drinfeld showed that nonskewsymmetric classical r-matrices for simple Lie algebras are classified by combinatorial objects which are now called Belavin-Drinfeld triples. Later the second author of the present paper generalized this result to the case of dynamical r-matrices, and showed that they correspond to generalized Belavin-Drinfeld triples. The dynamical r-matrix corresponding a triple is given by a certain explicit formula, which works for any symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra. In special cases, this formula gives the Felder and the Belavin r-matrix. In 1994…
We construct multi-brace cotensor Hopf algebras with bosonizations of quantum multi-brace algebras as examples. Quantum quasi-symmetric algebras are then obtained by taking particular initial data; this allows us to realize the whole quantum group associated to a symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebra as a quantum quasi-symmetric algebra and all highest weight irreducible representations can be constructed using this machinery. It also provides a systematic way to construct simple modules over the quantum double of a quantum group.
We consider a generalization of the quiver varieties of Lusztig and Nakajima to the case of all symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebras. To deal with the non-simply laced case one considers admissible automorphisms of a quiver and the irreducible components of the quiver varieties fixed by this automorphism. We define a crystal structure on these irreducible components and show that the crystals obtained are isomorphic to those associated to the crystal bases of the lower half of the universal enveloping algebra and the irreducible highest weight representations of the non-simply laced Kac-Moody …
Brown and Goodearl stated a conjecture that provides an explicit description of the topology of the spectra of quantum algebras. The conjecture takes on a more explicit form if there exist separating Ore sets for all incident pairs of torus invariant prime ideals of the given algebra. We prove that this is the case for the two largest classes of algebras of finite Gelfand-Kirillov dimension that fit the setting of the conjecture: the quantized coordinate rings of all simple algebraic groups and the quantum Schubert cell algebras for all symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras.
Any automorphism of the Dynkin diagram of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra induces an automorphism of the algebra and a mapping between its highest weight modules. For a large class of such Dynkin diagram automorphisms, we can describe various aspects of these maps in terms of another Kac-Moody algebra, the `orbit Lie algebra'. In particular, the generating function for the trace of the map on modules, the `twining character', is equal to a character of the orbit Lie algebra. Orbit Lie algebras and twining characters constitute a crucial step towards solving the fixed point resolution problem…
We construct a bar involution for quantum symmetric pair coideal subalgebras $B_{\mathbf{c},\mathbf{s}}$ corresponding to involutive automorphisms of the second kind of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras. To this end we give unified presentations of these algebras in terms of generators and relations extending previous results by G. Letzter and the second named author. We specify precisely the set of parameters $\mathbf{c}$ for which such an intrinsic bar involution exists.
Polyhedral realization of crystal bases is one of the methods for describing the crystal base $B(\infty)$ explicitly. This method can be applied to symmetrizable Kac-Moody types. We can also apply this method to the crystal bases $B(λ)$ of integrable highest weight modules and of modified quantum algebras. But, the explicit forms of the polyhedral realizations of crystal bases $B(\infty)$ and $B(λ)$ are only given in the case of arbitrary rank 2, of $A_n$ and of $A^{(1)}_n$. So, we will give the polyhedral realizations of crystal bases $B(\infty)$ and $B(λ)$ for all simple Lie algebras in this…
We study a presentation of Khovanov - Lauda - Rouquier's candidate $2$-categorification of a quantum group using algebraic rewriting methods. We use a computational approach based on rewriting modulo the isotopy axioms of its pivotal structure to compute a family of linear bases for all the vector spaces of $2$-cells in this $2$-category. We show that these bases correspond to Khovanov and Lauda's conjectured generating sets, proving the non-degeneracy of their diagrammatic calculus. This implies that this $2$-category is a categorification of Lusztig's idempotent and integral quantum group $\…
Each integrable lowest weight representation of a symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebra g has a crystal in the sense of Kashiwara, which describes its combinatorial properties. For a given g, there is a limit crystal, usually denoted by B(-\infty), which contains all the other crystals. When g is finite dimensional, a convex polytope, called the Mirković-Vilonen polytope, can be associated to each element in B(-\infty). This polytope sits in the dual space of a Cartan subalgebra of g, and its edges are parallel to the roots of g. In this paper, we generalize this construction to the case where g…
Geiss-Leclerc-Schroer defined the cluster algebra structure on the coordinate ring $C[N(w)]$ of the unipotent subgroup, associated with a Weyl group element $w$ and they proved cluster monomials are contained in Lusztig's dual semicanonical basis $S^{*}$. We give a set up for the quantization of their results and propose a conjecture which relates the quantum cluster algebras to the dual canonical basis ${B}^{up}$. In particular, we prove that the quantum analogue $O_{q}[N(w)]$ of ${C}[N(w)]$ has the induced basis from ${B}^{up}$, which contains quantum flag minors and satisfies a factorizatio…
We shall construct the quantized q-analogues of the birational Weyl group actions arising from nilpotent Poisson algebras, which are conceptual generalizations, proposed by Noumi and Yamada, of the Bäcklund transformations for Painlevé equations. Consider a quotient Ore domain of the lower nilpotent part of a quantized universal enveloping algebra of arbitrary symmetrizable Kac-Moody type. Then non-integral powers of the image of the Chevalley generators generate the quantized q-analogue of the birational Weyl group action. Using the same method, we shall reconstruct the quantized Bäcklund tra…
Let $C$ be a symmetrizable generalized Cartan Matrix, and $q$ an indeterminate. ${\fg}(C)$ is the Kac-Moody Lie algebra and $U=U_q({\fg}(C))$ the associated quantum enveloping algebra over $ k={\Bbb Q}(q)$. The quantum function algebra ${\Bbb C}_{q}[G]$ is defined as a suitable $U$-bisubalgebra of the dual space $\hom_{k}(U,k)$ which can be described using matrix elements of integrable $U$-modules. For $\fg$ affine, the highest weight modules of $C_q[G]$ are constructed and, assuming a minimality condition, their (unitarizable) irreducible quotients are shown to be in a 1-1 correspondence with…
Various coordinate rings of varieties appearing in the theory of Poisson Lie groups and Poisson homogeneous spaces belong to the large, axiomatically defined class of symmetric Poisson nilpotent algebras, e.g. coordinate rings of Schubert cells for symmetrizable Kac--Moody groups. We prove that every Poisson nilpotent algebra satisfying a mild condition on certain scalars is canonically isomorphic to a cluster algebra which coincides with the corresponding upper cluster algebra, without additional localizations by frozen variables. The constructed cluster structure is compatible with the Poiss…
We prove a general theorem for constructing integral quantum cluster algebras over ${\mathbb{Z}}[q^{\pm 1/2}]$, namely that under mild conditions the integral forms of quantum nilpotent algebras always possess integral quantum cluster algebra structures. These algebras are then shown to be isomorphic to the corresponding upper quantum cluster algebras, again defined over ${\mathbb{Z}}[q^{\pm 1/2}]$. Previously, this was only known for acyclic quantum cluster algebras. The theorem is applied to prove that for every symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra ${\mathfrak{g}}$ and Weyl group element $w$, the…
In this paper we study general quantum affinizations $\U_q(\hat{\Glie})$ of symmetrizable quantum Kac-Moody algebras and we develop their representation theory. We prove a triangular decomposition and we give a classication of (type 1) highest weight simple integrable representations analog to Drinfel'd-Chari-Pressley one. A generalization of the q-characters morphism, introduced by Frenkel-Reshetikhin for quantum affine algebras, appears to be a powerful tool for this investigation. For a large class of quantum affinizations (including quantum affine algebras and quantum toroidal algebras), t…
Let g be a symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebra and U_h(g) its quantized enveloping algebra. The quantum Weyl group operators of U_h(g) and the universal R-matrices of its Levi subalgebras endow U_h(g) with a natural quasi-Coxeter quasitriangular quasibialgebra structure which underlies the action of the braid group of g and Artin's braid groups on the tensor product of integrable, category O modules. We show that this structure can be transferred to the universal enveloping algebra Ug[[h]]. The proof relies on a modification of the Etingof-Kazhdan quantization functor, and yields an isomorphism be…
We present a generalization of the theory of quantum symmetric pairs as developed by Kolb and Letzter. We introduce a class of generalized Satake diagrams that give rise to (not necessarily involutive) automorphisms of the second kind of symmetrizable Kac-Moody algebras $\mathfrak{g}$. These lead to right coideal subalgebras $B_{\mathbf{c},\mathbf{s}}$ of quantized enveloping algebras $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$. In the case that $\mathfrak{g}$ is a twisted or untwisted affine Lie algebra of classical type Jimbo found intertwiners (equivariant maps) of the vector representation of $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ …
Let $A$ be an arbitrary symmetrizable Cartan matrix of rank $r$, and ${\bf n}={\bf n_+}$ be the standard maximal nilpotent subalgebra in the Kac-Moody algebra associated with $A$ (thus, ${\bf n}$ is generated by $E_1,\ldots,E_r$ subject to the Serre relations). Let $\hat U_q({\bf n})$ be the completion (with respect to the natural grading) of the quantized enveloping algebra of ${\bf n}$. For a sequence ${\bf i}=(i_1,\ldots,i_m)$ with $1\le i_k\le r$, let $P_{\bf i}$ be a skew polynomial algebra generated by $t_1,\ldots,t_m$ subject to the relations $t_lt_k=q^{C_{i_k,i_l}}t_kt_l$ ($1\le k<l\le…
