We consider additive codes over GF(4) that are self-dual with respect to the Hermitian trace inner product. Such codes have a well-known interpretation as quantum codes and correspond to isotropic systems. It has also been shown that these codes can be represented as graphs, and that two codes are equivalent if and only if the corresponding graphs are equivalent with respect to local complementation and graph isomorphism. We use these facts to classify all codes of length up to 12, where previously only all codes of length up to 9 were known. We also classify all extremal Type II codes of length 14. Finally, we find that the smallest Type I and Type II codes with trivial automorphism group have length 9 and 12, respectively.
For $(n,d)= (66,17),(78,19)$ and $(94,21)$, we construct quantum $[[n,0,d]]$ codes which improve the previously known lower bounds on the largest minimum weights among quantum codes with these parameters. These codes are constructed from self-dual additive $\mathbb{F}_4$-codes based on pairs of circulant matrices.
Quantum stabilizer states over GF(m) can be represented as self-dual additive codes over GF(m^2). These codes can be represented as weighted graphs, and orbits of graphs under the generalized local complementation operation correspond to equivalence classes of codes. We have previously used this fact to classify self-dual additive codes over GF(4). In this paper we classify self-dual additive codes over GF(9), GF(16), and GF(25). Assuming that the classical MDS conjecture holds, we are able to classify all self-dual additive MDS codes over GF(9) by using an extension technique. We prove that t…
In order to construct quantum $[[n,0,d]]$ codes for $(n,d)=(56,15)$, $(57,15)$, $(58,16)$, $(63,16)$, $(67,17)$, $(70,18)$, $(71,18)$, $(79,19)$, $(83,20)$, $(87,20)$, $(89,21)$, $(95,20)$, we construct self-dual additive $\mathbb{F}_4$-codes of length $n$ and minimum weight $d$ from circulant graphs. The quantum codes with these parameters are constructed for the first time.
A partition of a finite abelian group gives rise to a dual partition on the character group via the Fourier transform. Properties of the dual partitions are investigated and a convenient test is given for the case that the bidual partition coincides the primal partition. Such partitions permit MacWilliams identities for the partition enumerators of additive codes. It is shown that dualization commutes with taking products and symmetrized products of partitions on cartesian powers of the given group. After translating the results to Frobenius rings, which are identified with their character mod…
Additive codes over GF(9) that are self-dual with respect to the Hermitian trace inner product have a natural application in quantum information theory, where they correspond to ternary quantum error-correcting codes. However, these codes have so far received far less interest from coding theorists than self-dual additive codes over GF(4), which correspond to binary quantum codes. Self-dual additive codes over GF(9) have been classified up to length 8, and in this paper we extend the complete classification to codes of length 9 and 10. The classification is obtained by using a new algorithm th…
We show that (n,2^n) additive codes over GF(4) can be represented as directed graphs. This generalizes earlier results on self-dual additive codes over GF(4), which correspond to undirected graphs. Graph representation reduces the complexity of code classification, and enables us to classify additive (n,2^n) codes over GF(4) of length up to 7. From this we also derive classifications of isodual and formally self-dual codes. We introduce new constructions of circulant and bordered circulant directed graph codes, and show that these codes will always be isodual. A computer search of all such cod…
We examine the structure of the additive period of the Sprague-Grundy function of Nim-like games, among them Wythoff's Game, and deduce a bound for the length of the period and preperiod.
A code ${\cal C}$ is $\Z_2\Z_4$-additive if the set of coordinates can be partitioned into two subsets $X$ and $Y$ such that the punctured code of ${\cal C}$ by deleting the coordinates outside $X$ (respectively, $Y$) is a binary linear code (respectively, a quaternary linear code). In this paper $\Z_2\Z_4$-additive codes are studied. Their corresponding binary images, via the Gray map, are $\Z_2\Z_4$-linear codes, which seem to be a very distinguished class of binary group codes. As for binary and quaternary linear codes, for these codes the fundamental parameters are found and standard forms…
A complete classification of binary doubly even self-dual codes of length 40 is given. As a consequence, a classification of binary extremal self-dual codes of length 38 is also given.
In $2006$, Danielsen and Parker \cite{DP} proved that every self-dual additive code over $GF(4)$ is equivalent to a graph code. So, graph is an important tool for searching (proposed) optimum codes. In this paper, we introduce a new method of searching (proposed) optimum additive codes from circulant graphs.
A classification of quaternary Hermitian self-dual codes of length 20 is given. Using this classification, a classification of extremal quaternary Hermitian self-dual codes of length 22 is also given.
A classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths up to $88$ is known. We give a classification of extremal double circulant self-dual codes of lengths $90,92,94$ and $96$. We also classify double circulant self-dual codes with parameters $[90,45,14]$ and $[96,48,16]$. In addition, we demonstrate that no double circulant self-dual $[90,45,14]$ code has an extremal self-dual neighbor, and no double circulant self-dual $[96,45,16]$ code has a self-dual neighbor with minimum weight at least $18$.
An additive 2-basis with range n is restricted if its largest element is n/2. Among the restricted 2-bases of given length k, the ones that have the greatest range are extremal restricted. We describe an algorithm that finds the extremal restricted 2-bases of a given length, and we list them for lengths up to k = 41.
In this work, connected cubic planar bipartite graphs and related binary self-dual codes are studied. Binary self-dual codes of length 16 are obtained by face-vertex incidence matrices of these graphs. By considering their lifts to the ring R_2 new extremal binary self-dual codes of lengths 64 are constructed as Gray images. More precisely, we construct 15 new codes of length 64. Moreover, 10 new codes of length 66 were obtained by applying a building-up construction to the binary codes. Codes with these weight enumerators are constructed for the first time in the literature. The results are t…
In this work, we apply the idea of composite matrices arising from group rings to derive a number of different techniques for constructing self-dual codes over finite commutative Frobenius rings. By applying these techniques over different alphabets, we construct best known singly-even binary self-dual codes of lengths 80, 84 and 96 as well as doubly-even binary self-dual codes of length 96 that were not known in the literature before.
In this note, we demonstrate that every binary doubly even self-dual code of length $40$ can be realized as the residue code of some extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_4$-code. As a consequence, it is shown that there are at least $94356$ inequivalent extremal Type II $\mathbb{Z}_4$-codes of length $40$.
For lengths $64$ and $66$, we construct extremal singly even self-dual codes with weight enumerators for which no extremal singly even self-dual codes were previously known to exist. We also construct new $40$ inequivalent extremal doubly even self-dual $[64,32,12]$ codes with covering radius $12$ meeting the Delsarte bound.
We give restrictions on the weight enumerators of ternary near-extremal self-dual codes of length divisible by $12$ and quaternary near-extremal Hermitian self-dual codes of length divisible by $6$. We consider the weight enumerators for which there is a ternary near-extremal self-dual code of length $12m$ for $m =3,4,5,6$. Also we consider the weight enumerators for which there is a quaternary near-extremal Hermitian self-dual code of length $6m$ for $m =4,5,6$.
The Doob scheme $D(m,n'+n'')$ is a metric association scheme defined on $E_4^m \times F_4^{n'}\times Z_4^{n''}$, where $E_4=GR(4^2)$ or, alternatively, on $Z_4^{2m} \times Z_2^{2n'} \times Z_4^{n''}$. We prove the MacWilliams identities connecting the weight distributions of a linear or additive code and its dual. In particular, for each case, we determine the dual scheme, on the same set but with different metric, such that the weight distribution of an additive code $C$ in the Doob scheme $D(m,n'+n'')$ is related by the MacWilliams identities with the weight distribution of the dual code $C^…
In this work, we give a new technique for constructing self-dual codes over commutative Frobenius rings using $λ$-circulant matrices. The new construction was derived as a modification of the well-known four circulant construction of self-dual codes. Applying this technique together with the building-up construction, we construct singly-even binary self-dual codes of lengths 56, 58, 64, 80 and 92 that were not known in the literature before. Singly-even self-dual codes of length 80 with $β\in\{2,4,5,6,8\}$ in their weight enumerators are constructed for the first time in the literature.
In this work, we give three new techniques for constructing Hermitian self-dual codes over commutative Frobenius rings with a non-trivial involutory automorphism using $λ$-circulant matrices. The new constructions are derived as modifications of various well-known circulant constructions of self-dual codes. Applying these constructions together with the building-up construction, we construct many new best known quaternary Hermitian self-dual codes of lengths 26, 32, 36, 38 and 40.
In this work, new construction methods for self-dual codes are given. The methods use the short Kharaghani array and a variation of it. These are applicable to any commutative Frobenius ring. We apply the constructions over the ring F_2 + uF_2 and self-dual Type I [64, 32, 12]_2-codes with various weight enumerators obtained as Gray images. By the use of an extension theorem for self-dual codes we were able to construct 27 new extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68. The existence of the extremal binary self-dual codes with these weight enumerators was previously unknown.
In this work, we define a modification of a bordered construction for self-dual codes which utilises $λ$-circulant matrices. We provide the necessary conditions for the construction to produce self-dual codes over finite commutative Frobenius rings of characteristic 2. Using the modified construction together with the neighbour construction, we construct many binary self-dual codes of lengths 54, 68, 82 and 94 with weight enumerators that have previously not been known to exist.
By the Assmus and Mattson theorem, the codewords of each nontrivial weight in an extremal doubly even self-dual code of length 24m form a self-orthogonal 5-design. In this paper, we study the codes constructed from self-orthogonal 5-designs with the same parameters as the above 5-designs. We give some parameters of a self-orthogonal 5-design whose existence is equivalent to that of an extremal doubly even self-dual code of length 24m for m=3,...,6. If $m \in \{1,\ldots,6\}$, $k \in \{m+1,\ldots,5m-1\}$ and $(m,k) \ne (6,18)$, then it is shown that an extremal doubly even self-dual code of leng…
For linear codes, the MacWilliams Extension Theorem states that each linear isometry of a linear code extends to a linear isometry of the whole space. But, in general, it is not the situation for nonlinear codes. In this paper it is proved, that if the length of an additive code is less than some threshold value, then an analogue of the MacWilliams Extension Theorem holds. One family of unextendible code isometries for the threshold value of code length is described.
Currently, the existence of an extremal singly even self-dual code of length $24k+10$ is unknown for all nonnegative integers $k$. In this note, we study singly even self-dual $[24k+10,12k+5,4k+2]$ codes. We give some restrictions on the possible weight enumerators of singly even self-dual $[24k+10,12k+5,4k+2]$ codes with shadows of minimum weight at least $5$ for $k=2,3,4,5$. We discuss a method for constructing singly even self-dual codes with minimal shadow. As an example, a singly even self-dual $[82,41,14]$ code with minimal shadow is constructed for the first time. In addition, as neighb…
We give a classification of four-circulant singly even self-dual $[60,30,d]$ codes for $d=10$ and $12$. These codes are used to construct extremal singly even self-dual $[60,30,12]$ codes with weight enumerator for which no extremal singly even self-dual code was previously known to exist. From extremal singly even self-dual $[60,30,12]$ codes, we also construct extremal singly even self-dual $[58,29,10]$ codes with weight enumerator for which no extremal singly even self-dual code was previously known to exist. Finally, we give some restriction on the possible weight enumerators of certain si…
Suppose that A is a subset of the integers {1,...,N} of density a. We provide a new proof of a result of Green which shows that A+A contains an arithmetic progression of length exp(ca(log N)^{1/2}) for some absolute c>0. Furthermore we improve the length of progression guaranteed in higher sumsets; for example we show that A+A+A contains a progression of length roughly N^{ca} improving on the previous best of N^{ca^{2+ε}}.
We study additive quaternary codes whose parameters are close to those of the extended cyclic [12; 6; 6]4-code or to the quaternary linear codes generated by the elliptic quadric in PG(3; 4) or its dual. In particular we characterize those codes in the category of additive codes and construct some additive codes whose parameters are better than those of any linear quaternary code.
We embark on a tour that takes us through four closely related topics: the dual concepts of independence and spanning in finite abelian groups and the analogous dual concepts of designs and distance sets on spheres. We review some of the main known results in each area, mention several open questions, and discuss some connections among these four interesting topics.
In this paper we define cycle-star graph CSk,n-k to be a graph on n vertices consisting of the cycle of length k and n-k leafs appended to the same vertex of the cycle. Also, we define cycle-path graph CPk,n-k to be a graph on n vertices consisting of the cycle of length k and of path on n-k vertices whose one end is linked to a vertex on a cycle. We establish that cycle-star graph CS3,n-3 is the only maximal graph with respect to additively weighted Harary index among all unicyclic graphs on n vertices, while cycle-path graph CP3,n-3 is the only minimal unicyclic graph (here n must be at leas…
Ternary self-dual codes have been classified for lengths up to 20. At length 24, a classification of only extremal self-dual codes is known. In this paper, we give a complete classification of ternary self-dual codes of length 24 using the classification of 24-dimensional odd unimodular lattices.
For a finite set $A$ of size $n$, an ordering is an injection from $\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$ to $A$. We present results concerning the asymptotic properties of the length $L_n$ of the longest arithmetic subsequence in a random ordering of an additive set $A$. In the torsion-free case where $A = [1,n]^d\subseteq {\bf Z}^d$, we prove that $L_n\sim 2d\log n/\log\log n$. We show that the case $A = {\bf Z}/n{\bf Z}$ behaves asymptotically like the torsion-free case with $d=1$, and then use this fact to compute the expected length of the longest arithmetic subsequence in a random ordering of an arbitrary f…
In this work, we introduce the concept of distance between self-dual codes, which generalizes the concept of a neighbor for self-dual codes. Using the k-neighbors, we are able to construct extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68 with new weight enumerators. We construct 143 extremal binary self-dual codes of length 68 with new weight enumerators including 42 codes with gamma=8 in their W_{68,2} and 40 with gamma=9 in their W_{68,2}. These examples are the first in the literature for these gamma values. This completes the theoretical list of possible values for gamma in W_{68,2}.
The Caccetta-Haggkvist conjecture states that if G is a finite directed graph with at least n/k edges going out of each vertex, then G contains a directed cycle of length at most k. Hamidoune used methods and results from additive number theory to prove the conjecture for Cayley graphs and for vertex-transitive graphs. This expository paper contains a survey of results on the Caccetta-Haggkvist conjecture, and complete proofs of the conjecture in the case of Cayley and vertex-transitive graphs.
