60 pages. Contribution to the Proceedings of the Workshop "Infinite dimensional algebras and quantum integrable systems" in Faro, Portugal, in July of 2003
This is a review of our previous works (some of them joint with B. Feigin and N. Reshetikhin) on the Gaudin model and opers. We define a commutative subalgebra in the tensor power of the universal enveloping algebra of a simple Lie algebra g. This algebra includes the hamiltonians of the Gaudin model, hence we call it the Gaudin algebra. It is constructed as a quotient of the center of the completed enveloping algebra of the affine Kac-Moody algebra g^ at the critical level. We identify the spectrum of the Gaudin algebra with the space of opers associated to the Langlands dual Lie algebra of g on the projective line with regular singularities at the marked points. Next, we recall the construction of the eigenvectors of the Gaudin algebra using the Wakimoto modules over g^ of critical level. The Wakimoto modules are naturally parameterized by Miura opers (or, equivalently, Cartan connections), and the action of the center on them is given by the Miura transformation. This allows us to relate solutions of the Bethe Ansatz equations to Miura opers and ultimately to the flag varieties associated to the Langlands dual Lie algebra of g.
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a semisimple Lie algebra over $\mathbb{C}$. Let $ν\in \text{Aut}\, \mathfrak{g}$ be a diagram automorphism whose order divides $T \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 1}$. We define cyclotomic $\mathfrak{g}$-opers over the Riemann sphere $\mathbb{P}^1$ as gauge equivalence classes of $\mathfrak{g}$-valued connections of a certain form, equivariant under actions of the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}/ T\mathbb{Z}$ on $\mathfrak{g}$ and $\mathbb{P}^1$. It reduces to the usual notion of $\mathfrak{g}$-opers when $T = 1$. We also extend the notion of Miura $\mathfrak{g}$-opers to the cyclotomic set…
We consider the problem of diagonalization of the hamiltonians of the Gaudin model, which is a quantum chain model associated to a simple Lie algebra. The hamiltonians of this model act on the tensor product of finite-dimensional representations of this Lie algebra. We show that the eigenvalues of the Gaudin hamiltonians are encoded by the so-called "opers" on the projective line, associated to the Langlands dual Lie algebra. These opers have regular singularities at the marked points with prescribed residues and trivial monodromy representation. The Bethe Ansatz is a procedure to construct ex…
This paper is devoted to the eigenvalue problem for the quantum Gaudin system. We prove the universal correspondence between eigenvalues of Gaudin Hamiltonians and the so-called G-opers without monodromy in general gl(n) case modulo a hypothesys on the analytic properties of the solution of a KZ-type equation. Firstly we explore the quantum analog of the characteristic polynomial which is a differential operator in a variable $u$ with the coefficients in U(gl(n))^{\otimes N}. We will call it "universal G-oper". It is constructed by the formula "Det"(L(u)-\partial_u) where L(u) is the quantum L…
Critical points of a master function associated to a simple Lie algebra \g come in families called the populations [MV1]. We prove that a population is isomorphic to the flag variety of the Langlands dual Lie algebra \g^t. The proof is based on the correspondence between critical points and differential operators called the Miura opers. For a Miura oper D, associated with a critical point of a population, we show that all solutions of the differential equation DY=0 can be written explicitly in terms of critical points composing the population.
Solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations associated to the XXX model of a simple Lie algebra come in families called the populations. We prove that a population is isomorphic to the flag variety of the Langlands dual Lie algebra. The proof is based on the correspondence between the solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations and special difference operators which we call the discrete Miura opers. The notion of a discrete Miura oper is one of the main results of the paper. For a discrete Miura oper D, associated to a point of a population, we show that all solutions of the difference equation DY=0 a…
In this note, we discuss implications of the results obtained in [MTV4]. It was shown there that eigenvectors of the Bethe algebra of the quantum gl_N Gaudin model are in a one-to-one correspondence with Fuchsian differential operators with polynomial kernel. Here, we interpret this fact as a separation of variables in the gl_N Gaudin model. Having a Fuchsian differential operator with polynomial kernel, we construct the corresponding eigenvector of the Bethe algebra. It was shown in [MTV4] that the Bethe algebra has simple spectrum if the evaluation parameters of the Gaudin model are generic.…
We introduce a class of quantum integrable systems generalizing the Gaudin model. The corresponding algebras of quantum Hamiltonians are obtained as quotients of the center of the enveloping algebra of an affine Kac-Moody algebra at the critical level, extending the construction of higher Gaudin Hamiltonians from hep-th/9402022 to the case of non-highest weight representations of affine algebras. We show that these algebras are isomorphic to algebras of functions on the spaces of opers on P^1 with regular as well as irregular singularities at finitely many points. We construct eigenvectors of …
Recently, Gaiotto and Rapcak proposed a generalization of $W_N$ algebra by considering the symmetry at the corner of the brane intersection (corner vertex operator algebra). The algebra, denoted as $Y_{L,M,N}$, is characterized by three non-negative integers $L, M, N$. It has a manifest triality automorphism which interchanges $L, M, N$, and can be obtained as a reduction of $W_{1+\infty}$ through a "pit" in the plane partition representation. Later, Prochazka and Rapcak proposed a representation of $Y_{L,M,N}$ in terms of $L+M+N$ free bosons through a generalization of Miura transformation, w…
Miura operators as R-matrices from M-brane intersections
School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study（高等研究院自然科学学院）；Department of Theoretical Physics, CERN（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）；Center for Geometry and Physics, Institute for Basic Science（基础科学研究院几何与物理中心）
We conjecture that quantum Gaudin models in affine types admit families of local higher Hamiltonians, labelled by the (countably infinite set of) exponents, whose eigenvalues are given by functions on a space of meromorphic opers associated with the Langlands dual Lie algebra. This is in direct analogy with the situation in finite types. However, in stark contrast to finite types, we prove that in affine types such functions take the form of hypergeometric integrals, over cycles of a twisted homology defined by the levels of the modules at the marked points. That result prompts the further con…
The generating function for elements of the Bethe subalgebra of Hecke algebra is constructed as Sklyanin's transfer-matrix operator for Hecke chain. We show that in a special classical limit q -> 1 the Hamiltonians of the Gaudin model can be derived from the transfer-matrix operator of Hecke chain. We consruct a non-local analogue of the Gaudin Hamiltonians for the case of Hecke algebras.
An hbar-deformed Virasoro Poisson algebra is obtained using the Wakimoto realization of the Sugawara operator for the Yangian double DY_\hbar(sl_2)_c at the critical level c=-2.
We consider the gl_N Gaudin model of a tensor power of the standard vector representation. The geometric Langlands correspondence in the Gaudin model relates the Bethe algebra of the commuting Gaudin Hamiltonians and the algebra of functions on a suitable space of N-th order differential operators. In this paper we introduce a third side of the correspondence: the algebra of functions on the critical set of a master function. We construct isomorphisms of the third algebra and the first two. A new object is the Bethe vector averaging maps.
We consider the problem of quantization of classical soliton integrable systems, such as the KdV hierarchy, in the framework of a general formalism of Gaudin models associated to affine Kac--Moody algebras. Our experience with the Gaudin models associated to finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras suggests that the common eigenvalues of the mutually commuting quantum Hamiltonians in a model associated to an affine algebra should be encoded by affine opers associated to the Langlands dual affine algebra. This leads us to some concrete predictions for the spectra of the quantum Hamiltonians of th…
We study the Gaudin models associated with $\mathfrak{gl}(1|1)$. We give an explicit description of the algebra of Hamiltonians (Gaudin Hamiltonians) acting on tensor products of polynomial evaluation $\mathfrak{gl}(1|1)[t]$-modules. It follows that there exists a bijection between common eigenvectors (up to proportionality) of the algebra of Hamiltonians and monic divisors of an explicit polynomial written in terms of the highest weights and evaluation parameters. In particular, our result implies that each common eigenspace of the algebra of Hamiltonians has dimension one. Therefore, we conf…
Gaudin algebra is the commutative subalgebra in $U(\mathfrak{g})^{\otimes N}$ generated by higher integrals of the quantum Gaudin magnet chain attached to a semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. This algebra depends on a collection of pairwise distinct complex numbers $z_1,\ldots,z_N$. We prove that this subalgebra has a cyclic vector in the space of singular vectors of the tensor product of any finite-dimensional irreducible $\mathfrak{g}$-modules, for all values of the parameters $z_1,\ldots,z_N$. We deduce from this result the Bethe Ansatz conjecture in the Feigin-Frenkel form which states…
Consider a tensor product of finite-dimensional irreducible gl_{N+1}-modules and its decomposition into irreducible modules. The gl_{N+1} Gaudin model assigns to each multiplicity space of that decomposition a commutative (Bethe) algebra of linear operators acting on the multiplicity space. The Bethe ansatz method is a method to find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the Bethe algebra. One starts with a critical point of a suitable (master) function and constructs an eigenvector of the Bethe algebra. In this paper we consider the algebra of functions on the critical set of the associated master …
For any semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, the universal enveloping algebra of the infinite-dimensional pro-nilpotent Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}_-:=\mathfrak{g}\otimes t^{-1}\mathbb{C}[t^{-1}]$ contains a large commutative subalgebra $\mathcal{A}\subset U(\mathfrak{g}_-)$. This subalgebra comes from the center of the universal enveloping of the affine Kac--Moody algebra $\hat{\mathfrak{g}}$ at the critical level and gives rise to the construction of higher hamiltonians of the Gaudin model (due to Feigin, Frenkel and Reshetikhin). Though there are no explicit formulas for the generators of $…
The Lax operator of the Gaudin type models is a 1-form on the classical level. In virtue of the quantization scheme proposed in [Talalaev04] (hep-th/0404153) it is natural to treat the quantum Lax operator as a connection; this connection is a particular case of the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov connection [ChervovTalalaev06] (hep-th/0604128). In this paper we find a gauge transformation which produces the "second normal form" or the "Drinfeld-Sokolov" form. Moreover the differential operator naturally corresponding to this form is given precisely by the quantum characteristic polynomial [Talalaev04]…
The universal enveloping algebra of any simple Lie algebra g contains a family of commutative subalgebras, called the quantum shift of argument subalgebras math.RT/0606380, math.QA/0612798. We prove that generically their action on finite-dimensional modules is diagonalizable and their joint spectra are in bijection with the set of monodromy-free opers for the Langlands dual group of G on the projective line with regular singularity at one point and irregular singularity of order two at another point. We also prove a multi-point generalization of this result, describing the spectra of commutin…
We consider the generic quantum superintegrable system on the $d$-sphere with potential $V(y)=\sum_{k=1}^{d+1}\frac{b_k}{y_k^2}$, where $b_k$ are parameters. Appropriately normalized, the symmetry operators for the Hamiltonian define a representation of the Kohno-Drinfeld Lie algebra on the space of polynomials orthogonal with respect to the Dirichlet distribution. The Gaudin subalgebras generated by Jucys-Murphy elements are diagonalized by families of Jacobi polynomials in $d$ variables on the simplex. We define a set of generators for the symmetry algebra and we prove that their action on t…
We prove an analogue of the MacMahon Master Theorem for the right quantum superalgebras. In particular, we obtain a new and simple proof of this theorem for the right quantum algebras. In the super case the theorem is then used to construct higher order Sugawara operators for the affine Lie superalgebra $\widehat{\mathfrak{gl}}(m|n)$ in an explicit form. The operators are elements of a completed universal enveloping algebra of $\widehat{\mathfrak{gl}}(m|n)$ at the critical level. They occur as the coefficients in the expansion of a noncommutative Berezinian and as the traces of powers of gener…
