We consider the problem of diagonalization of the hamiltonians of the Gaudin model, which is a quantum chain model associated to a simple Lie algebra. The hamiltonians of this model act on the tensor product of finite-dimensional representations of this Lie algebra. We show that the eigenvalues of the Gaudin hamiltonians are encoded by the so-called "opers" on the projective line, associated to the Langlands dual Lie algebra. These opers have regular singularities at the marked points with prescribed residues and trivial monodromy representation.
The Bethe Ansatz is a procedure to construct explicitly the eigenvectors of the generalized Gaudin hamiltonians. We show that each solution of the Bethe Ansatz equations defines what we call a "Miura oper" on the projective line. Moreover, we show that the space of Miura opers is a union of copies of the flag manifold (of the dual group), one for each oper. This allows us to prove that all solutions of the Bethe Ansatz equations, corresponding to a fixed oper, are in one-to-one correspondence with the points of an open dense subset of the flag manifold.
The Bethe Ansatz equations can be written for an arbitrary Kac-Moody algebra, and we prove an analogue of the last result in this more general setting.
For the Lie algebras of types A,B,C similar results were obtained by other methods by I.Scherbak and A.Varchenko and by E.Mukhin and A.Varchenko.
We interpret the GL_n equivariant cohomology of a partial flag variety of flags of length N in \C^n as the Bethe algebra of a suitable gl_N[t] module associated with the tensor power (\C^N)^{\otimes n}.
We interpret the equivariant cohomology algebra H^*_{GL_n\times\C^*}(T^*F_λ;\C) of the cotangent bundle of a partial flag variety F_λparametrizing chains of subspaces 0=F_0\subset F_1\subset\dots\subset F_N =\C^n, \dim F_i/F_{i-1}=λ_i, as the Yangian Bethe algebra of the gl_N-weight subspace of a gl_N Yangian module. Under this identification the dynamical connection of [TV1] turns into the quantum connection of [BMO] and [MO]. As a result of this identification we describe the algebra of quantum multiplication on H^*_{GL_n\times\C^*}(T^*F_λ;\C) as the algebra of functions on fibers of a discr…
We consider a version of the A_N Bethe equation of XXX type and introduce a reproduction procedure constructing new solutions of this equation from a given one. The set of all solutions obtained from a given one is called a population. We show that a population is isomorphic to the sl_{N+1} flag variety and that the populations are in one-to-one correspondence with intersection points of suitable Schubert cycles in a Grassmanian variety. We also obtain similar results for the root systems B_N and C_N. Populations of B_N and C_N type are isomorphic to the flag varieties of C_N and B_N types res…
We consider the cotangent bundle $T^*F_λ$ of a $GL_n$ partial flag variety, $λ=(λ_1,...,λ_N)$, $|λ|=\sum_iλ_i=n$, and the torus $T=(\C^\times)^{n+1}$ equivariant K-theory algebra $K_T(T^*F_λ)$. We introduce K-theoretic stable envelope maps $\Stab_σ: \oplus_{|λ|=n} K_T((T^*F_λ)^T)\to\oplus_{|λ|=n}K_T(T^*F_λ)$, where $σ\in S_n$. Using these maps we define a quantum loop algebra action on $\oplus_{|λ|=n}K_T(T^*F_λ)$. We describe the associated Bethe algebra $B^q(K_T(T^*F_λ))$ by generators and relations in terms of a discrete Wronski map. We prove that the limiting Bethe algebra $B^q(K_T(T^*F_λ))…
Solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations associated to the XXX model of a simple Lie algebra come in families called the populations. We prove that a population is isomorphic to the flag variety of the Langlands dual Lie algebra. The proof is based on the correspondence between the solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations and special difference operators which we call the discrete Miura opers. The notion of a discrete Miura oper is one of the main results of the paper. For a discrete Miura oper D, associated to a point of a population, we show that all solutions of the difference equation DY=0 a…
The spectrum of integrable models is often encoded in terms of commuting functions of a spectral parameter that satisfy functional relations. We propose to describe this commutative algebra in a covariant way by means of the extended Q-system that comprise Q-vectors in each of the fundamental representations of the (Langlands dual of) the underlying symmetry algebra. These Q-vectors turn out to parameterise a collection of complete flags which are fused with one another in a particular way. We show that the fused flag is a finite-difference oper in a particular gauge, explicit identification d…
We study solutions of the Bethe Ansatz equations for the cyclotomic Gaudin model of [Vicedo B., Young C.A.S., arXiv:1409.6937]. We give two interpretations of such solutions: as critical points of a cyclotomic master function, and as critical points with cyclotomic symmetry of a certain "extended" master function. In finite types, this yields a correspondence between the Bethe eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the cyclotomic Gaudin model and those of an "extended" non-cyclotomic Gaudin model. We proceed to define populations of solutions to the cyclotomic Bethe equations, in the sense of [Mukhin…
In this note, we discuss implications of the results obtained in [MTV4]. It was shown there that eigenvectors of the Bethe algebra of the quantum gl_N Gaudin model are in a one-to-one correspondence with Fuchsian differential operators with polynomial kernel. Here, we interpret this fact as a separation of variables in the gl_N Gaudin model. Having a Fuchsian differential operator with polynomial kernel, we construct the corresponding eigenvector of the Bethe algebra. It was shown in [MTV4] that the Bethe algebra has simple spectrum if the evaluation parameters of the Gaudin model are generic.…
In this paper, we describe a certain kind of $q$-connections on a projective line, namely $Z$-twisted $(G,q)$-opers with regular singularities using the language of generalized minors. In part one arXiv:2002.07344 we explored the correspondence between these $q$-connections and $QQ$-systems/Bethe Ansatz equations. Here we associate to a $Z$-twisted $(G,q)$-oper a class of meromorphic sections of a $G$-bundle, satisfying certain difference equations, which we refer to as generalized $q$-Wronskians. Among other things, we show that the $QQ$-systems and their extensions emerge as the relations be…
The Gaudin model based on the sl_2-invariant r-matrix with an extra Jordanian term depending on the spectral parameters is considered. The appropriate creation operators defining the Bethe states of the system are constructed through a recurrence relation. The commutation relations between the generating function t(λ) of the integrals of motion and the creation operators are calculated and therefore the algebraic Bethe Ansatz is fully implemented. The energy spectrum as well as the corresponding Bethe equations of the system coincide with the ones of the sl_2-invariant Gaudin model. As opposed…
We propose a new approach to the spinor-spinor R-matrix with orthogonal and symplectic symmetry. Based on this approach and the fusion method we relate the spinor-vector and vector-vector monodromy matrices for quantum spin chains. We consider the explicit spinor R matrices of low rank orthogonal algebras and the corresponding RTT algebras. Coincidences with fundamental R matrices allow to relate the Algebraic Bethe Ansatz for spinor and vector monodromy matrices.
We show that the following two algebras are isomorphic. The first is the algebra $A_P$ of functions on the scheme of monic linear second-order differential operators on $\C$ with prescribed regular singular points at $z_1,..., z_n, \infty$, prescribed exponents $\La^{(1)}, ..., \La^{(n)}, \La^{(\infty)}$ at the singular points, and having the kernel consisting of polynomials only. The second is the Bethe algebra of commuting linear operators, acting on the vector space $\Sing L_{\La^{(1)}} \otimes ... \otimes L_{\La^{(n)}}[\La^{(\infty)}]$ of singular vectors of weight $\La^{(\infty)}$ in the …
The eigenvectors of the osp(1|2) invariant Gaudin hamiltonians are found using explicitly constructed creation operators. Commutation relations between the creation operators and the generators of the loop superalgebra are calculated. The coordinate representation of the Bethe states is presented. The relation between the Bethe vectors and solutions to the Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation yields the norm of the eigenvectors.
A Dirac operator D on quantized irreducible generalized flag manifolds is defined. This yields a Hilbert space realization of the covariant first-order differential calculi constructed by I. Heckenberger and S. Kolb. All differentials df=i[D,f] are bounded operators. In the simplest case of Podles' quantum sphere one obtains the spectral triple found by L. Dabrowski and A. Sitarz.
In this article we have discovered a close relationship between the (algebraic) Bethe Ansatz equations of the spin $s$ XXZ model of a finite size and the $q$-Sturm-Liouville problem. We have demonstrated that solutions of the Bethe Ansatz equations give rise to the polynomial solutions of a second order $q$-difference equation in terms of Askey-Wilson operator. The more general form of Bethe Ansatz equations and the mathematical problems relevant to the physics of XXZ model are discussed. Furthermore, the similar correspondence between Bethe Ansatz equations of XXX model and the Sturm-Liouvill…
The quantized flag manifold, which is a $q$-analogue of the ordinary flag manifold, is realized as a non-commutative scheme, and we can define the category of $D$-modules on it using the framework of non-commutative algebraic geometry; however, when the parameter $q$ is a root of unity, Lusztig's Frobenius morphism allows us to handle $D$-modules on the quantized flag manifold through modules over a certain sheaf of rings on the ordinary flag manifold. In this paper we will show that this sheaf of rings on the ordinary flag manifold is an Azumaya algebra over its center. We also show that its …
The eigenvalues of the elliptic N-body Ruijsenaars operator are obtained by a dynamical version of the algebraic nested Bethe ansatz method. We use a result of Felder and Varchenko, who showed how to obtain the Ruijsenaars operator as the transfer matrix of a particular representation of the elliptic quantum group associated to gl(N).
We prove the B. and M. Shapiro conjecture that says that if the Wronskian of a set of polynomials has real roots only, then the complex span of this set of polynomials has a basis consisting of polynomials with real coefficients. This in particular implies the following result: If all ramification points of a parametrized rational curve $ f : CP^1 \to CP^r $ lie on a circle in the Riemann sphere $ CP^1 $, then $f$ maps this circle into a suitable real subspace $ RP^r \subset CP^r $. The proof is based on the Bethe ansatz method in the Gaudin model. The key observation is that a symmetric linea…
We define the elliptic quantum group $E_{τ,η}(so_3)$ and the transfer matrix corresponding to its simplest highest weight representation. We use Bethe anstaz method to construct the creation operators as polynomials of the Lax matrix elements expressed through a recurrence relation. We give common eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the family of commuting transfer matrices.
We study solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations of the non-homogeneous periodic XXX model associated to super Yangian $\mathrm Y(\mathfrak{gl}_{m|n})$. To a solution we associate a rational difference operator $\mathcal D$ and a superspace of rational functions $W$. We show that the set of complete factorizations of $\mathcal D$ is in canonical bijection with the variety of superflags in $W$ and that each generic superflag defines a solution of the Bethe ansatz equation. We also give the analogous statements for the quasi-periodic supersymmetric spin chains.
A special case of the geometric Langlands correspondence is given by the relationship between solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations for the Gaudin model and opers - connections on the projective line with extra structure. In this paper, we describe a deformation of this correspondence for $SL(N)$. We introduce a difference equation version of opers called $q$-opers and prove a $q$-Langlands correspondence between nondegenerate solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations for the XXZ model and nondegenerate twisted $q$-opers with regular singularities on the projective line. We show that the quant…
We propose a generalization of the algebraic Bethe ansatz to obtain the eigenvectors of the Heisenberg spin chain with general boundaries associated to the eigenvalues and the Bethe equations found recently by Cao et al. The ansatz takes the usual form of a product of operators acting on a particular vector except that the number of operators is equal to the length of the chain. We prove this result for the chains with small length. We obtain also an off-shell equation (i.e. satisfied without the Bethe equations) formally similar to the ones obtained in the periodic case or with diagonal bound…
Let $(\otimes_{j=1}^nV_j)[0]$ be the zero weight subspace of a tensor product of finite-dimensional irreducible $\frak{sl}_2$-modules. The dynamical elliptic Bethe algebra is a commutative algebra of differential operators acting on $(\otimes_{j=1}^nV_j)[0]$-valued functions on the Cartan subalgebra of $\frak{sl}_2$. The algebra is generated by values of the coefficient $S_2(x)$ of a certain differential operator $D=(d/dx)^2+S_2(x)$, defined to V. Rubtsov, A. Silantyev, D. Talalaev in 2009. We express $S_2(x)$ in terms of the KZB operators introduced by G. Felder and C. Wieszerkowski in 1994. …
The quantum version of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolution is used to construct a Dolbeault-Dirac operator on the anti-holomorphic forms of the Heckenberger-Kolb calculus for the $B_2$-irreducible quantum flag manifold. The spectrum and the multiplicities of the eigenvalues of the Dolbeault-Dirac operator are computed. It is shown that this construction yields an equivariant, even, $0^+$-summable spectral triple.
Recently a new class of quantum integrable models, the cyclotomic Gaudin models, were described in arXiv:1409.6937, arXiv:1410.7664. Motivated by these, we identify a class of affine hyperplane arrangements that we call cyclotomic discriminantal arrangements. We establish correspondences between the flag and Aomoto complexes of such arrangements and chain complexes for nilpotent subalgebras of Kac-Moody type Lie algebras with diagram automorphisms. As a byproduct, we show that the Bethe vectors of cyclotomic Gaudin models associated to diagram automorphisms are nonzero.
The generating function for elements of the Bethe subalgebra of Hecke algebra is constructed as Sklyanin's transfer-matrix operator for Hecke chain. We show that in a special classical limit q -> 1 the Hamiltonians of the Gaudin model can be derived from the transfer-matrix operator of Hecke chain. We consruct a non-local analogue of the Gaudin Hamiltonians for the case of Hecke algebras.
We study solutions of the Bethe Ansatz equation related to the trigonometric Gaudin model associated to a simple Lie algebra g and a tensor product of irreducible finite-dimensional representations. Having one solution, we describe a construction of new solutions. The collection of all solutions obtained from a given one is called a population. We show that the Weyl group of g acts on the points of a population freely and transitively (under certain conditions). To a solution of the Bethe Ansatz equation, one assigns a common eigenvector (called the Bethe vector) of the trigonometric Gaudin op…
We describe a reproduction procedure which, given a solution of the $\mathfrak{gl}_{M|N}$ Gaudin Bethe ansatz equation associated to a tensor product of polynomial modules, produces a family $P$ of other solutions called the population. To a population we associate a rational pseudodifferential operator $R$ and a superspace $W$ of rational functions. We show that if at least one module is typical then the population $P$ is canonically identified with the set of minimal factorizations of $R$ and with the space of full superflags in $W$. We conjecture that the singular eigenvectors (up to rescal…
A lattice regularized Lax operator for the nonultralocal modified Korteweg de Vries (mKdV) equation is proposed at the quantum level with the basic operators satisfying a $q$-deformed braided algebra. Finding further the associated quantum $R$ and $Z$-matrices the exact integrability of the model is proved through the braided quantum Yang--Baxter equation, a suitably generalized equation for the nonultralocal models. Using the algebraic Bethe ansatz the eigenvalue problem of the quantum mKdV model is exactly solved and its connection with the spin-$\ha$ XXZ chain is established, facilitating t…
We show that tensoring the Laplace and Dolbeault-Dirac operators of a Kähler structure (with closed integral) by a negative Hermitian holomorphic module, produces operators with spectral gaps around zero. The proof is based on the recently established Akizuki-Nakano identity of a noncommutative Kähler structure. This general framework is then applied to the Heckenberger-Kolb calculi of the irreducible quantum flag manifolds, and it is shown that twisting their Dirac and Laplace operators by negative line bundles produces a spectral gap, for q sufficiently close to 1. The main technical challen…
Consider a tensor product of finite-dimensional irreducible gl_{N+1}-modules and its decomposition into irreducible modules. The gl_{N+1} Gaudin model assigns to each multiplicity space of that decomposition a commutative (Bethe) algebra of linear operators acting on the multiplicity space. The Bethe ansatz method is a method to find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the Bethe algebra. One starts with a critical point of a suitable (master) function and constructs an eigenvector of the Bethe algebra. In this paper we consider the algebra of functions on the critical set of the associated master …
We give an integral representation for solutions of the elliptic quantum Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov-Bernard difference equations, in the case of sl(2). The result is based on a geometric construction of highest weight representations of the elliptic quantum group associated to sl(2). We also obtain Bethe ansatz eigenfunctions for the corresponding integrable systems of difference operators, and prove their completeness in some cases.
To each representation of the elliptic quantum group $E_{τ,η}(sl_2)$ is associated a family of commuting transfer matrices. We give common eigenvectors by a version of the algebraic Bethe ansatz method. Special cases of this construction give eigenvectors for IRF models, for the eight-vertex model and for the two-body Ruijsenaars operator. The latter is a $q$-deformation of Hermite's solution of the Lamé equation.
We establish the method of Bethe ansatz for the XXZ type model obtained from the R-matrix associated to quantum toroidal gl(1). We do that by using shuffle realizations of the modules and by showing that the Hamiltonian of the model is obtained from a simple multiplication operator by taking an appropriate quotient. We expect this approach to be applicable to a wide variety of models.
We introduce and study a category $\text{Fin}$ of modules of the Borel subalgebra of a quantum affine algebra $U_q\mathfrak{g}$, where the commutative algebra of Drinfeld generators $h_{i,r}$, corresponding to Cartan currents, has finitely many characteristic values. This category is a natural extension of the category of finite-dimensional $U_q\mathfrak{g}$ modules. In particular, we classify the irreducible objects, discuss their properties, and describe the combinatorics of the q-characters. We study transfer matrices corresponding to modules in $\text{Fin}$. Among them we find the Baxter $…
We implement the Bethe anstaz method for the elliptic quantum group $E_{τ,η}(A_2^{(2)})$. The Bethe creation operators are constructed as polynomials of the Lax matrix elements expressed through a recurrence relation. We also give the eigenvalues of the family of commuting transfer matrices defined in the tensor product of fundamental representations.
We consider the gl_N Gaudin model of a tensor power of the standard vector representation. The geometric Langlands correspondence in the Gaudin model relates the Bethe algebra of the commuting Gaudin Hamiltonians and the algebra of functions on a suitable space of N-th order differential operators. In this paper we introduce a third side of the correspondence: the algebra of functions on the critical set of a master function. We construct isomorphisms of the third algebra and the first two. A new object is the Bethe vector averaging maps.
We consider one-dimensional elliptic Ruijsenaars model of type $BC_1$. It is given by a three-term difference Schrödinger operator $L$ containing 8 coupling constants. We show that when all coupling constants are integers, $L$ has meromorphic eigenfunctions expressed by a variant of Bethe ansatz. This result generalizes the Bethe ansatz formulas known in the $A_1$-case.
