For each compact almost Kahler manifold $(X,\om,J)$ and an element A of $H_2(X;Z)$, we describe a closed subspace $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}^0(X,A;J)$ of the moduli space $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}(X,A;J)$ of stable J-holomorphic genus-one maps such that $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}^0(X,A;J)$ contains all stable maps with smooth domains. If $(P^n,\om,J_0)$ is the standard complex projective space, $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}^0(P^n,A;J_0)$ is an irreducible component of $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}(P^n,A;J_0)$. We also show that if an almost complex structure $J$ on $P^n$ is sufficiently close to J_0, the structure of the space $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}^0(P^n,A;J)$ is similar to that of $\ov{\frak M}_{1,k}^0(P^n,A;J_0)$. This paper's compactness and structure theorems lead to new invariants for some symplectic manifolds, which are generalized to arbitrary symplectic manifolds in a separate paper. Relatedly, the smaller moduli space $\ov\M_{1,k}^0(X,A;J)$ is useful for computing the genus-one Gromov-Witten invariants, which arise from the larger moduli space $\ov\M_{1,k}(X,A;J)$.
We prove a compactness result for holomorphic curves with boundary on an immersed Lagrangian submanifold with clean self-intersection. As a consequence, we show that the number of intersections of such holomorphic curves with the self-intersection locus is uniformly bounded in terms of the Hofer energy.
We study the compactness problem for moduli spaces of holomorphic supercurves which, being motivated by supergeometry, are perturbed such as to allow for transversality. We give an explicit construction of limiting objects for sequences of holomorphic supercurves and prove that, in important cases, every such sequence has a convergent subsequence provided that a suitable extension of the classical energy is uniformly bounded. This is a version of Gromov compactness. Finally, we introduce a topology on the moduli spaces enlarged by the limiting objects which makes these spaces compact and metri…
This paper establishes compactness results for the moduli stack of holomorphic curves in suitable exploded manifolds. This result together with the analysis in arXiv:0902.0087 allows the definition of Gromov Witten invariants of these exploded manifolds.
$\mathcal{H}-$holomorphic curves are solutions of a specific modification of the pseudoholomorphic curve equation in symplectizations involving a harmonic $1-$form as perturbation term. In this paper we compactify the moduli space of $\mathcal{H}-$holomorphic curves with a priori bounds on the harmonic $1-$forms.
In this note, genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants are reviewed and then applied in some examples of dimension four and six. It is also proved that the use of genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants in the class of embedded $J$-holomorphic curves to distinguish the deformation types of symplectic structures on a smooth $6$-manifold is restricted in the sense that they can not distinguish the symplectic structures on $X_1\times S^2$ and $X_2\times S^2$ for two minimal, simply connected, symplectic $4$-manifolds $X_1$ and $X_2$ with $b_2^+(X_1)>1$ and $b_2^+(X_2)>1$.
We prove that a sequence of holomorphic discs with totally real boundary conditions has a subsequence that Gromov converges to a stable holomorphic map of genus zero with connected boundary provided that the sequence is bounded and has bounded energy.
The category of exploded torus fibrations is an extension of the category of smooth manifolds in which some adiabatic limits look smooth. (For example, the limits considered in tropical geometry appear smooth, also degenerations corresponding to an algebraic family with normal crossing singularities are smooth.) In this paper we prove a compactness theorem for (pseudo)-holomorphic curves in exploded torus fibrations. In the case of smooth manifolds, this is just a version of Gromov's compactness theorem in a topology strong enough for gluing analysis.
We develop an analytic framework that combines the compactness theory of Gromov for J-holomorphic curves with that of Uhlenbeck for ASD connections. Compactness, regularity and removal of singularity theorems are discussed.
In his 1989 paper, Floer established a connection between holomorphic strips with boundary on a Lagrangian $L$ and a small Hamiltonian push-off $L_{f}$, and gradient flow lines for the function $f$. The present paper studies the compactness theory for holomorphic curves $u_{n}$ whose boundary components lie on Hamiltonian perturbations $L_{n}^{1},\dots,L^{N}_{n}$ of a fixed Lagrangian $L$, where each sequence of nearby Lagrangians $L^{j}_{n}$ converges to $L$ as $n\to\infty$. Generalizing earlier work of Oh, Fukaya, Ekholm, and Zhu, we prove that the limit of a sequence of such holomorphic map…
H-holomorphic maps are a parameter version of J-holomorphic maps into contact manifolds. They have arisen in efforts to prove the existence of higher--genus holomorphic open book decompositions and efforts to prove the existence of finite energy foliations and the Weinstein conjecture, as well as in folded holomorphic maps. For all these applications it is essential to understand the compactness properties of the space of H-holomorphic maps. We prove that the space of H-holomorphic maps with bounded periods into a manifold with stable Hamiltonian structure possesses a natural compactification.…
Using the recent results of Siebert and Tian about the holomorphicity of genus 2 Lefschetz fibrations with irreducible singular fibers, we show that any genus 2 Lefschetz fibration becomes holomorphic after fiber sum with a holomorphic fibration.
Let $(X, ω)$ be a compact symplectic manifold and $L$ be a Lagrangian submanifold. Suppose $(X, L)$ has a Hamiltonian $S^1$ action with moment map $μ$. Take an invariant $ω$-compatible almost complex structure, we consider tuples $(C, P, A, φ)$ where $C$ is a smooth bordered Riemann surface of fixed topological type, $P\to C$ is an $S^1$-principal bundle, $A$ is a connection on $P$ and $φ$ is a section of $P\times_{S^1} X$ satisfying $\ov\partial_A φ=0,\ ι_νF_A+ μ(φ)=c$ with boundary condition $φ(\partial C) \subset P \times_{S^1} L$. Here $F_A$ is the curvature of $A$ and $ν$ is a volume form…
We show that certain naturally arising cones over the main component of a moduli space of $J_0$-holomorphic maps into $P^n$ have a well-defined euler class. We also prove that this is the case if the standard complex structure $J_0$ on $P^n$ is replaced by a nearby almost complex structure $J$. The genus-zero analogue of the cone considered in this paper is always a vector bundle. The genus-zero Gromov-Witten invariant of a projective hypersurface is the euler class of such a vector bundle. As shown in a separate paper, this is also the case for the "genus-one part" of the genus-one GW-invaria…
There are two types of $J$-holomorphic spheres in a symplectic manifold invariant under an anti-symplectic involution: those that have a fixed point locus and those that do not. The former are described by moduli spaces of $J$-holomorphic disks, which are well studied in the literature. In this paper, we first study moduli spaces describing the latter and then combine the two types of moduli spaces to get a well-defined theory of counting real curves of genus 0. We use equivariant localization to show that these invariants (unlike the disk invariants) are essentially the same for the two (stan…
We establish a quantitative version of the Gromov compactness theorem for closed genus 0 pseudoholomorphic curves in the setting of a tamed almost complex manifold with bounded geometry.
We prove that, like the Seiberg-Witten monopole homology, the Heegaard Floer homology for a three-manifold determines its Thurston norm. As a consequence, we show that knot Floer homology detects the genus of a knot. This leads to new proofs of certain results previously obtained using Seiberg-Witten monopole Floer homology (in collaboration with Kronheimer and Mrowka). It also leads to a purely Morse-theoretic interpretation of the genus of a knot. The method of proof shows that the canonical element of Heegaard Floer homology associated to a weakly symplectically fillable contact structure i…
As shown in a previous paper, certain naturally arising cones of holomorphic vector bundle sections over the main component $\ov\M_{1,k}^0(¶,d)$ of the moduli space of stable genus-one holomorphic maps into $¶$ have a well-defined euler class. In this paper, we extend this result to moduli spaces of perturbed, in a restricted way, $J$-holomorphic maps. We show that euler classes of such cones relate the reduced genus-one Gromov-Witten invariants of complete intersections to the corresponding GW-invariants of the ambient projective space. As a consequence, the standard genus-one GW-invariants o…
In this article, we construct the reduced genus-two Gromov-Witten invariants for certain almost Kähler manifold $(X, ω, J)$ such that $J$ is integrable and satisfies some regularity conditions. In particular, the standard projective space $(¶^n, ω_0, J_0)$ of dimension $n \le 7$ satisfies these conditions. This invariant counts the number of simple genus-two $J$-holomorphic curves that satisfy appropriate number of constraints.
We investigate nicely embedded H--holomorphic maps into stable Hamiltonian three--manifolds. In particular we prove that such maps locally foliate and satisfy a no--first--intersection property. Using the compactness results of arXiv:0904.1603 we show that connected components of the space of such maps can be compactified if they contain a global surface of section. As an application we prove that any contact structure on a 3--manifold admits and H--holomorphic open book decomposition. This work is motivated by the program laid out by Abbas, Cieliebak and Hofer to give a proof to the Weinstein…
We define a new family of open Gromov-Witten type invariants based on intersection theory on the moduli space of pseudoholomorphic curves of arbitrary genus with boundary in a Lagrangian submanifold. We assume the Lagrangian submanifold arises as the fixed points of an anti-symplectic involution and has dimension 2 or 3. In the strongly semi-positive genus 0 case, the new invariants coincide with Welschinger's invariant counts of real pseudoholomorphic curves. Furthermore, we calculate the new invariant for the real quintic threefold in genus 0 and degree 1 to be 30.
We prove that, under a suitable degeneration of the metric, instantons converge to holomorphic quilts. To prove the main results, we develop estimates for the Yang-Mills heat flow on surfaces and cobordisms.
This is one in a series of papers devoted to the foundations of Symplectic Field Theory sketched in [Y Eliashberg, A Givental and H Hofer, Introduction to Symplectic Field Theory, Geom. Funct. Anal. Special Volume, Part II (2000) 560--673]. We prove compactness results for moduli spaces of holomorphic curves arising in Symplectic Field Theory. The theorems generalize Gromov's compactness theorem in [M Gromov, Pseudo-holomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds, Invent. Math. 82 (1985) 307--347] as well as compactness theorems in Floer homology theory, [A Floer, The unregularized gradient flow of…
A Kuranishi atlas is a structure used to build a virtual fundamental class on moduli spaces of $J$-holomorphic curves. They were introduced by McDuff and Wehrheim to resolve some of the challenges in this field. This paper completes the construction of genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants using Kuranishi atlases and proves the Gromov-Witten axioms of Kontsevich and Manin. To do so, we introduce the notion of a transverse subatlas, a useful tool for working with Kuranishi atlases.
In a previous paper we described a natural closed subset of the moduli space of stable genus-one J-holomorphic maps into a symplectic manifold X. In this paper we generalize the definition of the main component to moduli spaces of perturbed, in a restricted way, J-holomorphic maps. This generalization implies that the main component, just like the entire moduli space, carries a virtual fundamental class and can be used to define symplectic invariants. These truly genus-one invariants constitute part of the standard genus-one Gromov-Witten invariants, which arise from the entire moduli space. T…
Any smooth, closed oriented 4-manifold has a surface diagram of arbitrarily high genus g>2 that specifies it up to diffeomorphism. The goal of this paper is to prove the following statement: For any smooth, closed oriented 4-manifold M, there is a sequence of weak A-infinity algebras indexed by g, and the homotopy equivalence class of each entry of this sequence is a diffeomorphism invariant of M.
Symplectic Field Theory studies J-holomorphic curves in almost complex manifolds with cylindrical ends. One natural generalization is to replace 'cylindrical' by 'asymptotically cylindrical'. In this article, we generalize the asymptotic results about the behavior of J-holomorphic curves near infinity to the asymptotically cylindrical setting. We also sketch how these asymptotic results allow the main compactness theorems in Symplectic Field Theory proved by Bourgeois, Eliashberg, Hofer, Wysocki and Zehnder to be extended to the asymptotically cylindrical case.
We show how certain stabilizations produce infinitely many closed oriented 4-manifolds which are the total spaces of genus g surface bundles (resp. Lefschetz fibrations) over genus h surfaces and have non-zero signature, but do not admit complex structures with either orientations, for "most" (resp. all) possible values of g at least 3 and h at least 2 (resp. g at least 2 and h non-negative).
In this paper we discuss topological properties of holomorphic Lefschetz pencils on the four-torus. Relying on the theory of moduli spaces of polarized abelian surfaces, we first prove that, under some mild assumption, the (smooth) isomorphism class of a holomorphic Lefschetz pencil on the four-torus is uniquely determined by its genus and divisibility. We then explicitly give a system of vanishing cycles of the genus-3 holomorphic Lefschetz pencil on the four-torus due to Smith, and obtain those of holomorphic pencils with higher genera by taking finite unbranched coverings. One can also obta…
We prove a compactness theorem for holomorphic curves in 4-dimensional symplectizations that have embedded projections to the underlying 3-manifold. It strengthens the cylindrical case of the SFT compactness theorem by using intersection theory to show that degenerations of such sequences never give rise to multiple covers or nodes, so transversality is easily achieved. This has application to the theory of stable finite energy foliations, and also suggests a new approach to defining SFT-type invariants for contact 3-manifolds, or more generally, 3-manifolds with stable Hamiltonian structures.
We prove a version of Gromov's compactness theorem for pseudo-holomorphic curves which holds locally in the target symplectic manifold. This result applies to sequences of curves with an unbounded number of free boundary components, and in families of degenerating target manifolds which have unbounded geometry (e.g. no uniform energy threshold). Core elements of the proof regard curves as submanifolds (rather than maps) and then adapt methods from the theory of minimal surfaces.
We rederive a relation between the genus-one GW-invariants of a quintic threefold in $\Pf$ and the genus-zero and genus-one GW-invariants of $\Pf$. In contrast to the more general derivation in a separate paper, the present derivation relies on a widely believed, but still unproven, statement concerning rigidity of holomorphic curves in Calabi-Yau threefolds. On the other hand, this paper's derivation is more direct and geometric. It requires a bit more effort, but relies on less outside work.
We characterize transversality, non-transversality properties on the moduli space of genus 0 stable maps to a rational projective surface. If a target space is equipped with a real structure, i.e, anti-holomorphic involution, then the results have real enumerative applications. Firstly, we can define a real version of Gromov-Witten invariants. Secondly, we can prove the invariance of Welschinger's invariant in algebraic geometric category.
This article is concerned with the question of whether an energy bound implies a genus bound for pseudo-holomorphic curves in almost complex manifolds. After reviewing what is known in dimensions other than 6, we establish a new result in this direction in dimension 6; in particular, for symplectic Calabi-Yau 6-manifolds. The proof relies on compactness and regularity theorems for J-holomorphic currents.
Motivated by the Atiyah-Floer conjecture, we consider $SO(3)$ Santi-self-dual instantons on the product of the real line and a three-manifold with cylindrical end. We prove a Gromov-Uhlenbeck type compactness theorem, namely, any sequence of such instantons with uniform energy bound has a subsequence converging to a type of singular objects which may have both instanton and holomorphic curve components. This result is the first step towards constructing a natural bounding cochain proposed by Fukaya for the $SO(3)$ Atiyah-Floer conjecture.
