Bassem Ben Hamed, Lubomir Gavrilov
We describe two algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation which are related to (isomonodromic) deformations of Picard-Fuchs equations of order two.
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We will classify all rational transformations which change the confluent hypergeometric equations to linear equations of the Painleve type from the first to the fifth. We show such rational transformations correspond to almost all of algebraic solutions of the Painleve equations from the first to fifth up to the Backlund transformations.
We extend similarity reductions of the coupled (2+1)-dimensional three-wave resonant interaction system to its Lax pair. Thus we obtain new 3x3 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for the third and fifth Painleve' equations, together with the previously known Fuchs--Garnier pair for the fourth and sixth Painleve' equations. These Fuchs--Garnier pairs have an important feature: they are linear with respect to the spectral parameter. Therefore we can apply the Laplace transform to study these pairs. In this way we found reductions of all pairs to the standard 2x2 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs obtained by …
For the Painlevé 6 transcendents, we provide a unitary description of the critical behaviours, the connection formulae, their complete tabulation, and the asymptotic distribution of the poles close to a critical point.
Following the recent discovery of two new Schlesinger transformations (ST) for the sixth Painlevé equation, we give the interrelations between all the known STs. We thus isolate the unique one which at the same time conserves the independent variable and is not a product of other STs.
It is known, that among the formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation there met series with integer power exponents of the independent variable $x$ with coefficients in form of formal Laurent series (with finite main parts) in $\log^{-1} x$ (complicated expansions), or in $x^{{\rm i}\,θ}$, where ${\rm i}=\sqrt{-1},$ $θ\in\mathbb{R},$ $θ\neq 0$ (exotic expansions). These coefficients can be computed consecutively. Here we research analytic properties of the series, that are the coefficients of the complicated and exotic formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation.
We will study two types of special solutions of the sixth Painleve equation, which are invariant under the symmetries obtained from the Backlund transformations. In most cases, the fixed points of the Backlund transformations are classical solution, but our solutions are not classical for generic parameters. We will calculate the linear monodromy of these solutions exactly, and we will characterize them on Fricke's cubic surface of monodromy.
We introduce a notion of the divisor type for rational functions and show that it can be effectively used for the classification of the deformations of dessins d'enfants related with the construction of the algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation via the method of $RS$-transformations.
We found Fuchs--Garnier pairs in 3X3 matrices for the first and second Painleve' equations which are linear in the spectral parameter. As an application of our pairs for the second Painleve' equation we use the generalized Laplace transform to derive an invertible integral transformation relating two its Fuchs--Garnier pairs in 2X2 matrices with different singularity structures, namely, the pair due to Jimbo and Miwa and the one found by Harnad, Tracy, and Widom. Together with the certain other transformations it allows us to relate all known 2X2 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for the second Pain…
The third, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations are studied by means of the weighted projective spaces ${\mathbb C}P^3(p,q,r,s)$ with suitable weights $(p,q,r,s)$ determined by the Newton polyhedrons of the equations. Singular normal forms of the equations, symplectic atlases of the spaces of initial conditions, Riccati solutions and Boutroux's coordinates are systematically studied in a unified way with the aid of the orbifold structure of ${\mathbb C}P^3(p,q,r,s)$ and dynamical systems theory.
A study on the bilinear equation of the sixth Painlevé transcendents
本文研究如何由三个固定奇点附近的局部行为确定非线性微分方程，并通过要求齐次二次四阶方程在各奇点处为 (H) 型，推导出第六 Painlevé 方程。
We study movable singularities of Garnier systems using the connection of the latter with isomonodromic deformations of Fuchsian systems. Questions on the existence of solutions for some inverse monodromy problems are also considered.
In 1991, one of the authors showed the existence of quadratic transformations between the Painleve' VI equations with local monodromy differences $(1/2,a,b,\pm 1/2)$ and $(a,a,b,b)$. In the present paper we give concise forms of these transformations. %, up to fractional-linear transformations. They are related to the %better known quadratic transformations obtained by Manin and Ramani-Grammaticos-Tamizhmani via Okamoto transformations. To avoid cumbersome expressions with differentiation, we use contiguous relations instead of the Okamoto transformations. The 1991 transformation is particular…
We consider connection between the Painleve-6 equation and explicitly uniformizable orbifolds
In this article we consider a first-order completely integrable system of partial differential equations $\partial \Fi/partial x=A(x, t) \Fi, \partial \Fi/partial t=B(x, t) \Fi$ with $\Fi=(\fi_1, \fi_2)^τ$ where $A(x, t)$ and $B(x, t)$ are 2 by 2 holomorphic matrices functions. Under some assumptions we find a variable change by which the system $\partial \Fi/\partial x=A(x, t) \Fi$ is reduced to an equation independent on the variable $t$. As an application we show that the R. Fuchs's conjecture for the Painlevé equations is true for some algebraic solutions.
Several results on Heun's equation are generalized to a certain class of Fuchsian differential equations. Namely, we obtain integral representations of solutions and develop Hermite-Krichever Ansatz on them. In particular, we investigate linear differential equations that produce Painlevé equation by monodromy preserving deformation and obtain solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation which include Hitchin's solution. The relationship with finite-gap potential is also discussed.
We consider an application of Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants to the theory of the sixth Painlevé and Gauss hypergeometric functions: two classical special functions of the isomonodromy type. It is shown that, higher order transformations and the Schwarz table for the Gauss hypergeometric function are closely related with some particular Belyi functions. Moreover, we introduce a notion of deformation of the dessins d'enfants and show that one dimensional deformations are a useful tool for construction of algebraic the sixth Painlevé functions.
We study dynamics of solutions in the initial value space of the sixth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero. Our main results describe the repeller set, show that the number of poles and zeroes of general solutions is unbounded, and that the complex limit set of each solution exists and is compact and connected.
Degeneration from difference to differential Okamoto spaces for the sixth Painlevé equation
本文研究第六 Painlevé 方程的 q-模拟，证明其可由 q-Schlesinger 方程导出并具有 q-Hamiltonian 结构，进而证明 Sakai 的 q-Okamoto 空间在自然极限下退化为微分 Okamoto 空间。
We focus on Fuchsian equations with four accessory parameters and three singular points. We see that the Fuchsian equations admit a "degeneration scheme" in some sense, which is expected to give rise to a degeneration scheme of discrete isomodromic deformation equations with four-dimensional phase space. We compute an example of discrete isomonodromic deformation equations of a certain Fuchsian equation.
We present a constructive procedure to obtain the critical behavior of Painleve' VI transcendents and solve the connection problem. This procedure yields two and one parameter families of solutions, including trigonometric and logarithmic behaviors, and three classes of solutions with Taylor expansion at a critical point.
We derive a $q$-analogue of the matrix sixth Painlevé system via a connection-preserving deformation of a certain Fuchsian linear $q$-difference system. In specifying the linear $q$-difference system, we utilize the correspondence between linear differential systems and linear $q$-difference systems from the viewpoint of the spectral type. The system of non-linear $q$-difference equations thus obtained can also be regarded as a non-abelian analogue of Jimbo-Sakai's $q$-$P_{\mathrm{VI}}$.
We will study special solutions of the fourth, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations with generic values of parameters whose linear monodromy can be calculated explicitly. We will show the relation between Umemura's classical solutions and our solutions.
The higher order Painleve system of type D^{(1)}_{2n+2} was proposed by Y. Sasano as an extension of the sixth Painleve equation for the affine Weyl group symmetry with the aid of algebraic geometry for Okamoto initial value space. In this article, we give it as the monodromy preserving deformation of a Fuchsian system.
We describe all finite orbits of an action of the extended modular group $\barΛ$ on conjugacy classes of SL(2,C)-triples. The result is used to classify all algebraic solutions of the general Painleve VI equation up to parameter equivalence.
We represent and analyze the general solution of the sixth Painleve transcendent in the Picard-Hitchin-Okamoto class in the Painleve form as the logarithmic derivative of the ratio of certain $τ$-functions. These functions are expressible explicitly in terms of the elliptic Legendre integrals and Jacobi $θ$-functions, for which we write the general differentiation rules. We also establish a relation between the P6-equation and the uniformization of algebraic curves and present examples.
We consider a degeneration of the $q$-matrix sixth Painlevé system. As a result, we obtain a system of non-linear $q$-difference equations, which describes a deformation of a certain non-Fuchsian linear $q$-difference system. We define the spectral type for non-Fuchsian $q$-difference systems and characterize the associated linear problem in terms of the spectral type. We also consider a continuous limit of the non-linear $q$-difference system and show that the resulting system of non-linear differential equations coincides with the matrix fifth Painlevé system.
Several results including integral representation of solutions and Hermite-Krichever Ansatz on Heun's equation are generalized to a certain class of Fuchsian differential equations, and they are applied to equations which are related with physics. We investigate linear differential equations that produce Painlevé equation by monodromy preserving deformation and obtain solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation which include Hitchin's solution. The relationship with finite-gap potential is also discussed. We find new finite-gap potentials. Namely, we show that the potential which is written as th…
We will explain how some new algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve equation arise from complex reflection groups, thereby extending some results of Hitchin and Dubrovin-Mazzocco for real reflection groups. The problem of finding explicit formulae for these solutions will be addressed elsewhere.
We exhibit a remarkable connection between sixth equation of Painleve list and infinite families of explicitly uniformizable algebraic curves. Fuchsian equations, congruences for group transformations, differential calculus of functions and differentials on corresponding Riemann surfaces, Abelian integrals, analytic connections (generalizations of Chazy's equations), and other attributes of uniformization can be obtained for these curves. As byproducts of the theory, we establish relations between Picard-Hitchin's curves, hyperelliptic curves, punctured tori, Heun's equations, and the famous d…
Algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve equation can be computed using pullback transformations of hypergeometric equations with respect to specially ramified rational coverings. In particular, as was noticed by the second author and Doran, some algebraic solutions can be constructed from a rational covering alone, without computation of the pullbacked Fuchsian equation. But the same covering can be used to pullback different hypergeometric equations, resulting in different algebraic Painleve VI solutions. This paper presents computations of explicit RS-pullback transformations, and derivati…
The critical behavior of a three real parameter class of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation is computed, and parametrized in terms of monodromy data of the associated $2\times 2$ matrix linear Fuchsian system of ODE. The class may contain solutions with poles accumulating at the critical point. The study of this class closes a gap in the description of the transcendents in one to one correspondence with the monodromy data. These transcendents are reviewed in the paper. Some formulas that relate the monodromy data to the critical behaviors of the four real (two complex) parameter class of…
We investigate the recurrence coefficients of discrete orthogonal polynomials on the non-negative integers with hypergeometric weights and show that they satisfy a system of non-linear difference equations and a non-linear second order differential equation in one of the parameters of the weights. The non-linear difference equations form a pair of discrete Painlevé equations and the differential equation is the $σ$-form of the sixth Painlevé equation. We briefly investigate the asymptotic behavior of the recurrence coefficients as $n\to \infty$ using the discrete Painlevé equations.
We relate two parameter solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation and finite-gap solutions of the Heun equation by considering monodromy on a certain class of Fuchsian differential equations. In the appendix, we present formulae on differentials of elliptic modular functions, and obtain the ellitic form of the sixth Painlevé equation directly.
The paper concerns asymptotic studies for the sixth Painlevé transcendent as independent variable tends to infinity. The primary tool is averaging and the Whitham method. Elliptic ansatz, appropriate modulation equation and asymptotics for some partial solution to PVI are found.
The problem of Painleve classification of ordinary differential equations lasting since the end of XIX century saw significant advances for the limited equation order, however not that much for the equations of higher orders. In this work we propose the complete Painleve classification for ordinary differential equations of the arbitrary order with right-hand side being a quadratic form on the dependent variable and all of its derivatives. The total of seven classes of the equations with Painleve property have been found. Five of them having the order up to four are already known. Sixth one of…
The article studies the Fifth Painlevé equation and of the nonlinear Stokes phenomenon at its irregular singularity at infinity from the point of view of confluence from the Sixth Painlevé equation. This approach is developped separately on both sides of the Riemann-Hilbert correspondance. On the side of the nonlinear Painlevé-Okamoto foliation the relation between the nonlinear monodromy group of Painlevé VI and the "nonlinear wild monodromy pseudogroup" of Painlevé V (that is the pseudogroup generated by nonlinear monodromy, nonlinear Stokes operators and nonlinear exponential torus) is expl…
Four 4-dimensional Painlevé-type equations are obtained by isomonodromic deformation of Fuchsian equations: they are the Garnier system in two variables, the Fuji-Suzuki system, the Sasano system, and the sixth matrix Painlevé system. Degenerating these four source equations, we systematically obtained other 4-dimensional Painlevé-type equations. If we only consider Painlevé-type equations whose associated linear equations are of unramified type, there are 22 types of 4-dimensional Painlevé-type equations: 9 of them are partial differential equations, 13 of them are ordinary differential equat…
In families of Painlevé VI differential equations having common algebraic solutions we classify all the members which come from geometry, i.e. the corresponding linear differential equations which are Picard-Fuchs associated to families of algebraic varieties. In our case, we have one family with zero dimensional fibers and all others are families of curves. We use the classification of families of elliptic curves with four singular fibers done by Herfurtner in 1992 and generalize the results of Doran in 2001 and Ben Hamed and Gavrilov in 2005.
A feature of certain ensembles of random matrices is that the corresponding measure is invariant under conjugation by unitary matrices. Study of such ensembles realised by matrices with Gaussian entries leads to statistical quantities related to the eigenspectrum, such as the distribution of the largest eigenvalue, which can be expressed as multidimensional integrals or equivalently as determinants. These distributions are well known to be $τ$-functions for Painlevé systems, allowing for the former to be characterised as the solution of certain nonlinear equations. We consider the random matri…
After recalling some of the geometry of the sixth Painleve equation, we will describe how the Okamoto symmetries arise naturally from symmetries of Schlesinger's equations and summarise the classification of the Platonic Painleve six solutions. A key observation is that Painleve VI governs the isomonodromic deformations of certain Fuchsian systems on rank \emph{three} bundles.
We consider a 3-dimensional Pfaffian system, whose z-component is a differential system with irregular singularity at infinity and Fuchsian at zero. In the first part of the paper, we prove that its Frobenius integrability is equivalent to the sixth Painlevé equation PVI. The coefficients of the system will be explicitly written in terms of the solutions of PVI. In this way, we remake a result of [44, 61]. We then express in terms of the Stokes matrices of the 3x3 irregular system the monodromy invariants p_{jk}=Tr(M_jM_k) of the 2-dimensional isomonodromic Fuchsian system with four singularit…
In a recent work, we proposed the coupled Painlevé VI system with $A^{(1)}_{2n+1}$-symmetry, which is a higher order generalization of the sixth Painlevé equation ($P_{\rm VI}$). In this article, we present its particular solution expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function ${}_{n+1}F_n$. We also discuss a degeneration structure of the Painlevé system derived from the confluence of ${}_{n+1}F_n$.
We announce some results which might bring a new insight into the classification of algebraic solutions to the sixth Painleve equation. The main results consist of the rationality of parameters, trigonometric Diophantine conditions, and what the author calls the Tetrahedral Theorem regarding the absence of algebraic solutions in certain situations. The method is based on fruitful interactions between the moduli theoretical formulation of Painleve VI and dynamics on character varieties via the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence.
Every finite branch solutions to the sixth Painleve equation around a fixed singular point is an algebraic branch solution. In particular a global solution is an algebraic solution if and only if it is finitely many-valued globally. The proof of this result relies on algebraic geometry of Painleve VI, Riemann-Hilbert correspondence, geometry and dynamics on cubic surfaces, resolutions of Kleinian singularities, and power geometry of algebraic differential equations. In the course of the proof we are also able to classify all finite branch solutions up to Backlund transformations.
In literature, it is known that any solution of Painlevé VI equation governs the isomonodromic deformation of a second order linear Fuchsian ODE on $\mathbb{CP}^{1}$. In this paper, we extend this isomonodromy theory on $\mathbb{CP}^{1}$ to the moduli space of elliptic curves by studying the isomonodromic deformation of the generalized Lamé equation. Among other things, we prove that the isomonodromic equation is a new Hamiltonian system, which is equivalent to the elliptic form of Painlevé VI equation for generic parameters. For Painlevé VI equation with some special parameters, the isomonodr…
This is basically the text of a survey talk (entitled 'Painleve, Klein and the icosahedron') given at Hitchin's 60th birthday conference. It discusses the search for and construction of algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve differential equation, which may be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of the Gauss hypergeometric equation. Both algebraic and transcendental methods are used and the story involves affine Weyl groups, braid groups and cubic surfaces. Some emphasis is given to the interpretation of the sixth Painleve equation as the explicit form of the simplest nonabelian Gauss-Manin conn…
The critical and asymptotic behaviors of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation PVI, obtained in the framework of the monodromy preserving deformation method, and their explicit parametrization in terms of monodromy data, are tabulated.
Given the second order scalar Lax pair of the sixth Painlevé equation, we build a generalized heat equation with rational coefficients which does not depend any more on the Painlevé variable. Étant donné la paire de Lax scalaire de la sixième équation de Painlevé, nous donnons une construction directe de l'équation de la chaleur généralisée à coefficients rationnels qui ne dépend plus de la variable de Painlevé.
Schlesinger transformations are algebraic transformations of a Fuchsian system that preserve its monodromy representation and act on the characteristic indices of the system by integral shifts. One of the important reasons to study such transformations is the relationship between Schlesinger transformations and discrete Painlevé equations; this is also the main theme behind our work. We derive \emph{discrete Schlesinger evolution equations} describing discrete dynamical systems generated by elementary Schlesinger transformations and give their discrete Hamiltonian description w.r.t.~the standa…
We construct algebro-geometric upper triangular solutions of rank two Schlesinger systems. Using these solutions we derive two families of solutions to the sixth Painlevé equation with parameters $({1}/{8}, -{1}/{8}, {1}/{8}, {3}/{8})$ expressed in simple forms using periods of differentials on elliptic curves. Similarly for every integer $n$ different from $0$ and $-1$ we obtain one family of solutions to the sixth Painlevé equation with parameters $(\frac{9n^2+12n+4}{8}, -\frac{n^2}{8}, \frac{n^2}{8}, \frac{4-n^2}{8})$.
We present two examples of reductions from the evolution equations describing discrete Schlesinger transformations of Fuchsian systems to difference Painlevé equations: difference Painlevé equation d-$P\left({A}_{2}^{(1)*}\right)$ with the symmetry group ${E}^{(1)}_{6}$ and difference Painlevé equation d-$P\left({A}_{1}^{(1)*}\right)$ with the symmetry group ${E}^{(1)}_{7}$. In both cases we describe in detail how to compute their Okamoto space of the initial conditions and emphasize the role played by geometry in helping us to understand the structure of the reduction, a choice of a good coor…
A local behavior of solutions of the Schlesinger equation is studied. We obtain expansions for this solutions, which converge in some neighborhood of a singular point. As a corollary the similar result for the sixth Painlevé equation was obtained. In our analysis, we use the isomonodromic approach to solve this problem.
The paper is an essentially extended version of the work math.CA/0601371, supplemented with an application. We present new results in the theory of classical $θ$-functions of Jacobi and $σ$-functions of Weierstrass: ordinary differential equations and series expansions. We also give the extension of canonical $θ$-functions and consider an application to the sixth Painlevé equation (P6). Picard--Hitchin's general solution of P6 is represented explicitly in a form of logarithmic derivative of a corresponding $τ$-function (Painlevé's form).
The critical and asymptotic behaviors of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation, an their parametrization in terms of monodromy data, are synthetically reviewed. The explicit formulas are given. This paper has been withdrawn by the author himself, because some improvements are necessary.
We propose a sufficient condition of the convergence of a Dulac series formally satisfying an algebraic ordinary differential equation (ODE). Such formal solutions of algebraic ODEs appear rather often, in particular, the third, fifth, and sixth Painlevé equations possess formal Dulac series solutions, whose convergence follows from the proposed sufficient condition.
We modify the classical Paley-Wiener spaces $PW_x$ of entire functions of finite exponential type at most $x>0$, which are square integrable on the real line, via the additional condition of vanishing at finitely many complex points $z_1, ..., z_n$. We compute the reproducing kernels and relate their variations with respect to $x$ to a Krein differential system, whose coefficient (which we call the $μ$-function) and solutions have determinantal expressions. Arguments specific to the case where the "trivial zeros" $z_1, ..., z_n$ are in arithmetic progression on the imaginary axis allow us to e…
In a recent work difference equations (Laguerre-Freud equations) for the bi-orthogonal polynomials and related quantities corresponding to the weight on the unit circle $ w(z)=\prod^m_{j=1}(z-z_j(t))^{ρ_j} $ were derived.Here it is shown that in the case $ m=3 $ these difference equations, when applied to the calculation of the underlying U(N) average, reduce to a coupled system identifiable with that obtained by Adler and van Moerbeke using methods of the Toeplitz lattice and Virasoro constraints. Moreover it is shown that this coupled system can be reduced to yield the discrete fifth Painlev…
In this paper we present a general scheme for how to relate differential equations for the recurrence coefficients of semi-classical orthogonal polynomials to the Painlevé equations using the geometric framework of the Okamoto Space of Initial Conditions. We demonstrate this procedure in two examples. For semi-classical Laguerre polynomials appearing in \cite{HC17}, we show how the recurrence coefficients are connected to the fourth Painlevé equation. For discrete orthogonal polynomials associated with the hypergeometric weight appearing in \cite{FVA18} we discuss the relation of the recurrenc…
We describe the close connection between the linear system for the sixth Painlevé equation and the general Heun equation, formulate the Riemann-Hilbert problem for the Heun functions and show how, in the case of reducible monodromy, the Riemann-Hilbert formalism can be used to construct explicit polynomial solutions of the Heun equation.
The theory of orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle is developed for a general class of weights leading to systems of recurrence relations and derivatives of the polynomials and their associated functions, and to functional-difference equations of certain coefficient functions appearing in the theory. A natural formulation of the Riemann-Hilbert problem is presented which has as its solution the above system of orthogonal polynomials and associated functions. In particular for the case of regular semi-classical weights on the unit circle $ w(z) = \prod^m_{j=1}(z-z_j(t))^{ρ_j} $, consisting…
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