V. L. Vereschagin
The paper concerns asymptotic studies for the sixth Painlevé transcendent as independent variable tends to infinity. The primary tool is averaging and the Whitham method. Elliptic ansatz, appropriate modulation equation and asymptotics for some partial solution to PVI are found.
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When the independent variable is close to a critical point, it is shown that PVI can be asymptotically reduced to PIII. In this way, it is possible to compute the leading term of the critical behaviors of PVI transcendents starting from the behaviors of PIII transcendents.
In this paper we present a family of values of the parameters of the third Painlevé equation such that Puiseux series formally satisfying this equation -- considered as series of $z^{2/3}$ -- are series of exact Gevrey order one. We prove the divergence of these series and provide analytic functions which are approximated by them in sectors with the vertices at infinity.
Kapaev's global asymptotics of the fourth Painlevé transcendents. Elliptic asymptotics
本文补全并拓展 Kapaev 关于第四 Painlevé 超越函数的椭圆渐近表示，给出其缺失证明，并得到含修正函数的新结果。
Painlevé Property and Generating Functions for Asymptotics
本文提出利用双变量形式级数分析Painlevé方程的渐近性，重点研究第三退化Painlevé方程的渐近行为。
In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior for large argument of a family of solutions of the Painlevé equation P$_{\rm VI} arising in the context of Random Matrix Theory [1]. We show this family of solutions are uniquely determined by their asymptotic properties.
In this survey, we review asymptotic results of some orthogonal polynomials which are relate to the Painlevé transcendents. They are obtained by applying Deift-Zhou's nonlinear steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems. In the last part of this article, we list several open problems.
It is shown how to calculate asymptotics of integrals over the positive semi-axis of two functions related to the Degenerate Third Painlevé Equation (dP3). As an example, the corresponding results for the meromorphic solution of the dP3 vanishing at the origin are presented.
Explicit error term of the elliptic asymptotics for the first Painlevé transcendents
该研究针对第一Painlevé超越函数的Kitaev椭圆渐近表示，推导给出其显式误差界，得到误差的-1次阶估计，完善了相关渐近分析结果。
We apply the uniform asymptotics method proposed by Bassom, Clarkson, Law and McLeod to a special Painlevé V equation, and we provide a simpler and more rigorous proof of the connection formulas for a special solution of the equation, which have been established earlier by McCoy and Tang via the isomonodromy and WKB methods.
Two error bounds of the elliptic asymptotics for the fifth Painlevé transcendents
本文针对第五Painlevé方程在无穷远点的椭圆渐近展开，给出了误差项的显式渐近公式，并证明了其量级估计，同时推广到拉格朗日修正函数。
On the asymptotics of real solutions for the Painlevé I equation
本文利用 Riemann-Hilbert 方法重新研究实 Painlevé I 超越函数在自变量趋于负无穷时的渐近性，改进振荡型误差估计、给出奇异型精确误差估计，并建立相应 Hamilton 量的渐近性，同时修正文献中两处笔误。
In this paper we obtain large $z$ asymptotic expansions in the complex plane for the tau function corresponding to special function solutions of the Painlevé II differential equation. Using the fact that these tau functions can be written as $n\times n$ Wronskian determinants involving classical Airy functions, we use Heine's formula to rewrite them as $n$-fold integrals, which can be asymptotically approximated using the classical method of steepest descent in the complex plane.
The solutions of the perturbed first Painlevé equation $y"=6y^2-x^μ$, $μ>-4$, are uniquely determined by the free constant $C$ multiplying the exponentially small terms in the complete large $x$ asymptotic expansions. Full details are given, including the nonlinear Stokes phenomenon, and the computation of the relevant Stokes multipliers. We derive asymptotic approximations, depending on $C$, for the locations of the singularities that appear on the boundary of the sectors of validity of these exponentially-improved asymptotic expansions. Several numerical examples illustrate the power of the …
We consider a family of solutions to the Painlevé II equation $$ u''(x)=2u^3(x)+xu(x)-α\qquad \textrm{with } \a \in \mathbb{R} \cut \{0\}, $$ which have infinitely many poles on $(-\infty, 0)$. Using Deift-Zhou nonlinear steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems, we rigorously derive their singular asymptotics as $x \to -\infty$. In the meantime, we extend the existing asymptotic results when $x\to +\infty$ from $\a-\frac{1}{2} \notin \mathbb{Z}$ to any real $\a$. The connection formulas are also obtained.
Elliptic asymptotic behaviour of $q$-Painlevé transcendents
本文研究 $q$-Painlevé 超越函数在 $|q-1|\ll1$ 渐近区域中的椭圆函数极限行为，证明主导阶行为由椭圆函数描述，缓慢调制由完全椭圆积分近似。
It is known, that among the formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation there met series with integer power exponents of the independent variable $x$ with coefficients in form of formal Laurent series (with finite main parts) in $\log^{-1} x$ (complicated expansions), or in $x^{{\rm i}\,θ}$, where ${\rm i}=\sqrt{-1},$ $θ\in\mathbb{R},$ $θ\neq 0$ (exotic expansions). These coefficients can be computed consecutively. Here we research analytic properties of the series, that are the coefficients of the complicated and exotic formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation.
This is the last part of a series of three papers entitled "Four-dimensional Painlevé-type equations associated with ramified linear equations". In this series of papers we aim to construct the complete degeneration scheme of four-dimensional Painlevé-type equations. In the present paper, we consider the degeneration of the Garnier system in two variables and the Fuji-Suzuki system.
We present some observations on the asymptotic behaviour of the coefficients in the Laurent series expansion of solutions of the first Painleve equation. For the general solution, explicit recursive formulae for the Taylor expansion of the tau-function around a zero are given, which are natural extensions of analogous formulae for the elliptic sigma function, as given by Weierstrass. Numerical and exact results on the symmetric solution which is singular at the origin are also presented.
Elliptic asymptotics for the complete third Painlevé transcendents
本文利用线性系统的等单值形变与 WKB 分析，证明完全型第三 Painlevé 方程一般解在无穷远附近沿一般方向具有 Jacobi sn 函数形式的 Boutroux 椭圆渐近表示。
We examine by singularity analysis an equation derived by reduction using Lie point symmetries from the Euler--Bernoulli Beam equation which is the Painlevé--Ince Equation with additional terms. The equation possesses the same leading-order behaviour and resonances as the Painlevé--Ince Equation and has a Right Painlevé Series. However, it has no Left Painlev% é Series. A conjecture for the existence of Left Painlevé Series for ordinary differential equations is given.
We study dynamics of solutions in the initial value space of the sixth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero. Our main results describe the repeller set, show that the number of poles and zeroes of general solutions is unbounded, and that the complex limit set of each solution exists and is compact and connected.
In this paper, we consider the Hankel determinants associated with the singularly perturbed Laguerre weight $w(x)=x^αe^{-x-t/x}$, $x\in (0, \infty)$, $t>0$ and $α>0$. When the matrix size $n\to\infty$, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the Hankel determinants, valid uniformly for $t\in (0, d]$, $d>0$ fixed. A particular Painlevé III transcendent is involved in the approximation, as well as in the large-$n$ asymptotics of the leading coefficients and recurrence coefficients for the corresponding perturbed Laguerre polynomials. The derivation is based on the asymptotic results in an earlier pa…
Full characterisation of Painlevé V asymptotics and nonlinear monodromy-Stokes structure
本文研究了Painlevé 5方程在右半平面无限远处的渐进行为，通过Riemann-Hilbert对应得到所有显式解，并引入非线性单值性-Stokes结构来描述解析延拓。
We study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the generic ($D_6^{(1)}$-type) third Painlevé equation in the space of initial values as the independent variable approaches infinity (or zero) and show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected. Moreover, we prove that any solution with essential singularity at infinity has an infinite number of poles and zeroes, and similarly at the origin.
The classical Painlevé equations are so well known that it may come as a surprise to learn that the asymptotic description of its solutions remains incomplete. The problem lies mainly with the description of families of solutions in the complex domain. Where asymptotic descriptions are known, they are stated in the literature as valid for large connected domains, which include movable poles of families of solutions. However, asymptotic analysis necessarily assumes that the solutions are bounded and so these domains must be punctured at locations corresponding to movable poles, leading to asymp…
Leading terms of asymptotic expansions for the general complex solutions of the fifth Painlevé equation as $t\to\imath\infty$ are found. These asymptotics are parameterized by monodromy data of the associated linear ODE. $$ \frac{d}{dλ}Y= \left(\frac t2σ_3 + \frac{A_0}λ+\frac{A_1}{λ-1}\right)Y. $$ The parametrization allows one to derive connection formulas for the asymptotics. We provide numerical verification of the results. Important special cases of the connection formulas are also considered.
A system of nonlinear differential equations $x^{1+γ}\frac{dY}{dx}= F_0(x)+A(x)Y+F(x,Y)$ is considered. We study more precisely the meaning of asymptotic expansion of transformations and solutions than preceding pioneering works, by using the theory of Borel summable functions in asymptotic analysis, and apply results to Painlevé equations.
On the Riemann-Hilbert approach to asymptotics of tronquée solutions of Painlevé I
本文利用Riemann-Hilbert方法与最速下降法，通过构造含互补误差函数的局部参数化子，给出Painlevé I方程tronquée解超出庞加莱展开的非微扰贡献细节。
We study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the fifth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero and infinity in the space of initial values. We show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected and, moreover, that any solution with the essential singularity at zero has an infinite number of poles and zeroes, and any solution with the essential singularity at infinity has infinite number of poles and takes value $1$ infinitely many times.
In this paper, we study the Darboux equations in both classical and system form, which give the elliptic Painlevé VI equations by the isomonodromy deformation method. Then we establish the full correspondence between the special Darboux equations and the special Painlevé VI equations. Instead of the system form, we especially focus on the Darboux equation in a scalar form, which is the generalization of the classical Lamé equation. We introduce a new infinite series expansion (in terms of the compositions of hypergeometric functions and Jacobi elliptic functions) %around each of the four regul…
Asymptotic and monodromy problems for higher-order Painlevé III equations
本文研究高阶III型Painlevé方程的渐近行为与monodromy变形问题，推导了Stokes矩阵和连接矩阵的显式公式，并应用于$tt^{*}$方程分析。
We study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the fourth Pain\-levé equation as the independent variable goes to infinity in its space of (complex) initial values, which is a generalisation of phase space described by Okamoto. We show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected and, moreover, that any non-special solution has an infinite number of poles and infinite number of zeroes.
We extend the technique of asymptotic series matching to exponential asymptotics expansions (transseries) and show that the extension provides a method of finding singularities of solutions of nonlinear differential equations, using asymptotic information. This transasymptotic matching method is applied to Painlevé's first equation. The solutions of P1 that are bounded in some direction towards infinity can be expressed as series of functions, obtained by generalized Borel summation of formal transseries solutions; the series converge in a neighborhood of infinity. We prove (under certain rest…
Trans-Series Asymptotics of Solutions to the Degenerate Painlevé III Equation: A Case Study
本文通过等单值形变形方法，将退化 Painlevé III 方程（DP3E）解的跨级数渐近用相关线性辅助问题的单值性数据参数化，并获得了相关哈密顿量、辅助函数及 sigma 形式解的渐近，同时推导了 DP3E 的李点对称性作用。
The degenerate third Painlevé equation, $u^{\prime \prime} = \frac{(u^{\prime})^{2}}{u} - \frac{u^{\prime}}τ + \frac{1}τ(-8 εu^{2} + 2ab) + \frac{b^{2}}{u}$, where $ε,b \in \mathbb{R}$, and $a \in \mathbb{C}$, and the associated tau-function are studied via the Isomonodromy Deformation Method. Connection formulae for asymptotics of the general as $τ\to \pm 0$ and $\pm i0$ solution and general regular as $τ\to \pm \infty$ and $\pm i \infty$ solution are obtained.
Elliptic asymptotic representation of the fifth Painlevé transcendents
本文通过Jacobi sn函数在类奶酪状带状区域内近似第五型Painlevé超越函数，其椭圆主部依赖于相位移作为单一积分常数，该常数由相关等蒙脱变形的单值数据参数化。
For the Painlevé 6 transcendents, we provide a unitary description of the critical behaviours, the connection formulae, their complete tabulation, and the asymptotic distribution of the poles close to a critical point.
We study the solutions of the second Painlevé equation in the space of initial conditions first constructed by Okamoto, in the limit as the independent variable, x, goes to infinity. Simultaneously, we study solutions of the related equation known as the thirty-fourth Painlevé equation. By considering degenerate cases of the autonomous flow, we recover the known special solutions, which are either rational functions or expressible in terms of Airy functions. We show that the solutions that do not vanish at infinity possess an infinite number of poles. An essential element of our construction i…
The 0-instanton solution of Painlevé I is a sequence $(u_{n,0})$ of complex numbers which appears universally in many enumerative problems in algebraic geometry, graph theory, matrix models and 2-dimensional quantum gravity. The asymptotics of the 0-instanton $(u_{n,0})$ for large $n$ were obtained by the third author using the Riemann-Hilbert approach. For $k=0,1,2,...$, the $k$-instanton solution of Painlevé I is a doubly-indexed sequence $(u_{n,k})$ of complex numbers that satisfies an explicit quadratic non-linear recursion relation. The goal of the paper is three-fold: (a) to compute the …
For a general solution of the degenerate third Painlevé equation we show the Boutroux ansatz near the point at infinity. It admits an asymptotic representation in terms of the Weierstrass pe-function in cheese-like strips along generic directions. The expression is obtained by using isomonodromy deformation of a linear system governed by the degenerate third Painlevé equation.
A perturbation series solution is constructed in terms of Airy functions for a nonlinear two-point boundary-value problem arising in an established model of steady electrodiffusion in one dimension, for two ionic species carrying equal and opposite charges. The solution includes a formal determination of the associated electric field, which is known to satisfy a form of the Painlevé II differential equation. Comparisons with the numerical solution of the boundary-value problem show excellent agreement following termination of the series after a sufficient number of terms, for a much wider rang…
The non-linear steepest descent approach to the singular asymptotics of the sinh-Gordon reduction of the Painlevé III equation
受tt*-Toda方程最简单情形启发，研究人员采用非线性最速下降法，通过Riemann-Hilbert问题的单值化数据参数化解，得到sinh-Gordon型Painlevé III（$D_6$）方程实解在原点与无穷远行为的连接公式。
It is known that all $τ$ functions of the Painlevé equations satisfy the fourth-order quadratic differential equation. Among them, for the III, V, and VI equations, it is possible to express the formal series solutions explicitly by using combinatorics. In this paper, we show the convergence of the formal series, including the solutions of more general equations. And by the absolute convergence of $τ$ series, the convergence of the conformal block function ($c=1$) also follows since it is a partial sum of the $τ$ series. We also characterized the form of a homogeneous quadratic equation with a…
We study expectations of powers and correlation functions for characteristic polynomials of $N \times N$ non-Hermitian random matrices. For the $1$-point and $2$-point correlation function, we obtain several characterizations in terms of Painlevé transcendents, both at finite-$N$ and asymptotically as $N \to \infty$. In the asymptotic analysis, two regimes of interest are distinguished: boundary asymptotics where parameters of the correlation function can touch the boundary of the limiting eigenvalue support and bulk asymptotics where they are strictly inside the support. For the complex Ginib…
As a new application of the method of "uniform asymptotics" proposed by Bassom, Clarkson, Law and McLeod, we provide a simpler and more rigorous proof of the connection formulas of some special solutions of the fifth Painlevé equation, which have been established earlier by Andreev and Kitaev.
Classification of the real Painlevé I transcendents by zeros and connection problem: an asymptotic study
本文利用复 WKB 方法推导 Painlevé I 方程 Stokes 乘子的完整渐近展开，据此对实解按零点行为分类，并解决负向渐近与正零点位置之间的连接问题，从而在 $(r,b)$ 平面中建立精确相图。
Numerical Approach to Painlevé Transcendents on Unbounded Domains
本文提出一种多域谱方法，用于研究无界域上偏微分方程的解，通过渐近级数近似解，无需在有限点截断级数。
Full Asymptotic Expansion of Monodromy Data for the First Painlevé Transcendent: Applications to Connection Problems
本文通过改进复 WKB 方法，严格证明了第一类 Painlevé 超越函数在连接问题中单值数据的完全渐近展开，并给出了非线性特征值及极点参数的完整展开。
In this paper, we present new, unstable solutions, which we call quicksilver solutions, of a $q$-difference Painlevé equation in the limit as the independent variable approaches infinity. The specific equation we consider in this paper is a discrete version of the first Painlevé equation ($q\Pon$), whose phase space (space of initial values) is a rational surface of type $A_7^{(1)}$. We describe four families of almost stationary behaviours, but focus on the most complicated case, which is the vanishing solution. We derive this solution's formal power series expansion, describe the growth of i…
We establish the existence of real pole-free solutions to all even members of the Painlevé I hierarchy. We also obtain asymptotics for those solutions and describe their relevance in the description of critical asymptotic behavior of solutions to the KdV equation in the small dispersion limit. This was understood in the case of a generic critical point, and we generalize it here to the case of non-generic critical points.
Formal series solutions and the Kovalevskaya exponents of a quasi-homogeneous polynomial system of differential equations are studied by means of a weighted projective space and dynamical systems theory. A necessary and sufficient condition for the series solution to be a convergent Laurent series is given, which improve the well known Painlevé test. In particular, if a given system has the Painlevé property, an algorithm to construct Okamoto's space of initial conditions is given. The space of initial conditions is obtained by weighted blow-ups of the weighted projective space, where the weig…
Asymptotic properties of special function solutions of Painlevé III equation for fixed parameters
本文利用 Bessel 函数的 Toeplitz 行列式表示与多重围道积分，计算了复平面上 Painlevé-III 方程特殊函数解的小 $x$ 和大 $x$ 渐近性质，并指出该表示可用于数值计算。
We prove that there exists the unique odd meromorphic solution of dP3, $u(τ)$ such that $u(0)=0$, and study some of its properties, mainly: the coefficients of its Taylor expansion at the origin and asymptotic behaviour as $τ\to+\infty$.
We consider real-valued solutions $u=u(x|s),x\in\mathbb{R}$ of the second Painlevé equation $u_{xx}=xu+2u^3$ which are parametrized in terms of the monodromy data $s\equiv(s_1,s_2,s_3)\subset\mathbb{C}^3$ of the associated Flaschka-Newell system of rational differential equations. Our analysis describes the transition, as $x\rightarrow-\infty$, between the oscillatory power-like decay asymptotics for $|s_1|<1$ (Ablowitz-Segur) to the power-like growth behavior for $|s_1|=1$ (Hastings-McLeod) and from the latter to the singular oscillatory power-like growth for $|s_1|>1$ (Kapaev). It is shown t…
We consider two special cases of the connection problem for the second Painlevé equation (PII) using the method of uniform asymptotics proposed by Bassom et al.. We give a classification of the real solutions of PII on the negative (positive) real axis with respect to their initial data. By product, a rigorous proof of a property associate with the nonlinear eigenvalue problem of PII on the real axis, recently revealed by Bender and Komijani, is given by deriving the asymptotic behavior of the Stokes multipliers.
We elaborate on a recently conjectured relation of Painlevé transcendents and 2D CFT. General solutions of Painlevé VI, V and III are expressed in terms of $c=1$ conformal blocks and their irregular limits, AGT-related to instanton partition functions in $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetric gauge theories with $N_f=0,1,2,3,4$. Resulting combinatorial series representations of Painlevé functions provide an efficient tool for their numerical computation at finite values of the argument. The series involve sums over bipartitions which in the simplest cases coincide with Gessel expansions of certain Toe…
In this paper, We study the asymptotics of the leading coefficients and the recurrence coefficients for the orthogonal polynomials with repect to the Laguerre weight with singularity of root type and jump type at the soft edge via the Deift-Zhou steepest descent method. The asymptotic formulas of the leading coefficients and the recurrence coefficients for large n are described in terms of a class of analytic solutions to the the σ-form of the Painlevé II equation and the Painlevé XXXIV equation.
We consider a connection problem of the first Painlevé equation ($\mathrm{P_I}$), trying to connect the local behavior (Laurent series) near poles and the asymptotic behavior as the variable $t$ tends to negative infinity for real $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions. We get a classification of the real $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions in terms of $(p,H)$ so that they behave differently at the negative infinity, where $p$ is the location of a pole and $H$ is the free parameter in the Laurent series. Some limiting-form connection formulas of $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions are obtained for large $H$. Specifically, for th…
We obtain the double scaling asymptotic behavior of the recurrence coefficients and the partition function at the critical point of the $N\times N$ Hermitian random matrix model with cubic potential. We prove that the recurrence coefficients admit an asymptotic expansion in powers of $N^{-2/5}$, and in the leading order the asymptotic behavior of the recurrence coefficients is given by a Boutroux tronquée solution to the Painlevé I equation. We also obtain the double scaling limit of the partition function, and we prove that the poles of the tronquée solution are limits of zeros of the partiti…
The Painlevé-III equation with parameters $Θ_0=n+m$ and $Θ_\infty=m-n+1$ has a unique rational solution $u(x)=u_n(x;m)$ with $u_n(\infty;m)=1$ whenever $n\in\mathbb{Z}$. Using a Riemann-Hilbert representation proposed in \cite{BothnerMS18}, we study the asymptotic behavior of $u_n(x;m)$ in the limit $n\to+\infty$ with $m\in\mathbb{C}$ held fixed. We isolate an eye-shaped domain $E$ in the $y=n^{-1}x$ plane that asymptotically confines the poles and zeros of $u_n(x;m)$ for all values of the second parameter $m$. We then show that unless $m$ is a half-integer, the interior of $E$ is filled with …
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