In 1991, one of the authors showed the existence of quadratic transformations between the Painleve' VI equations with local monodromy differences $(1/2,a,b,\pm 1/2)$ and $(a,a,b,b)$. In the present paper we give concise forms of these transformations. %, up to fractional-linear transformations. They are related to the %better known quadratic transformations obtained by Manin and Ramani-Grammaticos-Tamizhmani via Okamoto transformations. To avoid cumbersome expressions with differentiation, we use contiguous relations instead of the Okamoto transformations. The 1991 transformation is particularly important as it can be realized as a quadratic-pull back transformation of isomonodromic Fuchsian equations. The new formulas are illustrated by derivation of explicit expressions for several complicated algebraic Painleve' VI functions.
We describe two algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation which are related to (isomonodromic) deformations of Picard-Fuchs equations of order two.
For the Painlevé 6 transcendents, we provide a unitary description of the critical behaviours, the connection formulae, their complete tabulation, and the asymptotic distribution of the poles close to a critical point.
Following the recent discovery of two new Schlesinger transformations (ST) for the sixth Painlevé equation, we give the interrelations between all the known STs. We thus isolate the unique one which at the same time conserves the independent variable and is not a product of other STs.
It is known, that among the formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation there met series with integer power exponents of the independent variable $x$ with coefficients in form of formal Laurent series (with finite main parts) in $\log^{-1} x$ (complicated expansions), or in $x^{{\rm i}\,θ}$, where ${\rm i}=\sqrt{-1},$ $θ\in\mathbb{R},$ $θ\neq 0$ (exotic expansions). These coefficients can be computed consecutively. Here we research analytic properties of the series, that are the coefficients of the complicated and exotic formal solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation.
We will study two types of special solutions of the sixth Painleve equation, which are invariant under the symmetries obtained from the Backlund transformations. In most cases, the fixed points of the Backlund transformations are classical solution, but our solutions are not classical for generic parameters. We will calculate the linear monodromy of these solutions exactly, and we will characterize them on Fricke's cubic surface of monodromy.
We introduce a notion of the divisor type for rational functions and show that it can be effectively used for the classification of the deformations of dessins d'enfants related with the construction of the algebraic solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation via the method of $RS$-transformations.
The third, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations are studied by means of the weighted projective spaces ${\mathbb C}P^3(p,q,r,s)$ with suitable weights $(p,q,r,s)$ determined by the Newton polyhedrons of the equations. Singular normal forms of the equations, symplectic atlases of the spaces of initial conditions, Riccati solutions and Boutroux's coordinates are systematically studied in a unified way with the aid of the orbifold structure of ${\mathbb C}P^3(p,q,r,s)$ and dynamical systems theory.
We consider an application of Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants to the theory of the sixth Painlevé and Gauss hypergeometric functions: two classical special functions of the isomonodromy type. It is shown that, higher order transformations and the Schwarz table for the Gauss hypergeometric function are closely related with some particular Belyi functions. Moreover, we introduce a notion of deformation of the dessins d'enfants and show that one dimensional deformations are a useful tool for construction of algebraic the sixth Painlevé functions.
We study dynamics of solutions in the initial value space of the sixth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero. Our main results describe the repeller set, show that the number of poles and zeroes of general solutions is unbounded, and that the complex limit set of each solution exists and is compact and connected.
We present a constructive procedure to obtain the critical behavior of Painleve' VI transcendents and solve the connection problem. This procedure yields two and one parameter families of solutions, including trigonometric and logarithmic behaviors, and three classes of solutions with Taylor expansion at a critical point.
We describe all finite orbits of an action of the extended modular group $\barΛ$ on conjugacy classes of SL(2,C)-triples. The result is used to classify all algebraic solutions of the general Painleve VI equation up to parameter equivalence.
We will study special solutions of the fourth, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations with generic values of parameters whose linear monodromy can be calculated explicitly. We will show the relation between Umemura's classical solutions and our solutions.
We represent and analyze the general solution of the sixth Painleve transcendent in the Picard-Hitchin-Okamoto class in the Painleve form as the logarithmic derivative of the ratio of certain $τ$-functions. These functions are expressible explicitly in terms of the elliptic Legendre integrals and Jacobi $θ$-functions, for which we write the general differentiation rules. We also establish a relation between the P6-equation and the uniformization of algebraic curves and present examples.
The higher order Painleve system of type D^{(1)}_{2n+2} was proposed by Y. Sasano as an extension of the sixth Painleve equation for the affine Weyl group symmetry with the aid of algebraic geometry for Okamoto initial value space. In this article, we give it as the monodromy preserving deformation of a Fuchsian system.
We exhibit a remarkable connection between sixth equation of Painleve list and infinite families of explicitly uniformizable algebraic curves. Fuchsian equations, congruences for group transformations, differential calculus of functions and differentials on corresponding Riemann surfaces, Abelian integrals, analytic connections (generalizations of Chazy's equations), and other attributes of uniformization can be obtained for these curves. As byproducts of the theory, we establish relations between Picard-Hitchin's curves, hyperelliptic curves, punctured tori, Heun's equations, and the famous d…
We will explain how some new algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve equation arise from complex reflection groups, thereby extending some results of Hitchin and Dubrovin-Mazzocco for real reflection groups. The problem of finding explicit formulae for these solutions will be addressed elsewhere.
The critical behavior of a three real parameter class of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation is computed, and parametrized in terms of monodromy data of the associated $2\times 2$ matrix linear Fuchsian system of ODE. The class may contain solutions with poles accumulating at the critical point. The study of this class closes a gap in the description of the transcendents in one to one correspondence with the monodromy data. These transcendents are reviewed in the paper. Some formulas that relate the monodromy data to the critical behaviors of the four real (two complex) parameter class of…
Several results including integral representation of solutions and Hermite-Krichever Ansatz on Heun's equation are generalized to a certain class of Fuchsian differential equations, and they are applied to equations which are related with physics. We investigate linear differential equations that produce Painlevé equation by monodromy preserving deformation and obtain solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation which include Hitchin's solution. The relationship with finite-gap potential is also discussed. We find new finite-gap potentials. Namely, we show that the potential which is written as th…
We find a class of solutions of the sixth Painleve' equation appearing in the theory of WDVV equations. This class covers almost all the monodromy data associated to the equation, except one point in the space of the data. We find the critical behavior close to the critical points in terms of two parameters and solve the connection problem. We also study the critical behavior of Painleve' transcendents in the Elliptic representation.
We relate two parameter solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation and finite-gap solutions of the Heun equation by considering monodromy on a certain class of Fuchsian differential equations. In the appendix, we present formulae on differentials of elliptic modular functions, and obtain the ellitic form of the sixth Painlevé equation directly.
We will write down the higher genus algebraic curves supporting icosahedral solutions of the sixth Painleve equation, including the largest (genus seven) curve.
Algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve equation can be computed using pullback transformations of hypergeometric equations with respect to specially ramified rational coverings. In particular, as was noticed by the second author and Doran, some algebraic solutions can be constructed from a rational covering alone, without computation of the pullbacked Fuchsian equation. But the same covering can be used to pullback different hypergeometric equations, resulting in different algebraic Painleve VI solutions. This paper presents computations of explicit RS-pullback transformations, and derivati…
The problem of Painleve classification of ordinary differential equations lasting since the end of XIX century saw significant advances for the limited equation order, however not that much for the equations of higher orders. In this work we propose the complete Painleve classification for ordinary differential equations of the arbitrary order with right-hand side being a quadratic form on the dependent variable and all of its derivatives. The total of seven classes of the equations with Painleve property have been found. Five of them having the order up to four are already known. Sixth one of…
A feature of certain ensembles of random matrices is that the corresponding measure is invariant under conjugation by unitary matrices. Study of such ensembles realised by matrices with Gaussian entries leads to statistical quantities related to the eigenspectrum, such as the distribution of the largest eigenvalue, which can be expressed as multidimensional integrals or equivalently as determinants. These distributions are well known to be $τ$-functions for Painlevé systems, allowing for the former to be characterised as the solution of certain nonlinear equations. We consider the random matri…
We extend similarity reductions of the coupled (2+1)-dimensional three-wave resonant interaction system to its Lax pair. Thus we obtain new 3x3 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs for the third and fifth Painleve' equations, together with the previously known Fuchs--Garnier pair for the fourth and sixth Painleve' equations. These Fuchs--Garnier pairs have an important feature: they are linear with respect to the spectral parameter. Therefore we can apply the Laplace transform to study these pairs. In this way we found reductions of all pairs to the standard 2x2 matrix Fuchs--Garnier pairs obtained by …
We consider a 3-dimensional Pfaffian system, whose z-component is a differential system with irregular singularity at infinity and Fuchsian at zero. In the first part of the paper, we prove that its Frobenius integrability is equivalent to the sixth Painlevé equation PVI. The coefficients of the system will be explicitly written in terms of the solutions of PVI. In this way, we remake a result of [44, 61]. We then express in terms of the Stokes matrices of the 3x3 irregular system the monodromy invariants p_{jk}=Tr(M_jM_k) of the 2-dimensional isomonodromic Fuchsian system with four singularit…
We announce some results which might bring a new insight into the classification of algebraic solutions to the sixth Painleve equation. The main results consist of the rationality of parameters, trigonometric Diophantine conditions, and what the author calls the Tetrahedral Theorem regarding the absence of algebraic solutions in certain situations. The method is based on fruitful interactions between the moduli theoretical formulation of Painleve VI and dynamics on character varieties via the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence.
Every finite branch solutions to the sixth Painleve equation around a fixed singular point is an algebraic branch solution. In particular a global solution is an algebraic solution if and only if it is finitely many-valued globally. The proof of this result relies on algebraic geometry of Painleve VI, Riemann-Hilbert correspondence, geometry and dynamics on cubic surfaces, resolutions of Kleinian singularities, and power geometry of algebraic differential equations. In the course of the proof we are also able to classify all finite branch solutions up to Backlund transformations.
This is basically the text of a survey talk (entitled 'Painleve, Klein and the icosahedron') given at Hitchin's 60th birthday conference. It discusses the search for and construction of algebraic solutions of the sixth Painleve differential equation, which may be viewed as a nonlinear analogue of the Gauss hypergeometric equation. Both algebraic and transcendental methods are used and the story involves affine Weyl groups, braid groups and cubic surfaces. Some emphasis is given to the interpretation of the sixth Painleve equation as the explicit form of the simplest nonabelian Gauss-Manin conn…
The critical and asymptotic behaviors of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation PVI, obtained in the framework of the monodromy preserving deformation method, and their explicit parametrization in terms of monodromy data, are tabulated.
After recalling some of the geometry of the sixth Painleve equation, we will describe how the Okamoto symmetries arise naturally from symmetries of Schlesinger's equations and summarise the classification of the Platonic Painleve six solutions. A key observation is that Painleve VI governs the isomonodromic deformations of certain Fuchsian systems on rank \emph{three} bundles.
It is known that all $τ$ functions of the Painlevé equations satisfy the fourth-order quadratic differential equation. Among them, for the III, V, and VI equations, it is possible to express the formal series solutions explicitly by using combinatorics. In this paper, we show the convergence of the formal series, including the solutions of more general equations. And by the absolute convergence of $τ$ series, the convergence of the conformal block function ($c=1$) also follows since it is a partial sum of the $τ$ series. We also characterized the form of a homogeneous quadratic equation with a…
We construct algebro-geometric upper triangular solutions of rank two Schlesinger systems. Using these solutions we derive two families of solutions to the sixth Painlevé equation with parameters $({1}/{8}, -{1}/{8}, {1}/{8}, {3}/{8})$ expressed in simple forms using periods of differentials on elliptic curves. Similarly for every integer $n$ different from $0$ and $-1$ we obtain one family of solutions to the sixth Painlevé equation with parameters $(\frac{9n^2+12n+4}{8}, -\frac{n^2}{8}, \frac{n^2}{8}, \frac{4-n^2}{8})$.
The paper is an essentially extended version of the work math.CA/0601371, supplemented with an application. We present new results in the theory of classical $θ$-functions of Jacobi and $σ$-functions of Weierstrass: ordinary differential equations and series expansions. We also give the extension of canonical $θ$-functions and consider an application to the sixth Painlevé equation (P6). Picard--Hitchin's general solution of P6 is represented explicitly in a form of logarithmic derivative of a corresponding $τ$-function (Painlevé's form).
The critical and asymptotic behaviors of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation, an their parametrization in terms of monodromy data, are synthetically reviewed. The explicit formulas are given. This paper has been withdrawn by the author himself, because some improvements are necessary.
We propose a sufficient condition of the convergence of a Dulac series formally satisfying an algebraic ordinary differential equation (ODE). Such formal solutions of algebraic ODEs appear rather often, in particular, the third, fifth, and sixth Painlevé equations possess formal Dulac series solutions, whose convergence follows from the proposed sufficient condition.
This article studies a confluence of a pair of regular singular points to an irregular one in a generic family of time-dependent Hamiltonian systems in dimension 2. This is a general setting for the understanding of the degeneration of the sixth Painleve equation to the fifth one. The main result is a theorem of sectoral normalization of the family to an integrable formal normal form, through which is explained the relation between the local monodromy operators at the two regular singularities and the non-linear Stokes phenomenon at the irregular singularity of the limit system. The problem of…
We study factorizations of rational matrix functions with simple poles on the Riemann sphere. For the quadratic case (two poles) we show, using multiplicative representations of such matrix functions, that a good coordinate system on this space is given by a mix of residue eigenvectors of the matrix and its inverse. Our approach is motivated by the theory of discrete isomonodromic transformations and their relationship with difference Painlevé equations. In particular, in these coordinates, basic isomonodromic transformations take the form of the discrete Euler-Lagrange equations. Secondly we …
We show that one of the five cases of a quadratic Hamiltonian, which were recently selected by Sokolov and Wolf who used the Kovalevskaya-Lyapunov test, fails to pass the Painleve test for integrability.
We develop an underlying relationship between the theory of rational approximations and that of isomonodromic deformations. We show that a certain duality in Hermite's two approximation problems for functions leads to the Schlesinger transformations, i.e. transformations of a linear differential equation shifting its characteristic exponents by integers while keeping its monodromy invariant. Since approximants and remainders are described by block-Toeplitzs determinants, one can clearly understand the determinantal structure in isomonodromic deformations. We demonstrate our method in a certain…
It is known that the Fuchsian differential equation which produces the sixth Painlevé equation corresponds to the Fuchsian differential equation with different parameters via Euler's integral transformation, and Heun's equation also corresponds to Heun's equation with different parameters, again via Euler's integral transformation. In this paper we study the correspondences in detail. After investigating correspondences with respect to monodromy, it is demonstrated that the existence of polynomial-type solutions corresponds to apparency (non-branching) of a singularity. For the elliptical repr…
Generalized Darboux-Halphen (gDH) systems, which form a versatile class of three-dimensional homogeneous quadratic differential systems (HQDS's), are introduced. They generalize the Darboux-Halphen (DH) systems considered by other authors, in that any non-DH gDH system is affinely but not projectively covariant. It is shown that the gDH class supports a rich collection of rational solution-preserving maps: morphisms that transform one gDH system to another. The proof relies on a bijection between (i) the solutions with noncoincident components of any `proper' gDH system, and (ii) the solutions…
