Kazuo Kaneko
We will study special solutions of the fourth, fifth and sixth Painlevé equations with generic values of parameters whose linear monodromy can be calculated explicitly. We will show the relation between Umemura's classical solutions and our solutions.
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We offer elementary proofs for fundamental properties of solutions to the homogeneous second Painlevé equation.
We offer elementary proofs for fundamental properties of the unique triple-zero solution to the first Painlevé equation.
We examine the relationship between the homogeneous second Painlevé equation and equation ${\bf XX}$ from the master list recorded by Ince.
In this survey, we review asymptotic results of some orthogonal polynomials which are relate to the Painlevé transcendents. They are obtained by applying Deift-Zhou's nonlinear steepest descent method for Riemann-Hilbert problems. In the last part of this article, we list several open problems.
Kapaev's global asymptotics of the fourth Painlevé transcendents. Elliptic asymptotics
本文补全并拓展 Kapaev 关于第四 Painlevé 超越函数的椭圆渐近表示，给出其缺失证明，并得到含修正函数的新结果。
Explicit error term of the elliptic asymptotics for the first Painlevé transcendents
该研究针对第一Painlevé超越函数的Kitaev椭圆渐近表示，推导给出其显式误差界，得到误差的-1次阶估计，完善了相关渐近分析结果。
For a general solution of the degenerate third Painlevé equation we show the Boutroux ansatz near the point at infinity. It admits an asymptotic representation in terms of the Weierstrass pe-function in cheese-like strips along generic directions. The expression is obtained by using isomonodromy deformation of a linear system governed by the degenerate third Painlevé equation.
The article studies the Fifth Painlevé equation and of the nonlinear Stokes phenomenon at its irregular singularity at infinity from the point of view of confluence from the Sixth Painlevé equation. This approach is developped separately on both sides of the Riemann-Hilbert correspondance. On the side of the nonlinear Painlevé-Okamoto foliation the relation between the nonlinear monodromy group of Painlevé VI and the "nonlinear wild monodromy pseudogroup" of Painlevé V (that is the pseudogroup generated by nonlinear monodromy, nonlinear Stokes operators and nonlinear exponential torus) is expl…
The higher order Painleve system of type D^{(1)}_{2n+2} was proposed by Y. Sasano as an extension of the sixth Painleve equation for the affine Weyl group symmetry with the aid of algebraic geometry for Okamoto initial value space. In this article, we give it as the monodromy preserving deformation of a Fuchsian system.
We will study two types of special solutions of the sixth Painleve equation, which are invariant under the symmetries obtained from the Backlund transformations. In most cases, the fixed points of the Backlund transformations are classical solution, but our solutions are not classical for generic parameters. We will calculate the linear monodromy of these solutions exactly, and we will characterize them on Fricke's cubic surface of monodromy.
Two error bounds of the elliptic asymptotics for the fifth Painlevé transcendents
本文针对第五Painlevé方程在无穷远点的椭圆渐近展开，给出了误差项的显式渐近公式，并证明了其量级估计，同时推广到拉格朗日修正函数。
The WKB theoretic transformation theorem established in [KT2] implies that the first Painleve equation gives a normal form of Painleve equations with a large parameter near a simple P-turning point. In this paper we extend this result and show that the second Painleve equation (PII) and the third Painleve equation (PIII'(D7)) of type D7 give a normal form of Painleve equations on a degenerate P-Stokes segments connecting two different simple P-turning points and on a degenerate P-Stokes segment of loop-type, respectively. That is, any 2-parameter formal solution of a Painleve equation is reduc…
Singularities of the First Painlev{é} Transcendent
研究第一 Painlevé 超越函数的奇点位置和阶数，通过泰勒级数的比率测试方法进行分析，并探讨其在应用中的潜在价值。
When the independent variable is close to a critical point, it is shown that PVI can be asymptotically reduced to PIII. In this way, it is possible to compute the leading term of the critical behaviors of PVI transcendents starting from the behaviors of PIII transcendents.
Full characterisation of Painlevé V asymptotics and nonlinear monodromy-Stokes structure
本文研究了Painlevé 5方程在右半平面无限远处的渐进行为，通过Riemann-Hilbert对应得到所有显式解，并引入非线性单值性-Stokes结构来描述解析延拓。
Elliptic asymptotics for the complete third Painlevé transcendents
本文利用线性系统的等单值形变与 WKB 分析，证明完全型第三 Painlevé 方程一般解在无穷远附近沿一般方向具有 Jacobi sn 函数形式的 Boutroux 椭圆渐近表示。
A study on the bilinear equation of the sixth Painlevé transcendents
本文研究如何由三个固定奇点附近的局部行为确定非线性微分方程，并通过要求齐次二次四阶方程在各奇点处为 (H) 型，推导出第六 Painlevé 方程。
We consider connection between the Painleve-6 equation and explicitly uniformizable orbifolds
In this paper, we study the Painlevé VI equation with parameter $(\frac {9}{8},\frac{-1}{8},\frac{1}{8},\frac{3}{8})$. We prove (i) An explicit formula to count the number of poles of an algebraic solution with the monodromy group $D_{N}$, where $D_{N}$ is the dihedral group of order $2N$. (ii) There are only four solutions without poles in $\mathbb{C}\backslash \left \{ 0,1\right \} $. (iii) If the monodromy group of the associated linear ODE of a solution $λ\left( t\right) $ is unitary, then $λ( t) $ has no poles in $\mathbb{R}% \backslash \{ 0,1\} $.
In this paper, we consider polynomials orthogonal with respect to a varying perturbed Laguerre weight $e^{-n(z-\log z+t/z)}$ for $t<0$ and $z$ on certain contours in the complex plane. When the parameters $n$, $t$ and the degree $k$ are fixed, the Hankel determinant for the singular complex weight is shown to be the isomonodromy $τ$-function of the Painlevé III equation. When the degree $k=n$, $n$ is large and $t$ is close to a critical value, inspired by the study of the Wigner time delay in quantum transport, we show that the double scaling asymptotic behaviors of the recurrence coefficients…
In the work we use integral formulas for calculating the monodromy data for the Painlevé-2 equation. The perturbation theory for the auxiliary linear system is constructed and formulas for the variation of the monodromy data are obtained. We also derive a formula for solving the linearized Painlevé-2 equation based on the Fourier-type integral of the squared solutions of the auxiliary linear system of equations.
We present transformations relating the third transcendent of Painlevé with parameter sets located at the corners of the Weyl chamber for the symmetry group of the system, the affine Weyl group of the root system $ B^{(1)}_2 $, to those at the origin. This transformation entails a scaling of the independent variable, and implies additive identities for the canonical Hamiltonians and product identities for the $τ$-functions with these parameter sets.
For the fifth Painlevé equation, we present families of convergent series solutions near the origin and the corresponding monodromy data for the associated isomonodromy linear system. These solutions are of complex power type, of inverse logarithmic type and of Taylor series type. It is also possible to compute the monodromy data in non-generic cases. Solutions of logarithmic type are derived from those of inverse logarithmic type through a Bäcklund transformation found by Gromak. In a special case the complex power type of solutions have relatively simple oscillatory expressions. For the comp…
The critical and asymptotic behaviors of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation PVI, obtained in the framework of the monodromy preserving deformation method, and their explicit parametrization in terms of monodromy data, are tabulated.
Elliptic asymptotic behaviour of $q$-Painlevé transcendents
本文研究 $q$-Painlevé 超越函数在 $|q-1|\ll1$ 渐近区域中的椭圆函数极限行为，证明主导阶行为由椭圆函数描述，缓慢调制由完全椭圆积分近似。
We prove that if y" = f(y,y',t) is a generic Painleve equation from among the classes II to V then any collection of distinct solutions and their derivatives are algebraically independent over C(t). (Already proved by Nishioka for the single Painleve I equation). For generic Painleve VI we prove a slightly weaker statement.
Asymptotic and monodromy problems for higher-order Painlevé III equations
本文研究高阶III型Painlevé方程的渐近行为与monodromy变形问题，推导了Stokes矩阵和连接矩阵的显式公式，并应用于$tt^{*}$方程分析。
We study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the generic ($D_6^{(1)}$-type) third Painlevé equation in the space of initial values as the independent variable approaches infinity (or zero) and show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected. Moreover, we prove that any solution with essential singularity at infinity has an infinite number of poles and zeroes, and similarly at the origin.
We study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the fifth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero and infinity in the space of initial values. We show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected and, moreover, that any solution with the essential singularity at zero has an infinite number of poles and zeroes, and any solution with the essential singularity at infinity has infinite number of poles and takes value $1$ infinitely many times.
We present some observations on the tau-function for the fourth Painlevé equation. By considering a Hirota bilinear equation of order four for this tau-function, we describe the general form of the Taylor expansion around an arbitrary movable zero. The corresponding Taylor series for the tau-functions of the first and second Painlevé equations, as well as that for the Weierstrass sigma function, arise naturally as special cases, by setting certain parameters to zero.
We study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of the fourth Pain\-levé equation as the independent variable goes to infinity in its space of (complex) initial values, which is a generalisation of phase space described by Okamoto. We show that the limit set of each solution is compact and connected and, moreover, that any non-special solution has an infinite number of poles and infinite number of zeroes.
The probability that an interval $I$ is free of eigenvalues in a matrix ensemble with unitary symmetry is given by a Fredholm determinant. When the weight function in the matrix ensemble is a classical weight function, and the interval $I$ includes an endpoint of the support, Tracy and Widom have given a formalism which gives coupled differential equations for the required probability and some auxilary quantities. We summarize and extend earlier work by expressing the probability and some of the auxilary quantities in terms of Painlevé transcendents.
For the Painlevé 6 transcendents, we provide a unitary description of the critical behaviours, the connection formulae, their complete tabulation, and the asymptotic distribution of the poles close to a critical point.
We represent and analyze the general solution of the sixth Painleve transcendent in the Picard-Hitchin-Okamoto class in the Painleve form as the logarithmic derivative of the ratio of certain $τ$-functions. These functions are expressible explicitly in terms of the elliptic Legendre integrals and Jacobi $θ$-functions, for which we write the general differentiation rules. We also establish a relation between the P6-equation and the uniformization of algebraic curves and present examples.
On the asymptotics of real solutions for the Painlevé I equation
本文利用 Riemann-Hilbert 方法重新研究实 Painlevé I 超越函数在自变量趋于负无穷时的渐近性，改进振荡型误差估计、给出奇异型精确误差估计，并建立相应 Hamilton 量的渐近性，同时修正文献中两处笔误。
Elliptic asymptotic representation of the fifth Painlevé transcendents
本文通过Jacobi sn函数在类奶酪状带状区域内近似第五型Painlevé超越函数，其椭圆主部依赖于相位移作为单一积分常数，该常数由相关等蒙脱变形的单值数据参数化。
Numerical Approach to Painlevé Transcendents on Unbounded Domains
本文提出一种多域谱方法，用于研究无界域上偏微分方程的解，通过渐近级数近似解，无需在有限点截断级数。
Leading terms of asymptotic expansions for the general complex solutions of the fifth Painlevé equation as $t\to\imath\infty$ are found. These asymptotics are parameterized by monodromy data of the associated linear ODE. $$ \frac{d}{dλ}Y= \left(\frac t2σ_3 + \frac{A_0}λ+\frac{A_1}{λ-1}\right)Y. $$ The parametrization allows one to derive connection formulas for the asymptotics. We provide numerical verification of the results. Important special cases of the connection formulas are also considered.
Different linearizations of non-abelian second Painlevé systems and related monodromy surfaces
该研究探讨非阿贝尔第二Painlevé方程不同线性化的关联，列出三类线性化对，提出建立HTW-JM对应关系的方法，推导一种类似物的单值曲面非阿贝尔推广并讨论其泊松结构。
We modify the classical Paley-Wiener spaces $PW_x$ of entire functions of finite exponential type at most $x>0$, which are square integrable on the real line, via the additional condition of vanishing at finitely many complex points $z_1, ..., z_n$. We compute the reproducing kernels and relate their variations with respect to $x$ to a Krein differential system, whose coefficient (which we call the $μ$-function) and solutions have determinantal expressions. Arguments specific to the case where the "trivial zeros" $z_1, ..., z_n$ are in arithmetic progression on the imaginary axis allow us to e…
We study the global analytic properties of the solutions of a particular family of Painleve' VI equations with the parameters $β=γ=0$, $δ={1\over2}$ and $α$ arbitrary. We introduce a class of solutions having critical behaviour of algebraic type, and completely compute the structure of the analytic continuation of these solutions in terms of an auxiliary reflection group in the three dimensional space. The analytic continuation is given in terms of an action of the braid group on the triples of generators of the reflection group. This result is used to classify all the algebraic solutions of o…
The isomonodromy deformation equation for a 2x2 matrix linear ODE with a large parameter can be locally reduced to a (hyper)elliptic equation. To globalize this result, we apply the isomonodromy deformation method and obtain the modulation equations for the asymptotic algebraic curve. The method is applied to the degenerate solution of the Painleve first equation.
Classification of the real Painlevé I transcendents by zeros and connection problem: an asymptotic study
本文利用复 WKB 方法推导 Painlevé I 方程 Stokes 乘子的完整渐近展开，据此对实解按零点行为分类，并解决负向渐近与正零点位置之间的连接问题，从而在 $(r,b)$ 平面中建立精确相图。
Dirac hamiltonian on the Poincare disk in the presence of an Aharonov-Bohm flux and a uniform magnetic field admits a one-parameter family of self-adjoint extensions. We determine the spectrum and calculate the resolvent for each element of this family. Explicit expressions for Green functions are then used to find Fredholm determinant representations for the tau function of the Dirac operator with two branch points on the Poincare disk. Isomonodromic deformation theory for the Dirac equation relates this tau function to a one-parameter class of solutions of the Painleve VI equation with $γ=0$…
A recently formulated conjecture of Gamayun, Iorgov and Lisovyy gives an asymptotic expansion of the Jimbo--Miwa--Ueno isomonodromic $τ$-function for certain Painlevé transcendents. The coefficients in this expansion are given in terms of conformal blocks of a two-dimensional conformal field theory, which can be written as infinite sums over pairs of partitions. In this note a discrete matrix model is proposed on a lattice whose partition function can be used to obtain a multiple integral representation for the length restricted partial sums of the Painlevé conformal blocks. This leads to expr…
We consider a connection problem of the first Painlevé equation ($\mathrm{P_I}$), trying to connect the local behavior (Laurent series) near poles and the asymptotic behavior as the variable $t$ tends to negative infinity for real $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions. We get a classification of the real $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions in terms of $(p,H)$ so that they behave differently at the negative infinity, where $p$ is the location of a pole and $H$ is the free parameter in the Laurent series. Some limiting-form connection formulas of $\mathrm{P_I}$ functions are obtained for large $H$. Specifically, for th…
The Direct Monodromy Problem of Painleve-I
针对 Painlevé 第一方程对应的立方势薛定谔方程，提出一种基于 Nevanlinna 几何理论的新算法以计算其直接单值问题。
This expository article written for the Notices of the American Mathematical Society provides an overview of transcendental functions arising as solutions of the discrete Painlevé equations, for which the developments of the last two decades have been rich and dynamic. These equations arise at the center of many viewpoints: random matrix theory, algebra, algebraic geometry, dynamical systems and the theory of transcendental functions. The purpose of this article is to reveal this confluence and modern perspectives on it.
We show that a 2-parameter family of $τ$-functions for the first Painlevé equation can be constructed by the discrete Fourier transform of the topological recursion partition function for a family of elliptic curves. We also perform an exact WKB theoretic computation of the Stokes multipliers of associated isomonodromy system assuming certain conjectures.
We exhibit a remarkable connection between sixth equation of Painleve list and infinite families of explicitly uniformizable algebraic curves. Fuchsian equations, congruences for group transformations, differential calculus of functions and differentials on corresponding Riemann surfaces, Abelian integrals, analytic connections (generalizations of Chazy's equations), and other attributes of uniformization can be obtained for these curves. As byproducts of the theory, we establish relations between Picard-Hitchin's curves, hyperelliptic curves, punctured tori, Heun's equations, and the famous d…
A new interpretation of Jimbo's formula for Painlevé VI
该研究为Painlevé VI的Jimbo边界条件与单值公式提供新解释，前者对应秩3的Jimbo-Miwa-Mori-Sato方程长时间行为的收缩现象，后者可从非正则奇点的同单值形变角度理解。
We study the monodromy of Painlevé VI equation from a dynamical point of view. This is applied to the description of bounded orbits, and to a proof of the irreducibility of Painlevé VI equation in the sens of Casale and Malgrange. On our way, we compute the entropy of each element of the monodromy group, and we precise the dictionary between character varieties and Painlevé equations.
In this paper, we give a systematic construction of ten isomonodromic families of connections of rank two on $\mathbb{P}^1$ inducing Painlevé equations. The classification of ten families is given by considering the Riemann-Hilbert morphism from a moduli space of connections with certain type of regular and irregular singularities to a corresponding catetorical moduli space of analytic data (i.e., ordinary monodromy, Stokes matrices and links), which is called the monodromy space. Explicit equations of the monodromy spaces for ten families are calculated. Moreover, we obtain natural explicit f…
We study expectations of powers and correlation functions for characteristic polynomials of $N \times N$ non-Hermitian random matrices. For the $1$-point and $2$-point correlation function, we obtain several characterizations in terms of Painlevé transcendents, both at finite-$N$ and asymptotically as $N \to \infty$. In the asymptotic analysis, two regimes of interest are distinguished: boundary asymptotics where parameters of the correlation function can touch the boundary of the limiting eigenvalue support and bulk asymptotics where they are strictly inside the support. For the complex Ginib…
Full Asymptotic Expansion of Monodromy Data for the First Painlevé Transcendent: Applications to Connection Problems
本文通过改进复 WKB 方法，严格证明了第一类 Painlevé 超越函数在连接问题中单值数据的完全渐近展开，并给出了非线性特征值及极点参数的完整展开。
This is a sequel to papers by the last two authors making the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence and isomonodromy explicit. For the degenerate fifth Painlevé equation, the moduli spaces for connections and for monodromy are explicitly computed. It is proven that the extended Riemann-Hilbert morphism is an isomorphism. As a consequence these equations have the Painlevé property and the Okamoto-Painlevé space is identified with a moduli space of connections. Using MAPLE computations, one obtains formulas for the degenerate fifth Painlevé equation, for the Bäcklund transformations.
The goal of this article is to prove that the determinantal formulas of the Painlev'e 2 system identify with the correlation functions computed from the topological recursion on their spectral curve for an arbitrary non-zero monodromy parameter. The result is established for two different Lax pairs associated to the Painlev'e 2 system, namely the Jimbo-Miwa Lax pair and the Harnad-Tracy-Widom Lax pair, whose spectral curves are not connected by any symplectic transformation. We provide a new method to prove the topological type property without using the insertion operators. In the process, ta…
The paper concerns asymptotic studies for the sixth Painlevé transcendent as independent variable tends to infinity. The primary tool is averaging and the Whitham method. Elliptic ansatz, appropriate modulation equation and asymptotics for some partial solution to PVI are found.
On existence and properties of roots of third Painlevé' transcendents
本文研究第三Painlevé超越函数根的性质，通过哈密顿形式转化方程，证明非零点处零值解的存在性与解析性，构造根邻域近似解算法，推导根间及根与极点距离的下界。
For the Schlesinger-type equation related to the fifth Painlevé equation (V) via isomonodromy deformation, we present a three-parameter family of matrix solutions along the imaginary axis near the point at infinity, and also the corresponding monodromy data. Two-parameter solutions of (V) with their monodromy data immediately follow from our results. Under certain conditions, these solutions of (V) admit sequences of zeros and of poles along the imaginary axis. The monodromy data are obtained by matching techniques for a perturbed linear system.
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