On the local geometry of generic submanifolds of C^n and the analytic reflection principle (Part I)

Nowhere minimal CR submanifolds and Levi-flat hypersurfaces

A local uniqueness property of holomorphic functions on real-analytic nowhere minimal CR submanifolds of higher codimension is investigated. A sufficient condition called almost minimality is given and studied. A weaker necessary condition, being contained a possibly singular real-analytic Levi-flat hypersurface is studied and characterized. This question is completely resolved for algebraic submanifolds of codimension 2 and a sufficient condition for noncontainment is given for non algebraic submanifolds. As a consequence, an example of a submanifold of codimension 2, not biholomorphically eq…

Rational dependence of smooth and analytic CR mappings on their jets

We consider CR submersive mappings between generic submanifolds in complex space. We show that, under suitable conditions on the manifolds, there is an integer k such that any jet of the CR mapping at a given point is a rational function of its k-jet at that point. As a consequence, it is shown that the stability group of a (suitably nondegenerate) real-analytic generic submanifold is a real algebraic Lie group. Moreover, it is shown that a formal equivalence between two such real-analytic submanifolds is necessarily convergent.

Equivalences of real submanifolds in complex space

We show that for any real-analytic submanifold M in C^N there is a proper real-analytic subvariety V contained in M such that for any point p in M\V, any real-analytic submanifold M' in C^N, and any point p' in M', the germs of the submanifolds M and M' at p and p' respectively are formally equivalent if and only if they are biholomorphically equivalent. More general results for k-equivalences are also stated and proved.

Étude de la régularité analytique de l'application de réflexion CR formelle (French)

Searching normal forms for real analytic submanifolds of C^n involves convergence problems. In 1983, J.K. Moser and S.M. Webster provided examples of real analytic surfaces in C^2 having an isolated hyperbolic (in the sense of E. Bishop) complex tangency, which are formally but not holomorphically normalizable (because of the presence of small divisors), even if the normal form is itself real analytic or algebraic. On the contrary, it appears that such a nonconvergence phenomenon does not appear for submanifolds of C^n whose CR dimension is locally constant, in view of recent results by S.M. B…

Schwarz Reflection Principle, Boundary Regularity and Compactness for J-Complex Curves

We establish the Schwarz Reflection Principle for $J$-complex discs attached to a real analytic $J$-totally real submanifold of an almost complex manifold with real analytic $J$. We also prove the precise boundary regularity and derive the precise convergence in Gromov compactness theorem in $\calc^{k,α}$-classes.

Algebraicity of local holomorphisms between real-algebraic submanifolds of complex spaces

We prove that a germ of a holomorphic map $f$ between $C^n$ and $C^{n'}$ sending one real-algebraic submanifold $M\subset C^n$ into another $M'\subset C^{n'}$ is algebraic provided $M'$ contains no complex-analytic discs and $M$ is generic and minimal. We also propose an algorithm for finding complex-analytic discs in a real submanifold.

On formal maps between generic submanifolds in complex space

Let H:(M,p)->(M',p') be a formal mapping between two germs of real-analytic generic submanifolds in C^N with nonvanishing Jacobian. Assuming M to be minimal at p and M' holomorphically nondegenerate at p', we prove the convergence of the mapping H. As a consequence, we obtain a new convergence result for arbitrary formal maps between real-analytic hypersurfaces when the target does not contain any holomorphic curve. In the case when both M and M' are hypersurfaces, we also prove the convergence of the associated reflection function when M is assumed to be only minimal. This allows us to derive…

On the local algebraizability of real analytic generic submanifolds of C^n

We prove that the local (pseudo)group of biholomorphisms stabilizing a minimal, finitely nondegenerate real algebraic submanifold in C^n is a real algebraic local Lie group (the works of S.M. Baouendi, P. Ebenfelt, L.-P. Rothschild and D. Zaitsev published in this direction restrict, without understandable reason, to the isotropy group of a fixed central point). We deduce necessary conditions for the local algebraizability of real analytic rigid tubes of arbitrary codimension in C^n. Without using the Elie Cartan equivalence algorithm, we explain the up to now only known example Im w = e^(|z^2…

Dynamics of the Segre varieties of a real submanifold in complex space

Iterated Segre mappings of real analytic generic submanifolds in complex space have been an essential tool in the study of holomorphic, formal, and CR mappings between such manifolds. In this paper we present a theory of iterated Segre mappings for smooth or formal submanifolds. In particular, we characterize finite type in terms of the rank of the iterated Segre mappings. The approach given here is new, simplifies proofs, and extends results previously known for the real analytic case.

Canonical Cartan Connections on Maximally Minimal Generic Submanifolds M^5 in C^4

On a real analytic 5-dimensional CR-generic submanifold M^5 in C^4 of codimension 3, hence of CR dimension 1, which enjoys the generically satisfied nondegeneracy condition that Lie brackets up to length 3 of T^{1,0}M generate CTM, a canonical Cartan connection is constructed after reduction to a certain partially explicit e-structure of the concerned local biholomorphic equivalence problem. More advanced explorations of the incoming differential invariants due to the first and to the third authors already appeared in January 2014, hence the purpose is to show, while studying this specific Cla…

Real submanifolds of maximum complex tangent space at a CR singular point

We study a germ of real analytic $n$-dimensional submanifold of ${\mathbf C}^n$ that has a complex tangent space of maximal dimension at a CR singularity. Under the condition that its complexification admits the maximum number of deck transformations, we study its transformation to a normal form under the action of local (possibly formal) biholomorphisms at the singularity. We first conjugate formally its associated reversible map $σ$ to suitable normal forms and show that all these normal forms can be divergent. If the singularity is {\it abelian}, we show, under some assumptions on the linea…

Real submanifolds of maximum complex tangent space at a CR singular point, I

We study a germ of real analytic n-dimensional submanifold of C n that has a complex tangent space of maximal dimension at a CR singularity. Under some assumptions , we show its equivalence to a normal form under a local biholomorphism at the singularity. We also show that if a real submanifold is formally equivalent to a quadric, it is actually holomorphically equivalent to it, if a small divisors condition is satisfied. Finally, we investigate the existence of a complex submanifold of positive dimension in C n that intersects a real submanifold along two totally and real analytic submanifold…

Codimension two CR singular submanifolds and extensions of CR functions

Let $M \subset {\mathbb{C}}^{n+1}$, $n \geq 2$, be a real codimension two CR singular real-analytic submanifold that is nondegenerate and holomorphically flat. We prove that every real-analytic function on $M$ that is CR outside the CR singularities extends to a holomorphic function in a neighborhood of $M$. Our motivation is to prove the following analogue of the Hartogs-Bochner theorem. Let $Ω\subset {\mathbb{C}}^n \times {\mathbb{R}}$, $n \geq 2$, be a bounded domain with a connected real-analytic boundary such that $\partial Ω$ has only nondegenerate CR singularities. We prove that if $f \…

Normal forms for CR singular codimension two Levi-flat submanifolds

Real-analytic Levi-flat codimension two CR singular submanifolds are a natural generalization to ${\mathbb{C}}^m$, $m > 2$, of Bishop surfaces in ${\mathbb{C}}^2$. Such submanifolds for example arise as zero sets of mixed-holomorphic equations with one variable antiholomorphic. We classify the codimension two Levi-flat CR singular quadrics, and we notice that new types of submanifolds arise in dimension 3 or greater. In fact, the nondegenerate submanifolds, i.e. higher order purturbations of $z_m=\bar{z}_1z_2+\bar{z}_1^2$, have no analogue in dimension 2. We prove that the Levi-foliation exten…

Holomorphic extension of smooth CR-mappings between real-analytic and real-algebraic CR-manifolds

We establish results on holomorphic extension of CR-mappings of class $C^\infty$ between a real-analytic CR-submanifold of $\C^N$ and a real-algebraic CR-submanifold of $\C^{N'}$.

Severi定理的CR奇异类似物

A CR singular analogue of Severi's theorem

该研究针对实解析CR奇异子流形上CR函数一般无法延拓为全纯函数的问题，给出刻画余维2二次CR奇异流形延拓性的条件，推导出一般情形的延拓结果，并应用于子流形展平与二阶分类。

Holomorphic correspondences between CR manifolds

It is proved that a germ of a real analytic CR map from a smooth real-analytic minimal CR manifold M to an essentially finite real-algebraic generic submanifold M' of P^N of the same CR-dimension extends as a holomorphic correspondence along M. Applications are given for pseudoconcave submanifolds of P^N.

Levi-flat hypersurfaces with real analytic boundary

Let $X$ be a Stein manifold of dimension at least 3. Given a compact codimension 2 real analytic submanifold $M$ of $X$, that is the boundary of a compact Levi-flat hypersurface $H$, we study the regularity of $H$. Suppose that the CR singularities of $M$ are an $\mathcal{O}(X)$-convex set. For example, suppose $M$ has only finitely many CR singularities, which is a generic condition. Then $H$ must in fact be a real analytic submanifold. If $M$ is real algebraic, it follows that $H$ is real algebraic and in fact extends past $M$, even near CR singularities. To prove these results we provide tw…

Plurisubharmonic functions and real submanifolds of $\C^n$

We give an estimate for the volume of an analytic variety (or more generally the mass of a positive closed current) close to a real submanifold $M$. Applications are given to the Hausdorff measure of the intersection of the variety with $M$ and the exponential integrability of plurisubharmonic functions on $M$.

Nonalgebraizable real analytic tubes in C^n

We give necessary conditions for certain real analytic tube generic submanifolds in C^n to be locally algebraizable. As an application, we exhibit families of real analytic non locally algebraizable tube generic submanifolds in C^n. During the proof, we show that the local CR automorphism group of a minimal, finitely nondegenerate real algebraic generic submanifold is a real algebraic local Lie group. We may state one of the main results as follows. Let M be a real analytic hypersurface tube in C^n passing through the origin, having a defining equation of the form v = ϕ(y), where (z,w)= (x+iy,…

Projection on Segre varieties and determination of holomorphic mappings between real submanifolds

It is shown that a germ of a holomorphic mapping sending a real-analytic generic submanifold of finite type into another is determined by its projection on the Segre variety of the target manifold. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for a germ of a mapping into the Segre variety of the target manifold to be the projection of a holomorphic mapping sending the source manifold into the target. An application to the biholomorphic equivalence problem is also given.

On real analytic Banach manifolds

Let $X$ be a real Banach space with an unconditional basis (e.g., $X=\ell_2$ Hilbert space), $Ω\subset X$ open, $M\subsetΩ$ a closed split real analytic Banach submanifold of $Ω$, $E\to M$ a real analytic Banach vector bundle, and ${\Cal A}^E\to M$ the sheaf of germs of real analytic sections of $E\to M$. We show that the sheaf cohomology groups $H^q(M,{\Cal A}^E)$ vanish for all $q\ge1$, and there is a real analytic retraction $r:U\to M$ from an open set $U$ with $M\subset U\subsetΩ$ such that $r(x)=x$ for all $x\in M$. Some applications are also given, e.g., we show that any infinite dimensi…

Family of intersecting totally real manifolds of $(\Bbb C^n,0)$ and CR-singularities

The first part of this article is devoted to the study families of totally real intersecting $n$-submanifolds of $(\Bbb C^n,0)$. We give some conditions which allow to straighten holomorphically the family. If this is not possible to do it formally, we construct a germ of complex analytic set at the origin which interesection with the family can be holomorphically staightened. The second part is devoted to the study real analytic $(n+r)$-submanifolds of $(\Bbb C^n,0)$ having a CR-singularity at the origin ($r$ is a nonnegative integer). We consider deformations of quadrics and we define genera…

关于CR奇点的CR像

On CR singular CR images

本文研究CR奇异子流形，定义可去除CR奇点并等价于CR像，探讨扰动稳定性、二次不变量及可去除条件，并证明一个独立价值的引理。

Reflection principle and envelopes of holomorphy

The reflection function of a smooth CR diffeomorphism between two minimal real analytic hypersurfaces is everywhere real analytic.

CR singular images of generic submanifolds under holomorphic maps

The purpose of this paper is to organize some results on the local geometry of CR singular real-analytic manifolds that are images of CR manifolds via a CR map that is a diffeomorphism onto its image. We find a necessary (sufficient in dimension 2) condition for the diffeomorphism to extend to a finite holomorphic map. The multiplicity of this map is a biholomorphic invariant that is precisely the Moser invariant of the image when it is a Bishop surface with vanishing Bishop invariant. In higher dimensions, we study Levi-flat CR singular images and we prove that the set of CR singular points m…

On envelopes of holomorphy of domains covered by Levi-flat hats and the reflection principle

In the present paper, we associate the techniques of the Lewy-Pinchuk reflection principle with the Behnke-Sommer continuity principle. Extending a so-called reflection function to a parameterized congruence of Segre varieties, we are led to studying the envelope of holomorphy of a certain domain covered by a smooth Levi-flat ``hat''. In our main theorem, we show that every C^infty-smooth CR diffeomorphism h: M to M' between two globally minimal real analytic hypersurfaces in C^n (n >1) is real analytic at every point of M if M' is holomorphically nondegenerate. More generally, we establish th…

On non-local reflection for elliptic equations of the second order in R^2 (the Dirichlet condition)

Point-to-point reflection holding for harmonic functions subject to the Dirichlet or Neumann conditions on an analytic curve in the plane almost always fails for solutions to more general elliptic equations. We develop a non-local, point-to-compact set, formula for reflecting a solution of an analytic elliptic partial differential equation across a real-analytic curve on which it satisfies the Dirichlet conditions. We also discuss the special cases when the formula reduces to the point-to-point forms.

Schwarz Reflection Geometry I: Continuous Iteration of Reflection

Differential equations are derived for a continuous limit of iterated Schwarzian reflection of analytic curves, and solutions are interpreted as geodesics in an infinite-dimensional symmetric space geometry.

On peak-interpolation manifolds for A(Ω) for convex domains in C^n

Let Ωbe a bounded, weakly convex domain in C^n, n>1, having real-analytic boundary. A(Ω) is the algebra of all functions holomorphic in Ωand continuous upto the boundary. A submanifold M\subset \partialΩis said to be complex-tangential if T_p(M) lies in the maximal complex subspace of T_p(\partialΩ) for each p \in M. We show that for real-analytic submanifolds M\subset \partialΩ, if M is complex-tangential, then every compact subset of M is a peak-interpolation set for A(Ω).

Symplectic geometry and the uniqueness of Grauert tubes

A compact real analytic Riemannian manifold M admits a canonical complexification with plurisubharmonic exhaustion function satisfying the homogeneous complex Monge-Ampere equation, called a Grauert tube. From the point of view of complex analysis, several authors have considered whether a given complex manifold can arise in more than one way from this construction. We show that given a compact M and a finite exhaustion, the underlying Riemannian structure is unique. The proof uses the technique of holomorphic disks spanning two exact Lagrangian submanifolds of the cotangent bundle of M, and S…

Parametrization of local biholomorphisms of real analytic hypersurfaces

Let $M$ be a real analytic hypersurface in $\bC^N$ which is finitely nondegenerate, a notion that can be viewed as a generalization of Levi nondegenerate, at $p_0\in M$. We show that if $M'$ is another such hypersurface and $p'_0\in M'$, then the set of germs at $p_0$ of biholomorphisms $H$ with $H(M)\subset M'$ and $H(p_0)=p'_0$, equipped with its natural topology, can be naturally embedded as a real analytic submanifold in the complex jet group of $\bC^N$ of the appropriate order. We also show that this submanifold is defined by equations that can be explicitly computed from defining equatio…

CR automorphisms of real analytic manifolds In complex space

In this paper we shall give sufficient conditions for local CR diffeomorphisms between two real analytic submanifolds of $\Bbb C^N$ to be determined by finitely many derivatives at finitely many points. These conditions will also be shown to be necessary in model cases. We shall also show that under the same conditions, the Lie algebra of the infinitesimal CR automorphisms at a point is finite dimensional.

Study of the formal CR reflection mapping

Corollary: Two germs of minimal real analytic CR-generic manifolds are formally equivalent if and only if they are biholomorphic.

Germs of local automorphisms of real-analytic CR structures and analytic dependence on $k$-jets

The topic of the paper is the study of germs of local holomorphisms $f$ between $C^n$ and $C^{n'}$ such that $f(M)\subset M'$ and $df(T^cM)=T^cM'$ for $M\subset C^n$ and $M'\subset C^{n'}$ generic real-analytic CR submanifolds of arbitrary codimensions. It is proved that for $M$ minimal and $M'$ finitely nondegenerate, such germs depend analytically on their jets. As a corollary, an analytic structure on the set of all germs of this type is obtained.

From reflections to elliptic growth

We use reflections involving analytic Dirichlet and Neumann data on a real-analytic curve in order to find a representation of solutions to Cauchy problems for harmonic functions in the plane. We apply this representation for finding solutions to Hele-Shaw problems. We also generalize the results by deriving the corresponding formulae for Helmholtz equation and applying them to elliptic growth.

One sided conformal collars and the reflection principle

If a Jordan curve σ has a one-sided conformal collar with "good" properties, then, using the Reflection principle, we show that any other conformal collar of σ from the same side has the same "good" properties. A particular use of this fact concerns analytic Jordan curves, but in general the Jordan arcs we consider do not have to be analytic. We show that if an one-sided conformal collar bounded by σ is of class A^p, then any other collar bounded by σ and from the same side of σ is of class A^p.

Complex dimensions of real manifolds, attached analytic discs and parametric argument principle

Let $Ω$ be a smooth real analytic submanifold of a complex manifold $X$. We establish and study the link between the following 3 subjects: 1) topological properties of smooth families of attached analytic discs, the manifold $Ω$ admits, 2) lower bounds for dimensions of complex tangent spaces of $Ω$, 3) a generalization of the argument principle for smooth families of holomorphic mappings from the standard complex disc to $X$. In particular, we obtain characterization of complex manifolds and their boundaries in terms of attached analytic discs. The special case when $Ω$ is the graph, leads to…