Substantial progress has been made in recent years on the 2D critical percolation scaling limit and its conformal invariance properties. In particular, chordal SLE6 (the Stochastic Loewner Evolution with parameter k=6) was, in the work of Schramm and of Smirnov, identified as the scaling limit of the critical percolation ``exploration process.'' In this paper we use that and other results to construct what we argue is the full scaling limit of the collection of all closed contours surrounding the critical percolation clusters on the 2D triangular lattice. This random process or gas of continuum nonsimple loops in the plane is constructed inductively by repeated use of chordal SLE6. These loops do not cross but do touch each other -- indeed, any two loops are connected by a finite ``path'' of touching loops.
We postulate the existence of a natural Poissonian marking of the double (touching) points of SLE(6) and hence of the related continuum nonsimple loop process that describes macroscopic cluster boundaries in 2D critical percolation. We explain how these marked loops should yield continuum versions of near-critical percolation, dynamical percolation, minimal spanning trees and related plane filling curves, and invasion percolation. We show that this yields for some of the continuum objects a conformal covariance property that generalizes the conformal invariance of critical systems. It is an op…
We use SLE(6) paths to construct a process of continuum nonsimple loops in the plane and prove that this process coincides with the full continuum scaling limit of 2D critical site percolation on the triangular lattice -- that is, the scaling limit of the set of all interfaces between different clusters. Some properties of the loop process, including conformal invariance, are also proved.
We use SLE(6) paths to construct a process of continuum nonsimple loops in the plane and prove that this process coincides with the full continuum scaling limit of 2D critical site percolation on the triangular lattice -- that is, the scaling limit of the set of all interfaces between different clusters. Some properties of the loop process, including conformal invariance, are also proved. In the main body of the paper these results are proved while assuming, as argued by Schramm and Smirnov, that the percolation exploration path converges in distribution to the trace of chordal SLE(6). Then, i…
It was argued by Schramm and Smirnov that the critical site percolation exploration path on the triangular lattice converges in distribution to the trace of chordal SLE(6). We provide here a detailed proof, which relies on Smirnov's theorem that crossing probabilities have a conformally invariant scaling limit (given by Cardy's formula). The version of convergence to SLE(6) that we prove suffices for the Smirnov-Werner derivation of certain critical percolation crossing exponents and for our analysis of the critical percolation full scaling limit as a process of continuum nonsimple loops.
We analyze the geometry of scaling limits of near-critical 2D percolation, i.e., for $p=p_c+λδ^{1/ν}$, with $ν=4/3$, as the lattice spacing $δ\to 0$. Our proposed framework extends previous analyses for $p=p_c$, based on $SLE_6$. It combines the continuum nonsimple loop process describing the full scaling limit at criticality with a Poissonian process for marking double (touching) points of that (critical) loop process. The double points are exactly the continuum limits of "macroscopically pivotal" lattice sites and the marked ones are those that actually change state as $λ$ varies. This struc…
We study the continuum percolation model, which is defined on $\mathbb{Z}^d\times \mathbb{R}$ so that the connections in the continuous directions are not oriented in time, with quasiperiodically disordered fields. The oriented version of the model is the contact process. We consider intermediate strengths of disorder of the fields and show stretched exponential decay of correlations.
Percolation theory has become a useful tool for the analysis of large-scale wireless networks. We investigate the fundamental problem of characterizing the critical density $λ_c^{(d)}$ for $d$-dimensional Poisson random geometric graphs in continuum percolation theory. By using a probabilistic analysis which incorporates the clustering effect in random geometric graphs, we develop a new class of analytical lower bounds for the critical density $λ_c^{(d)}$ in $d$-dimensional Poisson random geometric graphs. The lower bounds are the tightest known to date. In particular, for the two-dimensional …
Discrete and continuum Liouville first passage percolation (DLFPP, LFPP) are two approximations of the conjectural $γ$-Liouville quantum gravity (LQG) metric, obtained by exponentiating the discrete Gaussian free field (GFF) and the circle average regularization of the continuum GFF respectively. We show that these two models can be coupled so that with high probability distances in these models agree up to $o(1)$ errors in the exponent, and thus have the same distance exponent. Ding and Gwynne (2018) give a formula for the continuum LFPP distance exponent in terms of the $γ$-LQG dimension exp…
Let Z be a so-called well-behaved percolation, i.e. a certain random closed set in the hyperbolic plane, whose law is invariant under all isometries; for example the covered region in a Poisson Boolean model. The Hausdorff-dimension of the set of directions is determined in terms of the $α$-value of Z in which visibility from a fixed point to the ideal boundary of the hyperbolic plane is possible within Z. Moreover, the Hausdorff-dimension of the set of (hyperbolic) lines through a fixed point contained in Z is calculated. Thereby several conjectures raised by Benjamini, Jonasson, Schramm and …
We study continuum percolation on certain negatively dependent point processes on \R^2. Specifically, we study the Ginibre ensemble and the planar Gaussian zero process, which are the two main natural models of translation invariant point processes on the plane exhibiting local repulsion. For the Ginibre ensemble, we establish the uniqueness of infinite cluster in the supercritical phase. For the Gaussian zero process, we establish that a non-trivial critical radius exists, and we prove the uniqueness of infinite cluster in the supercritical regime.
In this paper we introduce and study a higher-dimensional analogue of the giant component in continuum percolation. Using the language of algebraic topology, we define the notion of giant k-dimensional cycles (with 0-cycles being connected components). Considering a continuum percolation model in the flat d-dimensional torus, we show that all the giant k-cycles (k=1,...,d-1) appear in the regime known as the thermodynamic limit. We also prove that the thresholds for the emergence of the giant k-cycles are increasing in k and are tightly related to the critical values in continuum percolation. …
We investigate continuum percolation for Cox point processes, that is, Poisson point processes driven by random intensity measures. First, we derive sufficient conditions for the existence of non-trivial sub- and super-critical percolation regimes based on the notion of stabilization. Second, we give asymptotic expressions for the percolation probability in large-radius, high-density and coupled regimes. In some regimes, we find universality, whereas in others, a sensitive dependence on the underlying random intensity measure survives.
We introduce a continuum percolation model defined on the points of a d-dimensional homogeneous Poisson process. Each Poisson point is connected to all points within its connection range, which depends on the distances to the other Poisson points. We show that the new model exhibits a phase transition, and obtain results about the critical values in low and high dimensions.
The continuum percolation for Markov (or Gibbs) germ-grain models is investigated. The grains are assumed circular with random radii on a compact support. The morphological interaction is the so-called Quermass interaction defined by a linear combination of the classical Minkowski functionals (area, perimeter and Euler-Poincaré characteristic). We show that the percolation occurs for any coefficient of this linear combination and for a large enough activity parameter. An application to the phase transition of the multi-type Quermass model is given.
We consider percolation properties of the Boolean model generated by a Gibbs point process and balls with deterministic radius. We show that for a large class of Gibbs point processes there exists a critical activity, such that percolation occurs a.s. above criticality. For locally stable Gibbs point processes we show a converse result, i.e. they do not percolate a.s. at low activity.
We consider some continuum percolation models. We are mainly interested in giving some sufficient conditions for absence of percolation. We give some general conditions and then focuse on two examples. The first one is a multiscale percolation model based on the Boolean model. It was introduced by Meester and Roy and subsequently studied by Menshikov, Popov and Vachkovskaia. The second one is based on the stable marriage of Poisson and Lebesgue introduced by Hoffman, Holroyd and Peres and whose percolation properties have been studied by Freire, Popov and Vachkovskaia.
In the previous article (S. Matsutani and Y. Shimosako and Y. Wang, Physica A \bf{391} (2012) 5802-5809) we numerically investigated an electric potential problem with high contrast local conductivities ($γ_0$ and $γ_1$, $0<γ_0 \ll γ_1$) for a two-dimensional continuum percolation model (CPM). As numerical results, we showed there that the equipotential curves exhibit the fractal structure around the threshold $p_c$ and gave an approximated curve representing a relation between the homogenized conductivity and the volume fraction $p$ over $[p_c,1]$. In this article, using the duality of the co…
The study of real-life network modeling has become very popular in recent years. An attractive model is the scale-free percolation model on the lattice $\mathbb{Z}^d$, $d\ge1$, because it fulfills several stylized facts observed in large real-life networks. We adopt this model to continuum space which leads to a heterogeneous random-connection model on $\mathbb{R}^d$: particles are generated by a homogeneous marked Poisson point process on $\mathbb{R}^d$, and the probability of an edge between two particles is determined by their marks and their distance. In this model we study several propert…
We study the problem of continuum percolation in infinite volume Gibbs measures for particles with an attractive pair potential, with a focus on low temperatures (large $β$). The main results are bounds on percolation thresholds $ρ_\pm(β)$ in terms of the density rather than the chemical potential or activity. In addition, we prove a variational formula for a large deviations rate function for cluster size distributions. This formula establishes a link with the Gibbs variational principle and a form of equivalence of ensembles, and allows us to combine knowledge on finite volume, canonical Gib…
We consider the Poisson Boolean model of continuum percolation. We show that there is a subcritical phase if and only if $E(R^d)$ is finite, where $R$ denotes the radius of the balls around Poisson points and $d$ denotes the dimension. We also give related results concerning the integrability of the diameter of subcritical clusters.
Any infinite graph has site and bond percolation critical probabilities satisfying $p_c^{site}\geq p_c^{bond}$. The strict version of this inequality holds for many, but not all, infinite graphs. In this paper, the class of graphs for which the strict inequality holds is extended to a continuum percolation model. In Gilbert's graph with supercritical density on the Euclidean plane, there is almost surely a unique infinite connected component. We show that on this component $p_c^{site} > p_c^{bond}$. This also holds in higher dimensions.
We consider the Poisson Boolean model of continuum percolation on a homogeneous Riemannian manifold $M$. Let $lambda$ be intensity of the Poisson process in the model and let $lambda_u$ be the infimum of the set of intensities that a.s. produce a unique unbounded component. We show that above $λ_u$ there is a.s. a unique unbounded component. We also study what happens at $λ_u$ for some spaces. In particular, if $M$ is the product of the hyperbolic disc and the real line, then at $λ_u$ there is a.s. not a unique unbounded component. The results are inspired by results for Bernoulli bond percola…
We consider the Poisson Boolean percolation model in $\mathbb{R}^2$, where the radii of each ball is independently chosen according to some probability measure with finite second moment. For this model, we show that the two thresholds, for the existence of an unbounded occupied and an unbounded vacant component, coincide. This complements a recent study of the sharpness of the phase transition in Poisson Boolean percolation by the same authors. As a corollary it follows that for Poisson Boolean percolation in $\mathbb{R}^d$, for any $d\ge2$, finite moment of order $d$ is both necessary and suf…
We consider the Boolean model with random radii based on Cox point processes. Under a condition of stabilization for the random environment, we establish existence and non-existence of subcritical regimes for the size of the cluster at the origin in terms of volume, diameter and number of points. Further, we prove uniqueness of the infinite cluster for sufficiently connected environments.
We prove that the Poisson Boolean model, also known as the Gilbert disc model, is noise sensitive at criticality. This is the first such result for a Continuum Percolation model, and the first for which the critical probability p_c \ne 1/2. Our proof uses a version of the Benjamini-Kalai-Schramm Theorem for biased product measures. A quantitative version of this result was recently proved by Keller and Kindler. We give a simple deduction of the non-quantitative result from the unbiased version. We also develop a quite general method of approximating Continuum Percolation models by discrete mod…
Consider a cellular automaton with state space $\{0,1 \}^{{\mathbb Z}^2}$ where the initial configuration $ω_0$ is chosen according to a Bernoulli product measure, 1's are stable, and 0's become 1's if they are surrounded by at least three neighboring 1's. In this paper we show that the configuration $ω_n$ at time n converges exponentially fast to a final configuration $\barω$, and that the limiting measure corresponding to $\barω$ is in the universality class of Bernoulli (independent) percolation. More precisely, assuming the existence of the critical exponents $β$, $η$, $ν$ and $γ$, and of …
The continuum random cluster model is a Gibbs modification of the standard boolean model of intensity $z > 0$ and law of radii $Q$. The formal unormalized density is given by $q^{N_{cc}}$ where $q$ is a fixed parameter and $N_{cc}$ is the number of connected components in the random structure. We prove for a large class of parameters that percolation occurs for $z$ large enough and does not occur for $z$ small enough. An application to the phase transition of the Widom-Rowlinson model with random radii is given. Our main tools are stochastic domination properties, a fine study of the interacti…
We consider the Boolean model on $\R^d$. We prove some equivalences between subcritical percolation properties. Let us introduce some notations to state one of these equivalences. Let $C$ denote the connected component of the origin in the Boolean model. Let $|C|$ denotes its volume. Let $\ell$ denote the maximal length of a chain of random balls from the origin. Under optimal integrability conditions on the radii, we prove that $E(|C|)$ is finite if and only if there exists $A,B >0$ such that $¶(\ell \ge n) \le Ae^{-Bn}$ for all $n \ge 1$.
Consider a bipartite random geometric graph on the union of two independent homogeneous Poisson point processes in $d$-space, with distance parameter $r$ and intensities $λ,μ$. For any $λ>0$ we consider the percolation threshold $μ_c(λ)$ associated to the parameter $μ$. Denoting by $λ_c:= λ_c(2r)$ the percolation threshold for the standard Poisson Boolean model with radii $r$, we show the lower bound $μ_c(λ)\ge c\log(c/(λ-λ_c))$ for any $λ>λ_c$ with $c>0$ a fixed constant. In particular, $μ_c(λ)$ tends to infinity when $λ$ tends to $λ_c$ from above.
We prove annealed scaling relations for planar Voronoi percolation. To our knowledge, this is the first result of this kind for a continuum percolation model. We are mostly inspired by the proof of scaling relations for Bernoulli percolation by Kesten [Kes87]. Along the way, we show an annealed quasi-multiplicativity property by relying on the quenched box-crossing property proved by Ahlberg, Griffiths, Morris and Tassion [AGMT16]. Intermediate results also include the study of quenched and annealed notions of pivotal events and the extension of the quenched box-crossing property of [AGMT16] t…
In this note, we study the directed first passage percolation introduced in [F. Comets, R. Fukushima, S. Nakajima and N. Yoshida: Journal of Statistical Physics, 161-(3), 577-597 (2015)]. It is proved that the shortest path from the origin to the $n$-th hyperplane makes a jump larger than a small power of $\log n$. Some numerical results are also provided, which indicates that the maximal jump size is much larger in a certain parameter region.
Consider a Boolean model $Σ$ in $\R^d$. The centers are given by a homogeneous Poisson point process with intensity $λ$ and the radii of distinct balls are i.i.d.\ with common distribution $ν$. The critical covered volume is the proportion of space covered by $Σ$ when the intensity $λ$ is critical for percolation. Previous numerical simulations and heuristic arguments suggest that the critical covered volume may be minimal when $ν$ is a Dirac measure. In this paper, we prove that it is not the case in sufficiently high dimension.
We study scaling limits and conformal invariance of critical site percolation on triangular lattice. We show that some percolation-related quantities are harmonic conformal invariants, and calculate their values in the scaling limit. As a particular case we obtain conformal invariance of the crossing probabilities and Cardy's formula. Then we prove existence, uniqueness, and conformal invariance of the continuum scaling limit.
In this work, we study a new model for continuum line-of-sight percolation in a random environment driven by the Poisson-Voronoi tessellation in the $d$-dimensional Euclidean space. The edges (one-dimensional facets, or simply 1-facets) of this tessellation are the support of a Cox point process, while the vertices (zero-dimensional facets or simply 0-facets) are the support of a Bernoulli point process. Taking the superposition $Z$ of these two processes, two points of $Z$ are linked by an edge if and only if they are sufficiently close and located on the same edge (1-facet) of the supporting…
We consider the supercritical finite-range random connection model where the points $x,y$ of a homogeneous planar Poisson process are connected with probability $f(|y-x|)$ for a given $f$. Performing percolation on the resulting graph, we show that the critical probabilities for site and bond percolation satisfy the strict inequality $p_c^{\rm site} > p_c^{\rm bond}$. We also show that reducing the connection function $f$ strictly increases the critical Poisson intensity. Finally, we deduce that performing a spreading transformation on $f$ (thereby allowing connections over greater distances b…
We construct and analyze a continuum dynamical percolation process which evolves in a random environment given by a $γ$-Liouville measure. The homogeneous counterpart of this process describes the scaling limit of discrete dynamical percolation on the rescaled triangular lattice. Our focus here is to study the same limiting dynamics, but where the speed of microscopic updates is highly inhomogeneous in space and is driven by the $γ$-Liouville measure associated with a two-dimensional log-correlated field $h$. Roughly speaking, this continuum percolation process evolves very rapidly where the f…
Consider a bipartite random geometric graph on the union of two independent homogeneous Poisson point processes in $d$-space, with distance parameter $r$ and intensities $λ,μ$. We show for $d \geq 2$ that if $λ$ is supercritical for the one-type random geometric graph with distance parameter $2r$, there exists $μ$ such that $(λ,μ)$ is supercritical (this was previously known for $d=2$). For $d=2$ we also consider the restriction of this graph to points in the unit square. Taking $μ= τλ$ for fixed $τ$, we give a strong law of large numbers as $λ\to \infty$, for the connectivity threshold of thi…
Spatial random graphs capture several important properties of real-world networks. We prove quenched results for the continuum space version of scale-free percolation introduced in [DW18]. This is an undirected inhomogeneous random graph whose vertices are given by a Poisson point process in $\mathbb R^d$. Each vertex is equipped with a random weight and the probability that two vertices are connected by an edge depends on their weights and on their distance. Under suitable conditions on the parameters of the model, we show that, for almost all realizations of the point process, the degree dis…
We consider the Boolean model $Z$ on $\mathbb{R}^d$ with random compact grains, i.e. $Z := \bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} (X_i + Z_i)$ where $η_t := \{X_1, X_2, \dots\}$ is a Poisson point process of intensity $t$ and $(Z_1, Z_2, \dots)$ is an i.i.d. sequence of compact grains (not necessarily balls). We will show, that the volume and diameter of the cluster of a typical grain in $Z$ have an exponential tail if the diameter of the typical grain is a.s. bounded by some constant. To achieve this we adapt the arguments of \cite{duminil2015newproof} and apply a new construction of the cluster of the t…
Consider a Boolean model $Σ$ in $\R^d$. The centers are given by a homogeneous Poisson point process with intensity $λ$ and the radii of distinct balls are i.i.d.\ with common distribution $ν$. The critical covered volume is the proportion of space covered by $Σ$ when the intensity $λ$ is critical for percolation. Previous numerical simulations and heuristic arguments suggest that the critical covered volume may be minimal when $ν$ is a Dirac measure. In this paper, we prove that it is not the case at least in high dimension. To establish this result we study the asymptotic behaviour, as $d$ t…
We discuss the interrelation between phase transitions in interacting lattice or continuum models, and the existence of infinite clusters in suitable random-graph models. In particular, we describe a random-geometric approach to the phase transition in the continuum Ising model of two species of particles with soft or hard interspecies repulsion. We comment also on the related area-interaction process and on perfect simulation.
Under some general assumptions, we construct the scaling limit of open clusters and their associated counting measures in a class of two dimensional percolation models. Our results apply, in particular, to critical Bernoulli site percolation on the triangular lattice and to the critical FK-Ising model on the square lattice. Fundamental properties of the scaling limit, such as conformal covariance, are explored. As an application to Bernoulli percolation, we obtain the scaling limit of the largest cluster in a bounded domain. We also apply our results to the critical, two-dimensional Ising mode…
This contribution is concerned with the effective viscosity problem, that is, the homogenization of the steady Stokes system with a random array of rigid particles, for which the main difficulty is the treatment of close particles. Standard approaches in the literature have addressed this issue by making moment assumptions on interparticle distances. Such assumptions however prevent clustering of particles, which is not compatible with physically-relevant particle distributions. In this contribution, we take a different perspective and consider moment bounds on the size of clusters of close pa…
We study the phase transition of random radii Poisson Boolean percolation: Around each point of a planar Poisson point process, we draw a disc of random radius, independently for each point. The behavior of this process is well understood when the radii are uniformly bounded from above. In this article, we investigate this process for unbounded (and possibly heavy tailed) radii distributions. Under mild assumptions on the radius distribution, we show that both the vacant and occupied sets undergo a phase transition at the same critical parameter $λ_c$. Moreover, - For $λ< λ_c$, the vacant set …
Conformal loop ensembles are random collections of loops in a simply connected domain, whose laws are characterized by a natural conformal invariance property. The set of points not surrounded by any CLE loop is a natural random and conformally invariant analog of the Sierpinski gasket or carpet. In the present paper, we derive a direct relationship between each CLE consisting of simple disjoint loops (CLE($κ$) with $κ$ between 8/3 and 4) and the corresponding CLE($κ'$) where $κ':=16/κ$, a CLE consisting of non-disjoint loops. This is the continuum analog of the Edwards-Sokal coupling (between…
Let A be the annulus in R^2 centered at the origin with inner and outer radii r(1-ε) and r, respectively. Place points {x_i} in R^2 according to a Poisson process with intensity 1 and let G_A be the random graph with vertex set {x_i} and edges x_ix_j whenever x_i-x_j\in A. We show that if the area of A is large, then G_A almost surely has an infinite component. Moreover, if we fix ε, increase r and let n_c=n_c(ε) be the area of A when this infinite component appears, then n_c\to1 as ε\to 0. This is in contrast to the case of a ``square'' annulus where we show that n_c is bounded away from 1.
Motivated by an application in wireless telecommunication networks, we consider a two-type continuum-percolation problem involving a homogeneous Poisson point process of users and a stationary and ergodic point process of base stations. Starting from a randomly chosen point of the Poisson point process, we investigate distribution of the minimum number of hops that are needed to reach some point of the second point process. In the supercritical regime of continuum percolation, we use the close relationship between Euclidean and chemical distance to identify the distributional limit of the resc…
We consider face and cycle percolation as models for continuum percolation based on random simplicial complexes in Euclidean space. Face percolation is defined through infinite sequences of $d$-simplices sharing a $(d-1)$-dimensional face. In contrast, cycle percolation demands the existence of infinite $d$-cycles, thereby generalizing the lattice notion of plaquette percolation. We discuss the sharp phase transition for face percolation and derive comparison results between the critical intensities for face and cycle percolation. Finally, we consider an alternate version of simplex percolatio…
