Blake Mellor, Paul Melvin
Milnor's triple linking numbers of a link in the 3-sphere are interpreted geometrically in terms of the pattern of intersections of the Seifert surfaces of the components of the link. This generalizes the well known formula as an algebraic count of triple points when the pairwise linking numbers vanish.
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This is a concise overview of the definitions and properties of the linking number and its higher-order generalization, Milnor invariants.
Topological polymers have various topological types, and they are expressed by graphs. However, the Jones polynomial, we have a difficulty to compute it; computational time is growing exponentially with respect to the crossing number. The simplest Vassiliev invariant is the linking number and thus we will seek a next simple one is as the Milnor's triple linking number. In this paper, we introduce simple Gauss diagram formulas of Vassiliev invariants of Milnor type. These are non-torsion valued, whereas the base-point-free Milnor's triple linking number is usually torsion-valued.
In this paper, we introduce two functions such that the subtraction corresponds to the Milnor's triple linking number; the addition obtains a new integer-valued link homotopy invariant of $3$-component links. We also have found a series of integer-valued invariants derived from four terms whose sum equals the Milnor's triple linking number. We apply this structure to give invariants of $3$-bouquet graphs.
A representation of Milnor's triple linking number by chord diagrams and doodle invariants
本文借鉴二阶纽结不变量的分解思路，证明二阶的Milnor三重环绕数可表示为特定弦图计数与doodle不变量的组合，给出了该环绕数的新表示形式。
In the 1950's Milnor defined a family of higher order invariants generalizing the linking number. Even the first of these new invariants, the triple linking number, has received and fruitful study since its inception. In the case that $L$ has vanishing pairwise linking numbers, this triple linking number gives an integer valued invariant. When the linking numbers fail to vanish, this invariant is only well-defined modulo their greatest common divisor. In recent work Davis-Nagel-Orson-Powell produce a single invariant called the total triple linking number refining the triple linking number and…
The paper concerns the tree invariants of string links, introduced by Kravchenko and Polyak and closely related to the classical Milnor linking numbers also known as $\barμ$--invariants. We prove that, analogously as for $\barμ$--invariants, certain residue classes of tree invariants yield link homotopy invariants of closed links. The proof is arrow diagramatic and provides a more geometric insight into the indeterminacy through certain tree stacking operations. Further, we show that the indeterminacy of tree invariants is consistent with the original Milnor's indeterminacy. For practical purp…
Polyak-Viro type formula for the Milnor triple linking number of link diagrams with multiple-crossings
本文提出一个适用于多重交叉链环图的 Polyak-Viro 型公式，用于计算 Milnor 三重链接数，其证明基于 Brooks-Komendarczyk 思想，但通过显式计算 Y-图构型空间积分，拓展了原公式的适用范围。
A derivative of an algebraically slice knot $K$ is an oriented link disjointly embedded in a Seifert surface of $K$ such that its homology class forms a basis for a metabolizer $H$ of $K$. We show that for a genus three algebraically slice knot $K$, the set $\{ \barμ_{\{γ_1,γ_2,γ_3\}}(123) - \barμ_{\{γ'_1,γ'_2,γ'_3\}}(123)| \{γ_1,γ_2,γ_3\}$ and $\{γ'_1,γ'_2,γ'_3\}$ are derivatives of $K$ associated with a metabolizer $H\}$ contains $n\cdot \mathbb{Z}$ where $n$ is determined by a Seifert form of $K$ and a metabolizer $H$. As a corollary, we show that it is possible to realize any integer as a …
We establish some new relationships between Milnor invariants and Heegaard Floer homology. This includes a formula for the Milnor triple linking number from the link Floer complex, detection results for the Whitehead link and Borromean rings, and a structural property of the $d$-invariants of surgeries on certain algebraically split links.
We give a simple axiomatic definition of a rational-valued invariant s(W,V,e) of triples (W,V,e), where W is a (smooth, oriented, closed) 6-manifold and V is a 3-submanifold of W, and where e is a second rational cohomology class of the complement of V satisfying a certain condition. The definition is stated in terms of cobordisms of such triples and the signature of 4-manifolds. When W = S^6 and V is a smoothly embedded 3-sphere, and when e/2 is the Poincare dual of a Seifert surface of V, the invariant coincides with -8 times Haefliger's embedding invariant of (S^6,V). Our definition recover…
We define a notion of finite type invariants for links with a fixed linking matrix. We show that Milnor's triple link homotopy invariant is a finite type invariant, of type 1, in this sense. We also generalize the approach to Milnor's higher order homotopy invariants and show that they are also, in a sense, of finite type. Finally, we compare our approach to another approach for defining finite type invariants within linking classes.
The Milnor degree of a 3-manifold is an invariant that records the maximum simplicity, in terms of higher order linking, of any link in the 3-sphere that can be surgered to give the manifold. This invariant is investigated in the context of torsion linking forms, nilpotent quotients of the fundamental group, Massey products and quantum invariants, and the existence of 3-manifolds with any prescribed Milnor degree and first Betti number is established. Along the way, it is shown that the number M(k,r) of linearly independent Milnor invariants of degree k, distinguishing r-component links in the…
We consider Milnor invariants for certain covering links as a generalization of covering linkage invariants formulated by R. Hartley and K. Murasugi. A set of Milnor invariants for covering links is a cobordism invariant of a link, and that this invariant can distinguish some links for which the ordinary Milnor invariants coincide. Moreover, for a Brunnian link $L$, the first non-vanishing Milnor invariants of $L$ is modulo-$2$ congruent to a sum of Milnor invariants of covering links. As a consequence, a sum of linking numbers of ' iterated' covering links gives the first non-vanishing Milnor…
Bott and Taubes constructed knot invariants by integrating differential forms along the fiber of a bundle over the space of knots, generalizing the Gauss linking integral. Their techniques were later used to construct real cohomology classes in spaces of knots and links in higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces. In previous work, we constructed cohomology classes in knot spaces with arbitrary coefficients by integrating via a Pontrjagin--Thom construction. We carry out a similar construction over the space of string links, but with a refinement in which configuration spaces are glued together acc…
To each three-component link in the 3-sphere, we associate a geometrically natural characteristic map from the 3-torus to the 2-sphere, and show that the pairwise linking numbers and Milnor triple linking number that classify the link up to link homotopy correspond to the Pontryagin invariants that classify its characteristic map up to homotopy. This can be viewed as a natural extension of the familiar fact that the linking number of a two-component link in 3-space is the degree of its associated Gauss map from the 2-torus to the 2-sphere. When the pairwise linking numbers are all zero, we giv…
Polyak showed that any Milnor's $\overlineμ$-invariant of length 3 can be represented as a combination of Conway polynomials of knots obtained by certain band sum of the link components. On the other hand, Habegger and Lin showed that Milnor invariants are also invariants for string links, called $μ$-invariants. We show that any Milnor's $μ$-invariant of length $\leq k+2$ can be represented as a combination of the HOMFLYPT polynomials of knots obtained from the string link by some operation, if all $μ$-invariants of length $\leq k$ vanish. Moreover, $μ$-invariants of length $3$ are given by a …
We study the Goussarov-Habiro finite type invariants theory for framed string links in homology balls. Their degree 1 invariants are computed: they are given by Milnor's triple linking numbers, the mod 2 reduction of the Sato-Levine invariant, Arf and Rochlin's $μ$ invariant. These invariants are seen to be naturally related to invariants of homology cylinders through the so-called Milnor-Johnson correspondence: in particular, an analogue of the Birman-Craggs homomorphism for string links is computed. The relation with Vassiliev theory is studied.
The triple linking number of an oriented surface link was defined as an analogical notion of the linking number of a classical link. We consider a certain $m$-component $T^2$-link ($m \geq 3$) determined from two commutative pure $m$-braids $a$ and $b$. We present the triple linking number of such a $T^2$-link, by using the linking numbers of the closures of $a$ and $b$. This gives a lower bound of the triple point number. In some cases, we can determine the triple point numbers, each of which is a multiple of four.
The boundary of the Milnor fibre and a linking invariant of finitely determined germs
本文证明有限决定全纯芽的Milnor纤维边界是拓扑不变量，并建立其粘合系数与链环不变量L的对应，进而用交叉帽数和三重点数表达该关系。
Triple linking numbers were defined for 3-component oriented surface-links in 4-space using signed triple points on projections in 3-space. In this paper we give an algebraic formulation using intersections of homology classes (or cup products on cohomology groups). We prove that spherical links have trivial triple linking numbers and that triple linking numbers are link homology invariants.
Milnor's invariants for knots and links in closed orientable 3-manifolds
该研究将原本针对三维球面$S^3$中链环的Milnor $\bar{\boldsymbol{\nu}}$-不变量推广到一般闭可定向3-流形的纽结与链环场景，证明其为拓扑协边不变量，统一并拓展了三维下的各类Milnor不变量。
We give an example of a 3-component smoothly slice boundary link, each of whose components has a genus one Seifert surface, such that any metaboliser of the boundary link Seifert form is represented by 3 curves on the Seifert surfaces that form a link with nonvanishing Milnor triple linking number. We also give a generalisation to m-component links and higher Milnor invariants. We prove that our examples are ribbon and that all ribbon links are boundary slice.
A handlebody-link is a disjoint union of embeddings of handlebodies in $S^3$ and an HL-homotopy is an equivalence relation on handlebody-links generated by self-crossing changes. The second author and Ryo Nikkuni classified the set of HL-homotopy classes of 2-component handlebody-links completely using the linking numbers for handlebody-links. In this paper, we construct a family of invariants for HL-homotopy classes of general handlebody-links, by using Milnor's link-homotopy invariants. Moreover, we give a bijection between the set of HL-homotopy classes of almost trivial handlebody-links an…
We introduce mod 3 triple Milnor invariants and triple cubic residue symbols for certain primes of the Eisenstein number field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-3})$, following the analogies between knots and primes. Our triple symbol generalizes both the cubic residue symbol and Rédei's triple symbol, and describes the decomposition law of a prime in a mod 3 Heisenberg extension of degree 27 over $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-3})$ with restricted ramification, which we construct concretely in the form similar to Rédei's dihedral extension over $\mathbb{Q}$. We also give a cohomological interpretation of our symbols by…
We give a refined value group for the collection of triple linking numbers of links in the 3-sphere. Given two links with the same pairwise linking numbers we show that they have the same refined triple linking number collection if and only if the links admit homeomorphic surface systems. Moreover these two conditions hold if and only if the link exteriors are bordant over $B \mathbb{Z}^n$, and if and only if the third lower central series quotients $π/π_3$ of the link groups are isomorphic preserving meridians and longitudes. We also show that these conditions imply that the link groups have …
A triple torsion linking form and 3-manifolds in $S^4$
本文在有理同调3-球面上引入三重环绕形式，并利用Matsumoto的高阶相交形式将其与单连通4-流形边界联系起来，从而为$S^4$中的有理同调球面建立新的嵌入障碍，推广了Hantzsche的经典定理。
An explicit polynomial in the linking numbers $l_{ij}$ and Milnor's triple linking numbers $μ(rst)$ on six component links is shown to be a well-defined finite type link-homotopy invariant. This solves a problem raised by B. Mellor and D. Thurston. An extension of our construction also produces a finite type link invariant which detects the invertibility for some links.
This paper describes the relationship between the first non-vanishing Milnor invariants of a classical link and the intersection invariant of a twisted Whitney tower. This is a certain 2-complex in the 4-ball, built from immersed disks bounded by the given link in the 3-sphere together with finitely many `layers' of Whitney disks. The intersection invariant is a higher-order generalization of the intersection number between two immersed disks in the 4-ball, well known to give the linking number of the link on the boundary, which measures intersections among the Whitney disks and the disks boun…
We study relations between the Alexander-Conway polynomial $\nabla_L$ and Milnor higher linking numbers of links from the point of view of finite-type (Vassiliev) invariants. We give a formula for the first non-vanishing coefficient of $\nabla_L$ of an m-component link L all of whose Milnor numbers $μ_{i_1... i_p}$ vanish for $p\le n$. We express this coefficient as a polynomial in Milnor numbers of L. Depending on whether the parity of n is odd or even, the terms in this polynomial correspond either to spanning trees in certain graphs or to decompositions of certain 3-graphs into pairs of spa…
Any two knots admit orientation preserving homeomorphic Seifert surfaces, as can be seen by stabilizing. There is a generalization of a Seifert surface to the setting of links called a C-complex. In this paper, we ask when two links will admit orientation preserving homeomorphic C-complexes. In the case of 2-component links, we find that the pairwise linking number provides a complete obstruction. In the case of links with 3 or more components and zero pairwise linking number, Milnor's triple linking number provides a complete obstruction.
It is known that every oriented integral homology 3-sphere can be obtained from S^3 by a finite sequence of Borromean surgeries. We give an explicit formula for the variation of the Casson invariant under such a surgery move. The formula involves simple classical invariants, namely the framing, linking number and Milnor's triple linking number. A more general statement, for n independent Borromean surgeries, is also provided, which involves an additional cubic expression in some linking numbers of the surgery link.
Triple linking and rational homology cobordism
本文研究了有理同调3球面与有理同调4球体之间的关系，证明了在特定条件下三重 torsion linking form 在特定子空间上消失，并提出了关于拓扑有理同调柄饰的问题。
We show that the Casson knot invariant, linking number and Milnor's triple linking number, together with a certain 2-string link invariant $V_2$, are necessary and sufficient to express any string link Vassiliev invariant of order two. Explicit combinatorial formulas are given for these invariants. This result is applied to the theory of claspers for string links.
$C$-complexes, Clasp Number, and Triple Linking Number
研究给定三分支链环界定的C - 复形的扣环数，通过将三重环绕数表示为平面上字曲线所围面积，进行几何和离散优化，给出扣环数新下界并构造达到界的链环。
Triple torsion, triple cup products, and embedding obstructions for rational homology 3-spheres
本文通过挠-链环对偶将Freedman-Krushkal的三重挠形式与模p三重杯积等同，利用Milnor不变量给出符号公式，并构造具有任意模p三重杯张量的有理同调3-球面，最终证明存在无局部平坦嵌入S^4的有理同调3-球面。
The universal sl_2 invariant of string links has a universality property for the colored Jones polynomial of links, and takes values in the h-adic completed tensor powers of the quantized enveloping algebra of sl_2. In this paper, we exhibit explicit relationships between the universal sl_2 invariant and Milnor invariants, which are classical invariants generalizing the linking number, providing some new topological insight into quantum invariants. More precisely, we define a reduction of the universal sl_2 invariant, and show how it is captured by Milnor concordance invariants. We also show h…
We develop the intersection theory at relative chain-cochain level, and apply it along with the use of Seifert disks for an oriented link to give a combinatorial algorithm to compute Massey's higher order linking numbers. It is subtle to compute higher-order linking numbers, and it has been a folklore to use the intersection theory in the process, which was first suggested by W. Massey. Massey introduced the higher-order linking as an application of his higher-order cohomology operations defined in terms of suitable cochains, and he calculated the third-order linking numbers for some 3-compone…
Two triples of triangles having pairwise disjoint outlines in 3-space are called combinatorially isotopic if one triple can be obtained from the other by a continuous motion during which the outlines of the triangles remain pairwise disjoint. We conjecture that it can be algorithmically checked if an (ordered or unordered) triple of triangles is combinatorially isotopic to a triple of triangles having pairwise disjoint convex hulls. We also conjecture that any unordered triple of pairwise disjoint triangles in 3-space belongs to one of the 5 types of such triples listed in the paper. We presen…
Concordance to boundary links and the solvable filtration
本文研究链环合合问题，提出合合于同调边界链环的障碍及构造不合合链环的路径，证明同调边界链环等价于可解滤过0.5项模的边界链环，并展示不合合于边界链环的高可解同调边界链环。
Ropelength and embedding thickness are related measures of geometric complexity of classical knots and links in Euclidean space. In their recent work, Freedman and Krushkal posed a question regarding lower bounds for embedding thickness of $n$-component links in terms of the Milnor linking numbers. The main goal of the current paper is to provide such estimates and thus generalizing the known linking number bound. In the process, we collect several facts about finite type invariants and ropelength/crossing number of knots. We give examples of families of knots, where such estimates behave bett…
An Analogue of Milnor's Invariants for Knots in 3-Manifolds
本文将Milnor不变量推广到闭有向3-流形中的纽结，提出Dwyer数，给出其在$S^1 \times S^2$连通和中的计算方法，并证明该不变量可检测一类不与平凡纽结同痕的纽结。
Gordian distance and clasper surgery for links
本文证明，除了环绕数外，任何链接通过最多n^2次交叉变化可变为C_k平凡链接，从而表明Milnor不变量对解链数信息有限。
Three-component links in the 3-dimensional sphere were classified up to link homotopy by John Milnor in his senior thesis, published in 1954. A complete set of invariants is given by the pairwise linking numbers p, q and r of the components, and by the residue class of one further integer mu, the "triple linking number" of the title, which is well-defined modulo the greatest common divisor of p, q and r. To each such link L we associate a geometrically natural characteristic map g_L from the 3-torus to the 2-sphere in such a way that link homotopies of L become homotopies of g_L. Maps of the 3…
For a link $L$ in the 3-sphere and for a prime $p$, we express the $p$-primary information on the first homology group of $p^{m}$-fold branched covers of $L$ in terms of its $p$-adic Milnor higher linking invariants, using the completed Alexander module of the pro-$p$ completion of the link group of $L$.
In his Ph.D. thesis, Cadegan-Schlieper constructs an invariant of the embedded topology of a line arrangement which generalizes the $\mathcal{I}$-invariant introduced by Artal, Florens and the author. This new invariant is called the loop linking number in the present paper. We refine the result of Cadegan-Schlieper by proving that the loop linking number is an invariant of the homeomorphism type of the arrangement complement. We give two effective methods to compute this invariant, both are based on the braid monodromy. As an application, we detect an arithmetic Zariski pair of arrangements w…
The group of bordism classes of unoriented surfaces in 4-space is determined. The bordism classes are characterized by normal Euler numbers,double linking numbers, and triple linking numbers.
Higher order Kirk invariants of link maps
本文定义了任意分支数链环映射的数值链环同伦不变量以推广 Kirk 不变量，利用 Milnor 高阶不变量要素从约化基本群提取，提供计算算法与检测示例，并用切割图组合理论证明。
This is the beginning of an obstruction theory for deciding whether a map f:S^2 --> X^4 is homotopic to a topologically flat embedding, in the presence of fundamental group and in the absence of dual spheres. The first obstruction is Wall's self-intersection number mu(f) which tells the whole story in higher dimensions. Our second order obstruction tau(f) is defined if mu(f) vanishes and has formally very similar properties, except that it lies in a quotient of the group ring of two copies of pi_1(X) modulo S_3-symmetry (rather then just one copy modulo S_3-symmetry). It generalizes to the non…
In the 1980's Daryl Cooper introduced the notion of a C-complex (or clasp-complex) bounded by a link and explained how to compute signatures and polynomial invariants using a C-complex. Since then this was extended by works of Cimasoni, Florens, Mellor, Melvin, Conway, Toffoli, Friedl, and others to compute other link invariants. Informally a C-complex is a union of surfaces which are allowed to intersect each other in clasps. The purpose of the current paper is to study the minimal number of clasps amongst all C-complexes bounded by a fixed link $L$. This measure of complexity is related to t…
We describe a new approach to triple linking invariants and integrals, aiming for a simpler, wider and more natural applicability to the search for higher order helicities of fluid flows and magnetic fields. To each three-component link in Euclidean 3-space, we associate a geometrically natural generalized Gauss map from the 3-torus to the 2-sphere, and show that the pairwise linking numbers and Milnor triple linking number that classify the link up to link homotopy correspond to the Pontryagin invariants that classify its generalized Gauss map up to homotopy. This can be viewed as a natural e…
We find that Koschorke's $β$-invariant and the triple $μ$-invariant of link maps in the critical dimension can be computed as degrees of certain maps of configuration spaces - just like the linking number. Both formulas admit geometric interpretations in terms of Vassiliev's ornaments via new operations akin to the Jin suspension, and both were unexpected for the author, because the only known direct ways to extract $μ$ and $β$ from invariants of maps between configuration spaces involved some homotopy theory (Whitehead products and the stable Hopf invariant, respectively).
We first present three graphic surgery formulae for the degree $n$ part $Z_n$ of the Kontsevich-Kuperberg-Thurston universal finite type invariant of rational homology spheres. Each of these three formulae determines an alternate sum of the form $$\sum_{I \subset N} (-1)^{\sharp I}Z_n(M_I)$$ where $N$ is the set of components of a framed algebraically split link $L$ in a rational homology sphere $M$, and $M_I$ denotes the manifold resulting from the Dehn surgeries on the components of $I$. The first formula treats the case when $L$ is a boundary link with $n$ components, while the second one i…
Slice genus, $T$-genus and $4$-dimensional clasp number
本文推广了切片结的$T$-亏格刻画，为切片亏格提供了$3$维刻画，证明$T$-亏格控制$4$维正交叉数，引入带状$T$-亏格并探讨其与切片结、带状结及着色链环的关联。
How many crossing changes or Delta-moves does it take to get to a homotopy trivial link?
本文利用Habegger-Lin链环同伦分类和极值图论，改进了同伦平凡化数的上界，证明其接近最优，并确定了所有4分量链环的同伦平凡化数，同时给出Delta同伦平凡化数的三次上界。
Topological Quantum Field Theories (TQFTs) pertinent to some emergent low energy phenomena of condensed matter lattice models in 2+1 and 3+1D are explored. Many of our field theories are highly-interacting without free quadratic analogs. Some of our bosonic TQFTs can be regarded as the continuum field theory formulation of Dijkgraaf-Witten twisted discrete gauge theories. Other bosonic TQFTs beyond the Dijkgraaf-Witten description and all fermionic spin TQFTs are either higher-form gauge theories where particles must have strings attached, or fermionic discrete gauge theories obtained by gaugi…
Chirality of torus-covering $T^2$-links of degree three
研究三次度的 торus 覆盖 $T^2$ 链结的手性，通过三链结数、Fox $p$-着色数和与 $p$-着色相关的quandle cocycle不变量等不变量进行探讨，确定与三色的quandle cocycle不变量。
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