It is proved that there is no structure of left (right) cancelative semigroup on $[L]$-dimensional universal space for the class of separable compact spaces of extensional dimension $\le [L]$. Besides, we note that the homeomorphism group of $[L]$-dimensional space whose nonempty open sets are universal for the class of separable compact spaces of extensional dimension $\le [L]$ is totally disconnected.
In this paper we investigate graph inverse semigroups which are subsemigroups of compact-like topological semigroups. More precisely, we characterise graph inverse semigroups which admit a compact semigroup topology and describe graph inverse semigroups which can be embeded densely into CLP-compact topological semigroups.
In this paper we detect topological Clifford semigroups which are embeddable into Tychonoff products of topological semilattices and cones over topological groups. Also we detect topological Clifford semigroups which embed into compact topological Clifford semigroups.
In this paper we give conditions under which a topological semigroup can be embedded algebraically and topologically into a compact topological group. We prove that every feebly compact regular first countable cancellative commutative topological semigroup with open shifts is a topological group, as well as every connected locally compact Hausdorff cancellative commutative topological monoid with open shifts. Finally, we use these results to give sufficient conditions on a topological semigroup that guarantee it to have countable cellularity.
In this paper we characterise graph inverse semigroups which admit only discrete locally compact semigroup topology. This characterization provides a complete answer on the question of Z. Mesyan, J. D. Mitchell, M. Morayne and Y. H. Péresse posed in their paper "Topological graph inverse semigroups".
Let $K$ be a complete quasivariety of topological inverse Clifford semigroups, containing all topological semilattices. It is shown that the free topological inverse semigroup $F(X,K)$ of $X$ in the class $K$ is an $R^\infty$-manifold if and only if $X$ has no isolated points and $F(X,K)$ is a retract of an $R^\infty$-manifold. We derive from this that for any retract $X$ of an $R^\infty$-manifold the free topological inverse semigroup $F(X,K)$ is an $R^\infty$-manifold if and only if the space $X$ has no isolated points. Also we show that for any homotopically equivalent retracts $X,Y$ of $R^…
In this paper we study the reflections of the category of topological and semitopological semigroups on the category of the class of topological spaces satisfying separation axioms $T_{0}$, $T_{1}$, $T_{2}$, $T_{3}$ and regular and we apply its properties for to find conditions under which a topological semigroup has the Souslin property.
We investigate closed subsets (subsemigroups, resp.) of compact-like topological spaces (semigroups, resp.). We prove that each Hausdorff topological space can be embedded as a closed subspace into an H-closed topological space. However, the semigroup of $ω{\timesω}$-matrix units cannot be embedded into a topological semigroup which is a weakly H-closed topological space. We show that each Hausdorff topological space is a closed subspace of some $ω$-bounded pracompact topological space and describe open dense subspaces of countably pracompact topological spaces. Also, we construct a pseudocomp…
In the paper we study pseudocompact primitive topological inverse semigroups. We describe the structure of pseudocompact primitive topological inverse semigroups and show that a Tychonoff product of a family of pseudocompact primitive topological inverse semigroups is a pseudocompact topological space. Also we prove that the Stone-Čech compactification of a pseudocompact primitive topological inverse semigroup is a compact primitive topological inverse semigroup.
We study algebraic and topological properties of topological semigroups containing a copy of the bicyclic semigroup C(p,q). We prove that each topological semigroup S with pseudocompact square contains no dense copy of C(p,q). On the other hand, we construct a (consistent) example of a pseudocompact (countably compact) Tychonov semigroup containing a copy of C(p,q).
We describe the structure of 0-simple countably compact topological inverse semigroups and the structure of congruence-free countably compact topological inverse semigroups.
We study the structure of inverse primitive feebly compact semitopological and topological semigroups. We find conditions when the maximal subgroup of an inverse primitive feebly compact semitopological semigroup $S$ is a closed subset of $S$ and describe the topological structure of such semiregular semitopological semigroups. Later we describe the structure of feebly compact topological Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of topological semigroups and semiregular (quasi-regular) primitive inverse topological semigroups. In particular we show that inversion in a quasi-regular primitive inverse feebly com…
We show that for any discrete semigroup $X$ the semigroup operation can be extended to a right-topological semigroup operation on the space $G(X)$ of inclusion hyperspaces on $X$. We detect some important subsemigroups of $G(X)$, study the minimal ideal, the (topological) center, left cancelable elements of $G(X)$, and describe the structure of the semigroups $G(\IZ_n)$ for small numbers $n$.
In this paper we show that polycyclic monoids are universal objects in the class of graph inverse semigroups. In particular, we prove that a graph inverse semigroup $G(E)$ over a directed graph $E$ embeds into the polycyclic monoid $\mathcal{P}_λ$ where $λ=|G(E)|$. We show that each graph inverse semigroup $G(E)$ admits the coarsest inverse semigroup topology $τ$. Moreover, each injective homomorphism from $(G(E),τ)$ to the $(\mathcal{P}_{|G(E)|},τ)$ is a topological embedding.
We detect topological semigroups that are topological paragroups, i.e., are isomorphic to a Rees product of a topological group over topological spaces with a continuous sandwich function. We prove that a simple topological semigroup $S$ is a topological paragroup if one of the following conditions is satisfied: (1) $S$ is completely simple and the maximal subgroups of $S$ are topological groups, (2) $S$ contains an idempotent and the square $S\times S$ is countably compact or pseudocompact, (3) $S$ is sequentially compact or each power of $S$ is countably compact. The last item generalizes an…
We prove that a topological Clifford semigroup $S$ is metrizable if and only if $S$ is an $M$-space and the set $E=\{e\in S:ee=e\}$ of idempotents of $S$ is a metrizable $G_δ$-set in $S$. The same metrization criterion holds also for any countably compact Clifford topological semigroup $S$.
We study algebraic and topological properties of the convolution semigroups of probability measures on a topological groups and show that a compact Clifford topological semigroup $S$ embeds into the convolution semigroup $P(G)$ over some topological group $G$ if and only if $S$ embeds into the semigroup $\exp(G)$ of compact subsets of $G$ if and only if $S$ is an inverse semigroup and has zero-dimensional maximal semilattice. We also show that such a Clifford semigroup $S$ embeds into the functor-semigroup $F(G)$ over a suitable compact topological group $G$ for each weakly normal monadic func…
We prove that the existence of a selective ultrafilter implies the existence of a countably compact Hausdorff group topology on the free Abelian group of size continuum. As a consequence, we show that the existence of a selective ultrafilter implies the existence of a Wallace semigroup (i.e., a countably compact both-sided cancellative topological semigroup which is not a topological group).
We prove that the existence of $\mathfrak{c}$ incomparable selective ultrafilters implies the existence of a Wallace semigroup whose cube is countably compact. In addition, assuming the existence of $2^{\mathfrak c}$ incomparable selective ultrafilters and $2^{< 2^{\mathfrak{c}}} = 2^{\mathfrak{c}}$, we obtain torsion-free topological groups with respect to Comfort's question on the countable compactness of (infinite) powers of a topological group.
Topological embeddings into transformation monoids
P.J. Šafárik University in Košice（科希策帕·约·沙法里克大学）；TU Wien（维也纳工业大学）；Binghamton University（宾汉姆顿大学）；University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学）；University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学）
We prove that the semigroup operation of a topological semigroup $S$ extends to a continuous semigroup operation on its the Stone-Čech compactification $βS$ provided $S$ is a pseudocompact openly factorizable space, which means that each map $f:S\to Y$ to a second countable space $Y$ can be written as the composition $f=g\circ p$ of an open map $p:X\to Z$ onto a second countable space $Z$ and a map $g:Z\to Y$. We present a spectral characterization of openly factorizable spaces and establish some properties of such spaces.
Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of $T_1$ topological semigroups, containing all Hausdorff zero-dimensional topological semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if $X$ is closed in any topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$ that contains $X$ as a discrete subsemigroup; $X$ is $injectively$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if for any (injective) homomorphism $h:X\to Y$ to a topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$, the image $h[X]$ is closed in $Y$. A semigroup $X$ is $unipotent$ if it contains a unique idempotent. We prove that a unipotent commutative semigroup $X$ is (injectively) $\mathcal C$-clos…
In this paper we give sufficient conditions under which a subsemigroup of a topological group is a subgroup, adding to the results given in \cite{Kosh, can, axioms, forum, Hof, cc, locally} where conditions exist (such as locally compactness, compactness, feeble compactness and sequential compactness) for a semigroup to be a group. In our work we proved that closed precompact subsemigroups of topological groups are semigroups, just like open pseudocompact monoids of topological groups.
We study the receptive metric entropy for semigroup actions on probability spaces, inspired by a similar notion of topological entropy introduced by Hofmann and Stoyanov. We analyze its basic properties and its relation with the classical metric entropy. In the case of semigroup actions on compact metric spaces we compare the receptive metric entropy with the receptive topological entropy looking for a Variational Principle. With this aim we propose several characterizations of the receptive topological entropy. Finally we introduce a receptive local metric entropy inspired by a notion by Bowe…
Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of topological semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is $injectively$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if $X$ is closed in each topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$ containing $X$ as a subsemigroup. Let $\mathsf{T_{\!2}S}$ (resp. $\mathsf{T_{\!z}S}$) be the class of Hausdorff (and zero-dimensional) topological semigroups. We prove that a commutative semigroup $X$ is injectively $\mathsf{T_{\!2}S}$-closed if and only if $X$ is injectively $\mathsf{T_{\!z}S}$-closed if and only if $X$ is bounded, chain-finite, group-finite, nonsingular and not Clifford-singular.
In this paper we search for conditions on a countably compact (pseudo-compact) topological semigroup under which: (i) each maximal subgroup $H(e)$ in $S$ is a (closed) topological subgroup in $S$; (ii) the Clifford part $H(S)$(i.e. the union of all maximal subgroups) of the semigroup $S$ is a closed subset in $S$; (iii) the inversion $\operatorname{inv}\colon H(S)\to H(S)$ is continuous; and (iv) the projection $π\colon H(S)\to E(S)$, $π\colon x\longmapsto xx^{-1}$, onto the subset of idempotents $E(S)$ of $S$, is continuous.
An action of a topological semigroup S on X is compactifiable if this action is a restriction of a jointly continuous action of S on a Hausdorff compact space Y. A topological semigroup S is compactifiable if the left action of S on itself is compactifiable. It is well known that every Hausdorff topological group is compactifiable. This result cannot be extended to the class of Tychonoff topological monoids. At the same time, several natural constructions lead to compactifiable semigroups and actions. We prove that the semigroup C(K,K) of all continuous selfmaps on the Hilbert cube K is a univ…
In this paper we consider McAlister semigroups over arbitrary cardinals and investigate their algebraic and topological properties. We show that the group of automorphisms of a McAlister semigroup $\mathcal{M}_λ$ is isomorphic to the direct product $Sym(λ){\times}\mathbb{Z}_2$, where $Sym(λ)$ is the group of permutations of the cardinal $λ$. This fact correlates with the result of Mashevitzky, Schein and Zhitomirski which states that the group of automorphisms of the free inverse semigroup over a cardinal $λ$ is isomorphic to the wreath product of $Sym(λ)$ and $\mathbb{Z}_2$. Each McAlister se…
We present some generalizations of the well-known correspondence, found by R. Exel, between partial actions of a group $G$ on a set $X$ and semigroup homomorphism of $S(G)$ on the semigroup $I(X)$ of partial bijections of $X,$ being $S(G)$ an inverse monoid introduced by Exel. We show that any unital premorphism $θ:G\to S$, where $S$ is an inverse monoid, can be extended to a semigroup homomorphism $θ^*:T\to S$ for any inverse semigroup $T$ with $S(G)\subseteq T\subseteq P^*(G)\times G,$ being $P^*(G)$ the semigroup of non-empty subset of $G$, and such that $E(S)$ satisfies some lattice theore…
We study the closures of subgroups, semilattices and different kinds of semigroup extensions in semitopological inverse semigroups with continuous inversion. In particularly we show that a topological group $G$ is $H$-closed in the class of semitopological inverse semigroups with continuous inversion if and only if $G$ is compact, a Hausdorff linearly ordered topological semilattice $E$ is $H$-closed in the class of semitopological semilattices if and only if $E$ is $H$-closed in the class of topological semilattices, and a topological Brandt $λ^0$-extension of $S$ is (absolutely) $H$-closed i…
In this paper we study the semigroup $I_\infty^\dnearrow(N)$ of partial co-finite almost monotone bijective transformations of the set of positive integers $\mathbb{N}$. We show that the semigroup $I_\infty^\dnearrow(N)$ has algebraic properties similar to the bicyclic semigroup: it is bisimple and all of its non-trivial group homomorphisms are either isomorphisms or group homomorphisms. Also we prove that every Baire topology $τ$ on $I_\infty^\dnearrow(N)$ such that $(I_\infty^\dnearrow(N),τ)$ is a semitopological semigroup is discrete, describe the closure of $(I_\infty^\dnearrow(N),τ)$ in a…
We introduce the notion of an introverted Boolean algebra $\cal B$ of closed-and-open subsets of a topological group $G$, show that the associated Stone space $(ν_{\cal B} G, ν_{\cal B})$ is a totally disconnected semigroup compactification of $G$, and show that every totally disconnected semigroup compactification of $G$ takes this form. We identify and study the universal totally disconnected semigroup compactification, the universal totally disconnected semitopological semigroup compactification and the universal totally disconnected group compactification of $G$. Our main results are obtai…
In this paper we study the semigroup $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ of partial cofinal monotone bijective transformations of the set of positive integers $\mathbb{N}$. We show that the semigroup $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ has algebraic properties similar to the bicyclic semigroup: it is bisimple and all of its non-trivial group homomorphisms are either isomorphisms or group homomorphisms. We also prove that every locally compact topology $τ$ on $\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\nearrow}(\mathbb{N})$ such that $(\mathscr{I}_{\infty}^{\nearrow}(\mathbb{N}),τ)$ is a topolo…
Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of topological semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is called $absolutely$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if for any homomorphism $h:X\to Y$ to a topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$, the image $h[X]$ is closed in $Y$. Let $\mathsf{T_{\!1}S}$, $\mathsf{T_{\!2}S}$, and $\mathsf{T_{\!z}S}$ be the classes of $T_1$, Hausdorff, and Tychonoff zero-dimensional topological semigroups, respectively. We prove that a commutative semigroup $X$ is absolutely $\mathsf{T_{\!z}S}$-closed if and only if $X$ is absolutely $\mathsf{T_{\!2}S}$-closed if and only if $X$ is chain-finite, bounded, group-…
We study algebraic structure of the $λ$-polycyclic monoid $P_λ$ and its topologizations. We show that the $λ$-polycyclic monoid for an infinite cardinal $λ\geqslant 2$ has similar algebraic properties so has the polycyclic monoid $P_n$ with finitely many $n\geqslant 2$ generators. In particular we prove that for every infinite cardinal $λ$ the polycyclic monoid $P_λ$ is a congruence-free combinatorial $0$-bisimple $0$-$E$-unitary inverse semigroup. Also we show that every non-zero element $x$ is an isolated point in $(P_λ,τ)$ for every Hausdorff topology $τ$ on $P_λ$, such that $(P_λ,τ)$ is a …
Semigroups generated by topological operations such as closure, interior or boundary are considered. It is noted that some of these semigroups are in general finite and noncommutative. The problem is formulated whether they are always finite.
In this paper we study the semigroup $\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_λ$ of injective partial selfmaps almost everywhere the identity of a set of infinite cardinality $λ$. We describe the Green relations on $\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_λ$, all (two-sided) ideals and all congruences of the semigroup $\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_λ$. We prove that every Hausdorff hereditary Baire topology $τ$ on $\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_ω$ such that $(\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_ω,τ)$ is a semitopological semigroup is discrete and describe the closure of the discrete semigroup $\mathscr{I}^{\infty}_λ$ in a topological semigroup. Also we show that …
Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of topological semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is called (1) $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if $X$ is closed in every topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$ containing $X$ as a discrete subsemigroup, (2) $ideally$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if for any ideal $I$ in $X$ the quotient semigroup $X/I$ is $\mathcal C$-closed; (3) $absolutely$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if for any homomorphism $h:X\to Y$ to a topological semigroup $Y\in\mathcal C$, the image $h[X]$ is closed in $Y$, (4) $injectively$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ (resp. $\mathcal C$-$discrete$) if for any injective homomorphism $h:X\to …
Given a continuous monadic functor T in the category of Tychonov spaces for each discrete topological semigroup X we extend the semigroup operation of X to a right-topological semigroup operation on TX whose topological center contains the dense subsemigroup of all elements of TX that have finite support.
Let $\mathcal C$ be a class of Hausdorff topological semigroups which contains all zero-dimensional Hausdorff topological semigroups. A semigroup $X$ is called $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if $X$ is closed in each topological semigroup $Y\in \mathcal C$ containing $X$ as a discrete subsemigroup; $X$ is $projectively$ $\mathcal C$-$closed$ if for each congruence $\approx$ on $X$ the quotient semigroup $X/_\approx$ is $\mathcal C$-closed. A semigroup $X$ is called $chain$-$finite$ if for any infinite set $I\subseteq X$ there are elements $x,y\in I$ such that $xy\notin\{x,y\}$. We prove that a semigroup…
We study algebraic properties of the Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of monoids with zero and non-trivial homomorphisms between the Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of monoids with zero. We introduce finite, compact topological Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of topological semigroups and countably compact topological Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of topological inverse semigroups in the class of topological inverse semigroups and establish the structure of such extensions and non-trivial continuous homomorphisms between such topological Brandt $λ^0$-extensions of topological monoids with zero. We also describe a category w…
We give sufficient conditions when a topological inverse $λ$-polycyclic monoid $P_λ$ is absolutely $H$-closed in the class of topological inverse semigroups. Also, for every infinite cardinal $λ$ we construct the coarsest semigroup inverse topology $τ_{mi}$ on $P_λ$ and give an example of a topological inverse monoid S which contains the polycyclic monoid $P_2$ as a dense discrete subsemigroup.
We describe the structure of Hausdorff locally compact semitopological $0$-bisimple inverse $ω$-semigroups with compact maximal subgroups. In particular, we show that a Hausdorff locally compact semitopological $0$-bisimple inverse $ω$-semigroup with a compact maximal subgroup is either compact or topologically isomorphic to the topological sum of its $\mathscr{H}$-classes. We describe the structure of Hausdorff locally compact semitopological $0$-bisimple inverse $ω$-semigroups with a monothetic maximal subgroups. In particular we prove the dichotomy for $T_1$ locally compact semitopological …
In this paper we introduce and study a new topologo-algebraic structure called a (di)topological unosemigroup. This is a topological semigroup endowed with continuous unary operations of left and right units (which have certain continuous division property called the dicontinuity). We show that the class of ditopological unosemigroups contains all topological groups, all topological semilattices, all uniformizable topological unoid-semigroups, all compact topological unosemigroups, and is closed under the operations of taking subunosemigroup, Tychonoff product, reduced product, semidirect prod…
Our aim is to find some new links between linear (circular) orderability of groups and topological dynamics. We suggest natural analogs of the concept of algebraic orderability for topological groups involving order-preserving actions on compact spaces and the corresponding enveloping semigroups in the sense of R. Ellis. This approach leads to several natural questions. Some of them might be useful also for discrete (countable) orderable groups.
In this paper we establish a connection between categorical closedness and topologizability of semigroups. In particular, for a class $\mathsf T_{\!1}\mathsf S$ of $T_1$ topological semigroups we prove that a countable semigroup $X$ with finite-to-one shifts is injectively $\mathsf T_{\!1}\mathsf S$-closed if and only if $X$ is $\mathsf{T_{\!1}S}$-nontopologizable in the sense that every $T_1$ semigroup topology on $X$ is discrete. Moreover, a countable cancellative semigroup $X$ is absolutely $\mathsf T_{\!1}\mathsf S$-closed if and only if every homomorphic image of $X$ is $\mathsf T_{\!1}\m…
