Global regularity of wave maps II. Small energy in two dimensions
Terence Tao
备注：
109 pages, no figures, submitted to Comm. Math. Phys. A technical error (U and phi need to be measured in slightly different spaces for induction purposes) has been corrected, and some other small errors fixed
We show that wave maps from Minkowski space $\R^{1+n}$ to a sphere $S^{m-1}$ are globally smooth if the initial data is smooth and has small norm in the critical Sobolev space $\dot H^{n/2}$, in all dimensions $n \geq 2$. This generalizes the results in the prequel [math.AP/0010068] of this paper, which addressed the high-dimensional case $n \geq 5$. In particular, in two dimensions we have global regularity whenever the energy is small, and global regularity for large data is thus reduced to demonstrating non-concentration of energy.
We formulate the half-wave maps problem with target $S^2$ and prove global regularity in sufficiently high spatial dimensions for a class of small critical data in Besov spaces.
We prove full boundary regularity for minimizing biharmonic maps with smooth Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our result, similarly as in the case of harmonic maps, is based on the nonexistence of nonconstant boundary tangent maps. With the help of recently derivated boundary monotonicity formula for minimizing biharmonic maps by Altuntas we prove compactness at the boundary following Scheven's interior argument. Then we combine those results with the conditional partial boundary regularity result for stationary biharmonic maps by Gong--Lamm--Wang.
The aim of this short note is to extend the recent variational proof of partial regularity for optimal transport maps to the case of continuous densities.
We prove that, for general cost functions on $\mathbb{R}^n$, or for the cost $d^2/2$ on a Riemannian manifold, optimal transport maps between smooth densities are always smooth outside a closed singular set of measure zero.
We prove a quantification result for harmonic maps with free boundary from arbitrary Riemannian surfaces into the unit ball of ${\mathbb R}^{n+1}$ with bounded energy. This generalizes results obtained by Da Lio on the disc.
This article addresses the regularity issue for stationary or minimizing fractional harmonic maps into spheres of order $s\in(0,1)$ in arbitrary dimensions. It is shown that such fractional harmonic maps are $C^\infty$ away from a small closed singular set. The Hausdorff dimension of the singular set is also estimated in terms of $s\in(0,1)$ and the stationarity/minimality assumption.
We prove the uniqueness of solutions to Dirichlet problem for p-harmonic maps with images in a small geodesic ball of the target manifold. As a consequence, we show that such maps have Hoelder continuous derivatives. This gives an extension of a result by S. Hildebrandt et al concerning harmonic maps.
In this paper we develop a boundary $\varepsilon$-regularity theory for optimal transport maps between bounded open sets with $C^{1,α}$-boundary. Our main result asserts sharp $C^{1,α}$-regularity of transport maps at the boundary in form of a linear estimate under certain assumptions: The main quantitative assumptions are that the local nondimensionalized transport cost is small and that the boundaries are locally almost flat in $C^{1,α}$. Our method is completely variational and builds on the recently developed interior regularity theory.
We prove that the half-wave maps problem on $\mathbb{R}^{4+1}$ with target $S^2$ is globally well-posed for smooth initial data which are small in the critical $l^1$ based Besov space. This is a formal analogue of the result for wave maps by Tataru.
We prove that manifold constrained $p(x)$-harmonic maps are $C^{1,β}$-regular outside a set of zero $n$-dimensional Lebesgue's measure, for some $β\in (0,1)$. We also provide an estimate from above of the Hausdorff dimension of the singular set.
For minimizers in a geometrically nonlinear Cosserat model for micropolar elasticity of continua, we prove interior Hölder regularity, up to isolated singular points that may be possible if the exponent $p$ from the model is $2$ or in $(\frac{32}{15},3)$. The obstacle to full continuity turns out to be the existence of certain minimizing homogeneous $p$-harmonic maps to $S^3$. For those, we slightly improve existing regularity theorems in order to achieve our result on the Cosserat model.
In dimensions greater than or equal to 3, we prove that the Schroedinger map initial-value problem is globally well-posed for small data in the critical Besov space.
We introduce n/p-harmonic maps as critical points of E(v) the Lp-Norm of the alpha-laplacian of v, where pointwise v maps Rn into a sphere, and alpha = n/p. This energy combines the non-local behaviour of the fractional harmonic maps introduced by Riviere and the first author with the degenerate arguments of the n-laplacian. In this setting, we will prove Holder continuity.
We prove the regularity of weak 1/2-harmonic maps from the real line into a sphere. The key point in our result is first a formulation of the 1/2-harmonic map equation in the form of a non-local linear Schrödinger type equation with a 3-terms commutators in the right-hand-side . We then establish a sharp estimate for these 3-commutators.
Using the harmonic map heat flow and the function spaces of Tataru and the author, we establish a large data local well-posedness result in the energy class for wave maps from two-dimensional Minkowski space $\R^{1+2}$ to hyperbolic spaces $\H^m$. This is one of the five claims required in an earlier paper in this series to prove global regularity for such wave maps.
We prove that the solutions to the initial-value problem for 2-dimensional Schrödinger maps are unique in $C_tL_x^{\infty} \cap L_t^{\infty} (\dot{H}^1_x\cap \dot{H}^2_x)$. For the proof, we follow McGahagan's argument with improving its technical part, combining Yudovich's argument.
Regularity of solution maps of the generalized surface quasi-geostrophic equations
University of Notre Dame（圣母大学）；Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Stony Brook University（石溪大学数学科学研究所）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）；Hitotsubashi University（一桥大学）
We consider the polar factorization of vector valued mappings introduced by Y. Brenier. In the case of a family of mappings depending on a parameter. We investigate the regularity with respect to this parameter of the terms of the polar factorization by constructing some a priori bounds. To do so, we consider the linearization of the associated Monge-Ampere equation which we view as a conservation law.
We prove continuity on domains up to the boundary for n/2-polyharmonic maps into manifolds. Technically, we show how to adapt Helein's direct approach to the fractional setting. This extends a remark by the author that this is possible in the setting of Riviere's famous regularity result for critical points of conformally invariant variational functionals. Moreover, pointwise behavior for the involved three-commutators is established. Continuity up to the boundary is then obtained via an adaption of Hildebrandt and Kaul's technique to the non-local setting.
Using the harmonic map heat flow, we construct an energy class for wave maps $ϕ$ from two-dimensional Minkowski space $\R^{1+2}$ to hyperbolic spaces $\H^m$, and then show (conditionally on a large data well-posedness claim for such wave maps) that no stationary, travelling, self-similar, or degenerate wave maps exist in this energy class. These results form three of the five claims required in our earlier paper (arXiv:0805.4666) to prove global regularity for such wave maps. (The conditional claim of large data well-posedness is one of the remaining claims required in that paper.)
We provide a new proof of the known partial regularity result for the optimal transportation map (Brenier map) between two sets. Contrary to the existing regularity theory for the Monge-Amp{è}re equation, which is based on the maximum principle, our approach is purely variational. By constructing a competitor on the level of the Eulerian (Benamou-Brenier) formulation, we show that locally, the velocity is close to the gradient of a harmonic function provided the transportation cost is small. We then translate back to the Lagrangian description and perform a Campanato iteration to obtain an $ε$…
We derive a boundary monotonicity formula for a class of biharmonic maps with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A monotonicity formula is crucial in the theory of partial regularity in super-critical dimensions. As a consequence of such a boundary monotonicity formula, one is able to show partial regularity for variationally biharmonic maps and full boundary regularity for minimizing biharmonic maps.
In this paper we continue the investigation of the regularity of the so-called weak $\frac{n}{p}$-harmonic maps in the critical case. These are critical points of the following nonlocal energy \[ {\mathcal{L}}_s(u)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}| ( {-Δ})^{\frac{s}{2}} u(x)|^p dx\,, \] where $u\in \dot{H}^{s,p}(\mathbb{R}^n,\mathcal{N})$ and ${\mathcal{N}}\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ is a closed $k$ dimensional smooth manifold and $s=\frac{n}{p}$. We prove Hölder continuity for such critical points for $p \leq 2$. For $p > 2$ we obtain the same under an additional Lorentz-space assumption. The regularity theory i…
In this paper, we study the relaxed energy for biharmonic maps from a $m$-dimensional domain into spheres. By an approximation method, we prove the existence of a minimizer of the relaxed energy of the Hessian energy, and that the minimizer is biharmonic and smooth outside a singular set $Σ$ of finite $(m-4)$-dimensional Hausdorff measure. Moreover, when $m=5$, we prove that the singular set $Σ$ is 1-rectifiable.
We study the regularity of weak solutions for two elliptic systems involving the $n$-Laplacian and a critical nonlinearity in the right hand side: $H$-systems and $n$-harmonic maps into compact Riemannian manifolds. Under the assumptions that the solutions belong to $W^{n/2,2}$ in an even dimension $n$, we prove their continuty. The tools used in the proof involve Hardy spaces and BMO, and the Rivière--Uhlenbeck decomposition (with estimates in Morrey spaces). A prominent role is played by the Coifman--Rochberg--Weiss commutator theorem.
We show that the wave map equation in $\R^{1+1}$ is in general ill-posed in the critical space $\dot H^{1/2}$, and the Besov space $\dot B^{1/2,1}_2$. The problem is attributed to the bad behaviour of the one-dimensional bilinear expression $D^{-1}(f Dg)$ in these spaces.
We consider the Dirichlet problem for stationary biharmonic maps $u$ from a bounded, smooth domain $Ω\subset\mathbb R^n$ ($n\ge 5$) to a compact, smooth Riemannian manifold $N\subset\mathbb R^l$ without boundary. For any smooth boundary data, we show that if, in addition, $u$ satisfies a certain boundary monotonicity inequality, then there exists a closed subset $Σ\subset\barΩ$, with $H^{n-4}(Σ)=0$, such that $u\in C^\infty(\barΩ\setminusΣ, N)$.
We extend the variational approach to regularity for optimal transport maps initiated by Goldman and the first author to the case of general cost functions. Our main result is an $ε$-regularity result for optimal transport maps between Hölder continuous densities slightly more quantitative than the result by De Philippis-Figalli. One of the new contributions is the use of almost-minimality: if the cost is quantitatively close to the Euclidean cost function, a minimizer for the optimal transport problem with general cost is an almost-minimizer for the one with quadratic cost. This further highl…
In this paper, we will study the partial regularity theorem for stationary harmonic maps from a Riemannian manifold into a Lorentzian manifold. For a weakly stationary harmonic map $(u,v)$ from a smooth bounded open domain $Ω\subset\R^m$ to a Lorentzian manifold with Dirichlet boundary condition, we prove that it is smooth outside a closed set whose $(m-2)$-dimension Hausdorff measure is zero. Moreover, if the target manifold $N$ does not admit any harmonic sphere $S^l$, $l=2,...,m-1$, we will show $(u,v)$ is smooth.
Let $(g^{αβ}(x))$ and $(h_{ij}(u))$ be uniformly elliptic symmetric matrices, and assume that $h_{ij}(u)$ and $p(x) \, (\, \geq 2)$ are sufficiently smooth. We prove partial regularity of minimizers for the functional [ {\mathcal F}(u) = \int_Ω(g^{αβ}(x) h_{ij}(u) D_αu^iD_βu^j)^{p(x)/2} dx, \] under the non-standard growth conditions of $p(x)$-type. If $g^{αβ}(x)$ are in the class $VMO$, we have partial Hölder regularity. Moreover, if $g^{αβ}$ are Hölder continuous, we can show partial $C^{1,α}$-regularity.
We prove an $ε$-regularity theorem for vector-valued p-harmonic maps, which are critical with respect to a partially free boundary condition, namely that they map the boundary into a round sphere. This does not seem to follow from the reflection method that Scheven used for harmonic maps with free boundary (i.e., the case $p=2$): the reflected equation can be interpreted as a $p$-harmonic map equation into a manifold, but the regularity theory for such equations is only known for round targets. Instead, we follow the spirit of the last-named author's recent work on free boundary harmonic maps …
This is the final paper in the series \cite{tao:heatwave}, \cite{tao:heatwave2}, \cite{tao:heatwave3}, \cite{tao:heatwave4} that establishes global regularity for two-dimensional wave maps into hyperbolic targets. In this paper we establish the remaining claims required for this statement, namely a divisible perturbation theory, and a means of synthesising solutions for frequency-delocalised, spatially-dispersed, or spatially-delocalised data out of solutions of strictly smaller energy. As a consequence of the perturbation theory here and the results obtained earlier in the series, we also est…
For $n\ge 5$ and $k\ge 4$, we show that any minimizing biharmonic map from $Ω\subset R^n$ to $S^k$ is smooth off a closed set whose Hausdorff dimension is at most $n-5$. When $n=5$ and $k=4$, for a parameter $λ\in [0,1]$ we introduce a $λ$-relaxed energy $\H_λ$ for the Hessian energy for maps in $W^{2,2}(Ω,S^4)$ so that each minimizer $u_λ$ of $\H_λ$ is also a biharmonic map. We also estabilish the existence and partial regularity of a minimizer of $\H_λ$ for $λ\in [0,1)$.
We consider critical points $u:Ω\to N$ of the bi-energy \[ \int_Ω|Δu|^2\,d x, \] where $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}^m$ is a bounded smooth domain of dimension $m\ge 5$ and $N\subset\mathbb{R}^L$ a compact submanifold without boundary. More precisely, we consider variationally biharmonic maps $u\in W^{2,2}(Ω,N)$, which are defined as critical points of the bi-energy that satisfy a certain stationarity condition up to the boundary. For weakly convergent sequences of variationally biharmonic maps, we demonstrate that the only obstruction that can prevent the strong compactness up to the boundary is the pr…
We prove that, in the optimal transportation problem with general costs and positive continuous densities, the potential function is always of class $W^{2,p}_{loc}$ for any $p \geq 1$ outside of a closed singular set of measure zero. We also establish global $W^{2,p}$ estimates when the cost is a small perturbation of the quadratic cost. The latter result is new even when the cost is exactly the quadratic cost.
We study boundary regularity of maps from two-dimensional domains into manifolds which are critical with respect to a generic conformally invariant variational functional and which, at the boundary, enter perpendicularly into a support manifold. For example, harmonic maps, or $H$-surfaces, with a partially free boundary condition. In the interior it is known, by the celebrated work of Riviere, that these maps satisfy a system with an antisymmetric potential, from which one can derive regularity of the solution. We show that these maps satisfy along the boundary a system with a nonlocal antisym…
In the previous papers in this series, the global regularity conjecture for wave maps from two-dimensional Minkowski space $\R^{1+2}$ to hyperbolic space $\H^m$ was reduced to the problem of constructing a minimal-energy blowup solution which is almost periodic modulo symmetries in the event that the conjecture fails. In this paper, we show that this problem can be reduced further, to that of showing that solutions at the critical energy which are either frequency-delocalised, spatially-dispersed, or spatially-delocalised have bounded ``entropy''. These latter facts will be demonstrated in the…
We prove Hoelder continuity for n/2-harmonic maps from subsets of Rn into a sphere. This extends a recent one-dimensional result by F. Da Lio and T. Riviere to arbitrary dimensions. The proof relies on compensation effects which we quantify adapting an approach for Wente's inequality by L. Tartar, instead of Besov-space arguments which were used in the one-dimensional case. Moreover, fractional analogues of Hodge decomposition and higher order Poincare inequalities as well as several localization effects for nonlocal operators similar to the fractional laplacian are developed and applied.
We study bounded trace maps on hypersurfaces for Sobolev spaces from a point of view that is fundamentally different from the one in the classical theory. This allows us to construct bounded trace maps under weak regularity assumptions on the hypersurfaces. In the case of bounded domains in $\mathbf R^n$ we only require the continuity of the boundary. For hypersurfaces in the whole space $\mathbf R^n$ we only assume that the hypersurfaces are Lebesgue measurable. As an application of our trace maps we consider the Dirichlet problem and we prove a coarea formula where the level sets are only as…
In this article, we investigate the regularity for certain elliptic systems without a $L^2$-antisymmetric structure. As applications, we prove some $ε$-regularity theorems for weakly harmonic maps from the unit ball $B= B(m) \subset \mathbb{R}^m $ $(m\geq2)$ into certain pseudo-Riemannian manifolds: standard stationary Lorentzian manifolds, pseudospheres $\mathbb{S}^n_ν\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}_ν$ $(1\leqν\leq n)$ and pseudohyperbolic spaces $\mathbb{H}^n_ν\subset \mathbb{R}^{n+1}_{ν+1}$ $(0\leqν\leq n-1)$. Consequently, such maps are shown to be Hölder continuous (and as smooth as the regulari…
We establish the regularity theory for certain critical elliptic systems with an anti-symmetric structure under inhomogeneous Neumann and Dirichlet boundary constraints. As applications, we prove full regularity and smooth estimates at the free boundary for weakly Dirac-harmonic maps from spin Riemann surfaces. Our methods also lead to the full interior $ε$-regularity and smooth estimates for weakly Dirac-harmonic maps in all dimensions.
We show $C^{1,α}$-regularity for energy minimizing maps from a 2-dimensional Riemannian manifold into a Finsler space $(\R^n, F)$ with a Finsler structure $F(u,X)$.
The regularity of monotone transport maps plays an important role in several applications to PDE and geometry. Unfortunately, the classical statements on this subject are restricted to the case when the measures are compactly supported. In this note we show that, in several situations of interest, one can to ensure the regularity of monotone maps even if the measures may have unbounded supports.
We show the smoothness of weakly Dirac-harmonic maps from a closed spin Riemann surface into stationary Lorentzian manifolds, and obtain a regularity theorem for a class of critical elliptic systems without anti-symmetry structures.
In this paper, we consider the global well-posedness of the incompressible Hall-MHD equations in $\mathbb{R}^3$. We prove that the solution of this system is globally regular if the initial data is axisymmetric and the swirl components of the velocity and magnetic vorticity are trivial. It should be pointed out that the initial data without any smallness and in low regularity spaces. This improves a previous result established in \cite{Fan2013}.
