Chains of extended jordanian twists are studied for the universal enveloping algebras U(so(M)). The carrier subalgebra of a canonical chain F cannot cover the maximal nilpotent subalgebra N(so(M)). We demonstrate that there exist other types of Frobenius subalgebras in so(M) that can be large enough to include N(so(M)). The problem is that the canonical chains F do not preserve the primitivity on these new carrier spaces. We show that this difficulty can be overcome and the primitivity can be restored if one changes the basis and passes to the deformed carrier spaces. Finally the twisting elements for the new Frobenius subalgebras are explicitly constructed. This gives rise to a new family of universal R-matrices for orthogonal algebras. For a special case of g = so(5) and its defining representation we present the corresponding matrix solution of the Yang-Baxter equation.
A new non-standard deformation of all types of classical Lie algebras is constructed by means of Drinfel'd twist based on a six dimensional subalgebra. This is an extension of extended twists introduced by Kulish et al. For the algebra M_3 = so(3,2), a relation to a known non-standard deformation is discussed.
Let $U_ζ$ be the quantum group (Lusztig form) associated to the simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$, with parameter $ζ$ specialized to an $\ell$-th root of unity in a field of characteristic $p>0$. In this paper we study certain finite-dimensional normal Hopf subalgebras $U_ζ(G_r)$ of $U_ζ$, called Frobenius-Lusztig kernels, which generalize the Frobenius kernels $G_r$ of an algebraic group $G$. When $r=0$, the algebras studied here reduce to the small quantum group introduced by Lusztig. We classify the irreducible $U_ζ(G_r)$-modules and discuss their characters. We then study the cohomology ri…
In Section 1 we introduce Frobenius coordinates in the general setting that includes Hopf subalgebras. In Sections 2 and 3 we review briefly the theories of Frobenius algebras and augmented Frobenius algebras with some new material in Section 3. In Section 4 we study the Frobenius structure of an FH-algebra H \cite{Par72} and extend two recent theorems in \cite{EG}. We obtain two Radford formulas for the antipode in H and generalize in Section 7 the results on its order in \cite{FMS}. We study the Frobenius structure on an FH-subalgebra pair in Sections 5 and 6. In Section 8 we show that the q…
Classically, the exponent of a group is the least common multiple of the orders of its elements. This notion was generalized by Etingof and Gelaki to the context of Hopf algebras. Kashina, Sommerhauser and Zhu later observed that there is a strong connection between exponents and Frobenius-Schur indicators. In this paper, we introduce the notion of twisted exponents and show that there is a similar relationship between the twisted exponent and the twisted Frobenius-Schur indicators defined in previous work of the authors. In particular, we exhibit a new formula for the twisted Frobenius-Schur …
We study analogues of the Yangian of the Lie algebra $gl_N$ for the other classical Lie algebras $so_N$ and $sp_N$. We call them twisted Yangians. They are coideal subalgebras in the Yangian $Y(gl_N)$ of $gl_N$ and admit homomorphisms onto the universal enveloping algebras $U(so_N)$ and $U(sp_N)$ respectively. In every twisted Yangian we construct a family of maximal commutative subalgebras parametrized by the regular semisimple elements of the corresponding classical Lie algebra. The images in $U(so_N)$ and $U(sp_N)$ of these subalgebras are also maximal commutative.
Serious difficulties arise in the construction of chains of twists for symplectic Lie algebras. Applying the canonical chains of extended twists to deform the Hopf algebras U(sp(N)) one is forced to deal only with improper chains (induced by the U(sl(N)) subalgebras). In the present paper this problem is solved. For chains of regular injections the sets of maximal extended jordanian twists F_{E,k} are considered. We prove that there exists for U(sp(N)) the twist F_{B,k} composed of the factors F_{E,k}. It is demonstrated that the twisting procedure deforms the space of the primitive subalgebra…
The classical Frobenius-Schur indicators for finite groups are character sums defined for any representation and any integer m greater or equal to 2. In the familiar case m=2, the Frobenius-Schur indicator partitions the irreducible representations over the complex numbers into real, complex, and quaternionic representations. In recent years, several generalizations of these invariants have been introduced. Bump and Ginzburg, building on earlier work of Mackey, have defined versions of these indicators which are twisted by an automorphism of the group. In another direction, Linchenko and Montg…
We prove that a Hopf algebra with a finite coradical filtration is co-Frobenius, i. e. there is a non-zero integral on it. As a consequence, we show that algebras of functions on quantum groups at roots of one are co-Frobenius. We also characterize co-Frobenius Hopf algebras with coradical a Hopf subalgebra. This characterization is in the framework of the lifting method due to H.-J. Schneider and the first-named author. Here is our main result. Let H be a Hopf algebra whose coradical is a Hopf subalgebra. Let gr H be the associated graded Hopf algebra and let R be the diagram of H. Then the f…
We introduce the notion of the \textit{principal element} of a Frobenius Lie algebra $\f$. The principal element corresponds to a choice of $F\in \f^*$ such that $F[-,-]$ non-degenerate. In many natural instances, the principal element is shown to be semisimple, and when associated to $\sl_n$, its eigenvalues are integers and are independent of $F$. For certain ``small'' functionals $F$, a simple construction is given which readily yields the principal element. When applied to the first maximal parabolic subalgebra of $\sl_n$, the principal element coincides with semisimple element of the prin…
The twist deformations for simple Lie algebras U(g) whose twisting elements F are known explicitly are usually defined on the carrier subspace injected in the Borel subalgebra B^+(g). We solve the problem of creating the parabolic twist F_P whose carrier algebra P not only covers B^+(g) but also intersects nontrivially with B^-(g). This algebra P is the parabplic subalgebra in sl(3) and has the structure of the algebra of two-dimensional motions. The parabolic twist is explicitly constructed as a composition of the well known extended jordanian twist F_EJ and the new factor F_D. The latter can…
We introduce two subalgebras in the type A quantum affine algebra which are coideals with respect to the Hopf algebra structure. In the classical limit q -> 1 each subalgebra specializes to the enveloping algebra U(k), where k is a fixed point subalgebra of the loop algebra over gl_N with respect to a natural involution corresponding to the embedding of the orthogonal or symplectic Lie algebra into gl_N. We also give an equivalent presentation of these coideal subalgebras in terms of generators and defining relations which have the form of reflection-type equations. We provide evaluation homom…
We give some applications of a Hopf algebra constructed from a group acting on another Hopf algebra A as Hopf automorphisms, namely Molnar's smash coproduct Hopf algebra. We find connections between the exponent and Frobenius-Schur indicators of a smash coproduct and the twisted exponents and twisted Frobenius-Schur indicators of the original Hopf algebra A. We study the category of modules of the smash coproduct.
We construct a Frobenius algebra structure on the Hochschild cochains of a group ring k[G] that extends the known structure of a <1, 2> topological quantum field theory on HH^0(k[G]; k[G]), k a field and G a finite group. The convolution product extends to the homotopy commutative Gerstenhaber product on cochains, the Frobenius coproduct extends to a coproduct on the chain complex for Hochschild homology, and there is a pairing on Hochschild cocahins satisfying Frobenius associativity. The pairing, however, degenerates on a certain subcomplex of Hochschild cochains. The cochain complex for gro…
Let $A$ be a connected commutative $\C$-algebra with derivation $D$, $G$ a finite linear automorphism group of $A$ which preserves $D$, and $R=A^G$ the fixed point subalgebra of $A$ under the action of $G$. We show that if $A$ is generated by a single element as an $R$-algebra and is a Galois extension over $R$ in the sense of M. Auslander and O. Goldman, then every finite-dimensional vertex algebra $R$-module has a structure of twisted vertex algebra $A$-module.
We solve a functional version of the problem of twist quantization of a coboundary Lie bialgebra (g,r,Z). We derive from this the following results: (a) the formal Poisson manifolds g^* and G^* are isomorphic; (b) we construct a subalgebra of U(g^*), isomorphic to S(g^*)^g. When g can be quantized, we construct a deformation of the morphism S(g^*)^g subset U(g^*). When g is quasitriangular and nondegenerate, we compare our construction with Semenov-Tian-Shansky's construction of a commutative subalgebra of U(g^*). We also show that the canonical derivation of the function ring of G^* is Hamilt…
The solution of the Drinfeld equation corresponding to the full set of different carrier subalgebras in sl(3) are explicitly constructed. The obtained Hopf structures are studied. It is demonstrated that the presented twist deformations can be considered as limits of the corresponding quantum analogues (q-twists) defined for the q-quantized algebras.
We prove that we have an isomorphism of type $A_{aut}(\mathbb C_σ[G])\simeq A_{aut}(\mathbb C[G])^σ$, for any finite group $G$, and any 2-cocycle $σ$ on $G$. In the particular case $G=\mathbb Z_n^2$, this leads to a Haar-measure preserving identification between the subalgebra of $A_o(n)$ generated by the variables $u_{ij}^2$, and the subalgebra of $A_s(n^2)$ generated by the variables $X_{ij}=\sum_{a,b=1}^np_{ia,jb}$. Since $u_{ij}$ is "free hyperspherical" and $X_{ij}$ is "free hypergeometric", we obtain in this way a new free probability formula, which at $n=\infty$ corresponds to the well-…
We prove that a depth two Hopf subalgebra K of a semisimple Hopf algebra H is normal (where the ground field $k$ is algebraically closed of characteristic zero). This means on the one hand that a Hopf subalgebra is normal when inducing (then restricting) modules several times as opposed to one time creates no new simple constituents. This point of view was taken in the paper http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0409346 which established a normality result in case H and K are finite group algebras. On the other hand this means that K is normal in H when H | K is a Galois extension with respect to action o…
Let $V_{L}$ be the vertex algebra associated to a non-degenerate even lattice $L$, $θ$ the automorphism of $V_{L}$ induced from the $-1$ symmetry of $L$, and $V_{L}^{+}$ the fixed point subalgebra of $V_{L}$ under the action of $θ$. We classify the irreducible weak $V_{L}^{+}$-modules and show that any irreducible weak $V_{L}^{+}$-module is isomorphic to a weak submodule of some irreducible weak $V_{L}$-module or to a submodule of some irreducible $θ$-twisted $V_{L}$-module.
We provide an alternative approach to the Faddeev-Reshetikhin-Takhtajan presentation of the quantum group U_q(g), with L-operators as generators and relations ruled by an R-matrix. We look at U_q(g) as being generated by the quantum Borel subalgebras U_q(b_+) and U_q(b_-), and we use the standard presentation of the latters as quantum function algebras. When g = gl(n) these Borel quantum function algebras are generated by the entries of a triangular q-matrix, thus eventually U_q(gl(n)) is generated by the entries of an upper triangular and a lower triangular q-matrix, which share the same diag…
We present methods and explicit formulas for describing simple weight modules over twisted generalized Weyl algebras. When a certain commutative subalgebra is finitely generated over an algebraically closed field we obtain a classification of a class of locally finite simple weight modules as those induced from simple modules over a subalgebra isomorphic to a tensor product of noncommutative tori. As an application we describe simple weight modules over the quantized Weyl algebra.
We show that for some Hopf subalgebras in U_F(so(M)) nontrivially deformed by a twist F it is possible to find the nonlinear primitive copies. This enlarges the possibilities to construct chains of twists. For orthogonal algebra U(so(M)) we present a method to compose the full chains with carrier space as large as the Borel subalgebra B(so(M)). These chains can be used to construct the new deformed Yangians.
A new twisted deformation, U_z(so(4,2)), of the conformal algebra of the (3+1)-dimensional Minkowskian spacetime is presented. This construction is provided by a classical r-matrix spanned by ten Weyl-Poincare generators, which generalizes non-standard quantum deformations previously obtained for so(2,2) and so(3,2). However, by introducing a conformal null-plane basis it is found that the twist can indeed be supported by an eight-dimensional carrier subalgebra. By construction the Weyl-Poincare subalgebra remains as a Hopf subalgebra after deformation. Non-relativistic limits of U_z(so(4,2)) …
New solutions of twist equations for universal enveloping algebras U(A_{n-1}) are found. They can be presented as products of full chains F_c of extended Jordanian twists, Abelian factors (rotations) F^R and sets of quasi-Jordanian twists F^J. The latter are the generalizations of Jordanian twists (with 2-dimensional Borel carrier b^2) for special deformed extensions of the Hopf algebra U(b^2). The carrier subalgebra g_P for the composition of these three twists is a nonminimal parabolic subalgebra in sl(n). The parabolic twisting elements F_P are obtained in the explicit form. The details of …
The universal enveloping algebra of any semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ contains a family of maximal commutative subalgebras, called shift of argument subalgebras, parametrized by regular Cartan elements of $\mathfrak{g}$. For $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{gl}_n$ the Gelfand-Tsetlin commutative subalgebra in $U(\mathfrak{g})$ arises as some limit of subalgebras from this family. In our previous work (arXiv:1807.11126) we studied the analogous limit of shift of argument subalgebras for the Lie algebras $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$ and $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{o}_{2n+1}$. We described the li…
A Lie algebra is Frobenius if it admits a linear functional F such that the Kirillov form F([x,y]) is non-degenerate. If g is the m-th maximal parabolic subalgebra P(n,m) of sl(n) this occurs precisely when (n,m) = 1. We define a "cyclic" functional F on P(n,m) and prove it is non-degenerate using properties of certain graphs associated to F. These graphs also provide in some cases readily computable associated solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation. We also define a local ring associated to each connected loopless graph from which we show that the graph can be reconstructed. Finally,…
The role of the quantum universal enveloping algebras of symmetries in constructing non-commutative geometry of the space-time including vector bundles, measure, equations of motion and their solutions is discussed. In the framework of the twist theory the Klein-Gordon-Fock and Dirac equations on the quantum Minkowski space are studied from this point of view for the simplest quantum deformation of the Lorentz algebra induced by its Cartan subalgebra twist.
Multidimensional Heisenberg algebras, whose creation and annihilation operators are the N-dimensional vectors, can be injected into simple Lie algebras g. It is demonstrated that the spectrum of their deformations can be investigated using chains of extended Jordanian twists applied to U(g). In the case of U(sl(N)) (for N>5) the two-dimensional Heisenberg subalgebras have nine deformed costructures connected by four "internal" and "external" twists composing the commutative diagram.
We prove that quantized multiplicative quiver varieties and quantum character varieties define sheaves of Azumaya algebras over the corresponding classical moduli spaces, and we prove that the Azumaya locus of the Kauffman bracket skein algebras contains the smooth locus, proving a strong form of the Unicity Conjecture of Bonahon and Wong. The proofs exploit a strong compatibility between quantum Hamiltonian reduction and the quantum Frobenius homomorphism as it arises in each setting. We therefore introduce the concepts of Frobenius quantum moment maps and their Hamiltonian reduction, and of …
We give examples of dynamical twists in finite-dimensional Hopf algebras over an arbitrary Hopf subalgebra. The construction is based on the categorical approach of dynamical twists introduced by Donin and Mudrov.
We study a symmetric Markov extension of k-algebras N \into M, a certain kind of Frobenius extension with conditional expectation that is tracial on the centralizer and dual bases with a separability property. We place a depth two condition on this extension, which is essentially the requirement that the Jones tower N \into M \into M_1 \into M_2 can be obtained by taking relative tensor products with centralizers A = C_{M_1}(N) and B = C_{M_2}(M). Under this condition, we prove that N \into M is the invariant subalgebra pair of a weak Hopf algebra action by A, i.e., that N = M^A. The endomorph…
We are continuing our study of ADE-orbifold subalgebras of the triplet vertex algebra W(p). This part deals with the dihedral series. First, subject to a certain constant term identity, we classify all irreducible modules for the vertex algebra $\bar{M(1)} ^+$, the $\Z_2$--orbifold of the singlet vertex algebra $\bar{M(1)}$. Then we classify irreducible modules and determine Zhu's and $C_2$--algebra for the vertex algebra $\triplet ^{D_2}$. A general method for construction of twisted $\triplet$--modules is also introduced. We also discuss classification of twisted $\bar{M(1)}$--modules includ…
We show that given a Frobenius algebra there is a unique notion of its second quantization, which is the sum over all symmetric group quotients of n--th tensor powers, where the quotients are given by symmetric group twisted Frobenius algebras. To this end, we consider the setting of Frobenius algebras given by functors from geometric categories whose objects are endowed with geometric group actions and prove structural results, which in turn yield a constructive realization in the case of n--th tensor powers and the natural permutation action. We also show that naturally graded symmetric grou…
It is known that the semi-infinite cohomology spaces of the infinitely twisted nilpotent subalgebra in an affine Lie algebra $g$ with coefficients in an integrable simple module over the affine Lie algebra have a base enumerated by elements of the corresponding affine Weyl group graded by the semiinfinite length function. Let $U$ be the affine quantum group corresponding to $g$. It is possible to define a subalgebra in $U$ being the quantum analogue of the universal enveloping algebra of the infinitely twisted nilpotent subalgebra in $g$. In this paper we prove that for general values of the p…
We introduce a new filtration on Hopf algebras, the standard filtration, generalizing the coradical filtration. Its zeroth term, called the Hopf coradical, is the subalgebra generated by the coradical. We give a structure theorem: any Hopf algebra with injective antipode is a deformation of the bosonization of the Hopf coradical by its diagram, a connected graded Hopf algebra in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules over the latter. We discuss the steps needed to classify Hopf algebras in suitable classes accordingly. For the class of co-Frobenius Hopf algebras, we prove that a Hopf algebra …
Two type of superization of the Jordanian r-matrix for the Lie algebra sl(2) are considered. One type is associated with the Lie superalgebra sl(1|1) and another type is associated with the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra osp(1|2). Extended Jordanian r-matrices of maximal order are obtained for the basic complex Lie superalgebras sl(m|n) and osp(M|2n), and a general procedure for construction of corresponding chains of extended Jordanian twists is given. We also find a relation between the extended Jordanian twist and automorphism which gives trivial coproduct for a subalgebra provided the su…
The standard Lie bialgebra structure on an affine Kac-Moody algebra induces a Lie bialgebra structure on the underlying loop algebra and its parabolic subalgebras. In this paper we classify all classical twists of the induced Lie bialgebra structures in terms of Belavin-Drinfeld quadruples up to a natural notion of equivalence. To obtain this classification we first show that the induced bialgebra structures are defined by certain solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation (CYBE) with two parameters. Then, using the algebro-geometric theory of CYBE, based on torsion free coherent sheaves,…
Given a a Hopf algebra $H$, its left coideal subalgebra $A$ and a non-zero multiplicative functional $μ$ on $A$, we define the space of left $μ$-integrals $L^A_μ\subset A$. We observe that $\dim L^A_μ=1$ if $A$ is a Frobenius algebra and we conclude this equality for finite dimensional left coideal subalgebras of a weakly finite Hopf algebra. In general we prove that if $\dim L^A_μ>0$ then $\dim A <\infty$. Given a group-like element $g\in H$ we define the space $L^g_{ A}\subset A'$ of $g$-cointegrals on $ A$ and linking this concept with the theory of $μ$-integrals we observe that: - every se…
In this paper, we show that quantum twist maps, introduced by Lenagan-Yakimov, induce bijections between dual canonical bases of quantum nilpotent subalgebras. As a corollary, we show the unitriangular property between dual canonical bases and Poincaré-Birkhoff-Witt type bases under the "reverse" lexicographic order. We also show that quantum twist maps induce bijections between certain unipotent quantum minors.
We obtain two formulae for the higher Frobenius-Schur indicators: one for a spherical fusion category in terms of the twist of its center and the other one for a modular tensor category in terms of its twist. The first one is a categorical generalization of an analogous result by Kashina, Sommerhauser, and Zhu for Hopf algebras, and the second one extends Bantay's 2nd indicator formula for a conformal field theory to higher degree. These formulae imply the sequence of higher indicators of an object in these categories is periodic. We define the notion of Frobenius-Schur (FS-)exponent of a pivo…
The universal enveloping algebra of any semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ contains a family of maximal commutative subalgebras, called shift of argument subalgebras, parametrized by regular Cartan elements of $\mathfrak{g}$. For $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{gl}_n$ the Gelfand-Tsetlin commutative subalgebra in $U(\mathfrak{g})$ arises as some limit of subalgebras from this family. We study the analogous limit of shift of argument subalgebras for the Lie algebras $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$ and $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{so}_{2n+1}$. The limit subalgebra is described explicitly in terms of Bet…
The problem of constructing the explicit form for full twist deformations of simple Lie algebras g with twist carriers containing the maximal nilpotent subalgebra N^+(g) is studied. Our main tool is the sequence of regular subalgebras g_i in U(g) that become primitive under the action of extended jordanian twists F_E: U(g) -> U_E(g). It is demonstrated that the structure of the sequence {g_i} is defined by the extended Dynkin diagram of algebra g. To construct the injection of g_i in U_E(g) the special deformations of algebras U_E(g) are performed. They are reduced to the (cohomologically triv…
We analyze the algebraic structures of G--Frobenius algebras which are the algebras associated to global group quotient objects. Here G is any finite group. These algebras turn out to be modules over the Drinfeld double of the group ring k[G]. We furthermore prove that discrete torsion is a universal group action of H^2(G,k^*) on G--Frobenius algebras by isomorphisms of the underlying linear structure. These morphisms are realized explicitly by taking the tensor product with twisted group rings. This gives an algebraic realization of discrete torsion and allows for a treatment analogous to the…
The quantization properties of composite peripheric twists are studied. Peripheric chains of extended twists are constructed for U(sl(N)) in order to obtain composite twists with sufficiently large carrier subalgebras. It is proved that the peripheric chains can be enlarged with additional Reshetikhin and Jordanian factors. This provides the possibility to construct new solutions to Drinfeld equations and, thus, to quantize new sets of Lie-Poisson structures. When the Jordanian additional factors are used the carrier algebras of the enlarged peripheric chains are transformed into algebras of m…
A Morita class of symmetric special Frobenius algebras A in the modular tensor category of a chiral CFT determines a full CFT on oriented world sheets. For unoriented world sheets, A must in addition possess a reversion, i.e. an isomorphism from A^opp to A squaring to the twist. Any two reversions of an algebra A differ by an element of the group Aut(A) of algebra automorphisms of A. We establish a group homomorphism from Aut(A) to the Picard group of the bimodule category C_AA, with kernel consisting of the inner automorphisms, and we refine Morita equivalence to an equivalence relation betwe…
We define cylindric generalisations of skew Macdonald functions when one of their parameters is set to zero. We define these functions as weighted sums over cylindric skew tableaux: fixing two integers n>2 and k>0 we shift an ordinary skew diagram of two partitions, viewed as a subset of the two-dimensional integer lattice, by the period vector (n,-k). Imposing a periodicity condition one defines cylindric skew tableaux as a map from the periodically continued skew diagram into the integers. The resulting cylindric Macdonald functions appear in the coproduct of a commutative Frobenius algebra,…
