Let f : (M,p)\to (M',p') be a formal biholomorphic mapping between two germs of real analytic hypersurfaces in \C^n, p'=f(p). Assuming the source manifold to be minimal at p, we prove the convergence of the so-called reflection function associated to f. As a consequence, we derive the convergence of formal biholomorphisms between real analytic minimal holomorphically nondegenerate hypersurfaces. Related results on partial convergence of formal biholomorphisms are also obtained.
We consider the problem of describing the local biholomorphic equivalence class of a real-analytic hypersurface $M$ at a distinguished point $p_0\in M$ by giving a normal form for such objects. In order for the normal form to carry useful information about the biholomorphic equivalence class, we shall require that the transformation to normal form is unique modulo some finite dimensional group. A classical result due to Chern--Moser gives such a normal form for Levi nondegenerate hypersurfaces. The main results in this paper concern real-analytic hypersurfaces $M$ in $\Bbb C^3$ at certain Levi…
We consider an alternative approach to a fundamental CR invariant - the Catlin multitype. It is applied to a general smooth hypersurface in $\mathbbC^{n+1}$, not necessarily pseudoconvex. Using this approach, we prove biholomorphic equivalence of models, and give an explicit description of biholomorphisms between different models. A constructive finite algorithm for computing the multitype is described. The results can be viewed a necessary step in understanding local biholomorphic equivalence of Levi degenerate hypersurfaces of finite Catlin multitype.
We present a new proof of Pinchuk's theorem on the analytic continuation of a biholomorphic mapping from a strongly pseudoconvex analytic real hypersurface to a compact strongly pseudoconvex analytic real hypersurface in a complex euclidean space.
We study the analytic continuation problem for a germ of a biholomorphic mapping from a non-minimal real hypersurface $M\subset\CC{n}$ into a real hyperquadric $\mathcal Q\subset\CP{n}$ and prove that under certain non-degeneracy conditions any such germ extends locally biholomorphically along any path lying in the complement $U\setminus X$ of the complex hypersurface $X$ contained in $M$ for an appropriate neighborhood $U\supset X$. Using the monodromy representation for the multiple-valued mapping obtained by the analytic continuation we establish a connection between nonminimal real hypersu…
We introduce new biholomorphic invariants for real-analytic hypersurfaces in 2-dimensional complex space and show how they can be used to show that a hypersurface possesses few automorphisms. We give conditions, in terms of the new invariants, guaranteeing that the stability group is finite, and give (sharp) bounds on the cardinality of the stability group in this case. We also give a sufficient condition for the stability group to be trivial. The main technical tool developed in this paper is a complete (formal) normal form for a certain class of hypersurfaces. As a byproduct, a complete clas…
Let $V$, $\tilde V$ be hypersurface germs in $\CC^m$, each having a quasi-homogeneous isolated singularity at the origin. We show that the biholomorphic equivalence problem for $V$, $\tilde V$ reduces to the linear equivalence problem for certain polynomials $P$, $\tilde P$ arising from the moduli algebras of $V$, $\tilde V$. The polynomials $P$, $\tilde P$ are completely determined by their quadratic and cubic terms, hence the biholomorphic equivalence problem for $V$, $\tilde V$ in fact reduces to the linear equivalence problem for pairs of quadratic and cubic forms.
Let $M$ be a real analytic hypersurface in $\bC^N$ which is finitely nondegenerate, a notion that can be viewed as a generalization of Levi nondegenerate, at $p_0\in M$. We show that if $M'$ is another such hypersurface and $p'_0\in M'$, then the set of germs at $p_0$ of biholomorphisms $H$ with $H(M)\subset M'$ and $H(p_0)=p'_0$, equipped with its natural topology, can be naturally embedded as a real analytic submanifold in the complex jet group of $\bC^N$ of the appropriate order. We also show that this submanifold is defined by equations that can be explicitly computed from defining equatio…
Let M be a real analytic strictly pseudoconvex manifold of higher codimension in complex space, and let M' be the cartesian product of two or more compact real analytic strictly convex hypersurfaces. We prove that a germ of a biholomorphic map taking an open set in M to M' extends as a biholomorphic map along any path in M.
Let $S$ be a real-analytic hypersurface in $C^n$ or, more generally, a CR-submanifold in a complex manifold $Z$ of arbitrary CR-codimension. This paper addresses the question, when a local biholomorphic map between open sets in $Z$ sending an open piece of $S$ into $S$ extends to a global biholomorphic self-map of $Z$ preserving $S$. We give answers for a large class of Levi-degenerate group orbits in compact Hermitian symmetric spaces.
In this paper, we study formal mappings between smooth generic submanifolds in multidimensional complex space and establish results on finite determination, convergence and local biholomorphic and algebraic equivalence. Our finite determination result gives sufficient conditions to guarantee that a formal map as above is uniquely determined by its jet at a point of a preassigned order. For real-analytic generic submanifolds, we prove convergence of formal mappings under appropriate assumptions and also give natural geometric conditions to assure that if two germs of such submanifolds are forma…
A connected real analytic hypersurface M in C^(n+1) whose Levi form is nondegenerate in at least one point - hence at every point of some Zariski-open subset - is locally biholomorphic to the model Heisenberg quadric pseudosphere of signature (k, n-k) in one point if and only if, at every other Levi nondegenerate point, it is also locally biholomorphic to some Heisenberg pseudosphere, possibly having different signature (l, n-l).
We survey our recently proposed method for constructing biholomorphic invariants of quasihomogeneous isolated hypersurface singularities and, more generally, invariants of graded Artinian Gorenstein algebras. The method utilizes certain polynomials associated to such algebras, called nil-polynomials, and we compare them with two other classes of polynomials that have also been used to produce invariants.
We study the local equivalence problem for five dimensional real hypersurfaces $M^5$ of $\mathbb{C}^3$ which are $2$-nondegenerate and of constant Levi rank $1$ under biholomorphisms. We find two invariants, $J$ and $W$, which are expressed explicitly in terms of the graphing function $F$ of $M$, the annulation of which give a necessary and sufficient condition for $M$ to be locally biholomorphic to a model hypersurface, the tube over the light cone. If one of the two invariants $J$ or $W$ does not vanish on $M$, we show that the equivalence problem under biholomophisms reduces to an equivalen…
We introduce new invariant tensors in CR structures which can be viewed as higher order Levi forms. Using the second and third order tensors, we give a complete formal normal form (in the sense of Chern-Moser) for a real hypersurface at a generic Levi degeneracy. (We say that M has a generic Levi degeneracy at p if the Levi determinant vanishes at p but its differential does not, and the set of Levi degenerate points of M is transverse to the Levi null space at p.) By applying a convergence theorem for formal mappings due to the author, Baouendi, and Rothschild, we conclude that the above ment…
We develop a classification theory for real-analytic hypersurfaces in $\mathbb C^2$ in the case when the hypersurface is of {\em infinite type} at the reference point. This is the remaining, not yet understood case in $\mathbb C^2$ in the {\it Problème local}, formulated by H.\,Poincaré in 1907 and asking for a complete biholomorphic classification of real hypersurfaces in complex space. One novel aspect of our results, appearing in this revised version, is a notion of {\em smooth normal forms} for real-analytic hypersurfaces. We rely fundamentally on the recently developed CR -- DS technique …
We show a refined version of the existence and uniqueness theorem to Chern-Moser normal form. The class of nondegenerate real hypersurfaces in normal form has a natural group action. Umbilic point is defined via normal form. Nondegenerate analytic real hypersurfaces are locally biholomorphic to a real hyperquadric whenever every point is umbilic in this sense.
A local uniqueness property of holomorphic functions on real-analytic nowhere minimal CR submanifolds of higher codimension is investigated. A sufficient condition called almost minimality is given and studied. A weaker necessary condition, being contained a possibly singular real-analytic Levi-flat hypersurface is studied and characterized. This question is completely resolved for algebraic submanifolds of codimension 2 and a sufficient condition for noncontainment is given for non algebraic submanifolds. As a consequence, an example of a submanifold of codimension 2, not biholomorphically eq…
A formal invertible equivalence between two minimal real analytic hypersurfaces converges if and only if the hypersurfaces are holomorphically nondegenerate
We show that every formal embedding sending a real-analytic strongly pseudoconvex hypersurface in $M\subset \C^N$ into another such hypersurface in $M'\subset \C^{N+1}$ is convergent. More generally, if $M$ and $M'$ are merely Levi-nondegenerate, the same conclusion holds for any formal embedding provided either that the embedding is CR transversal or the target hypersurface does not contain any complex curves.
Let (M,p) and (M',p') be the germs of real-analytic 1-infinite type hypersurfaces in \C^2. We prove that any formal equivalence sending (M,p) into (M',p') is formally parametrized (and hence uniquely determined by) its jet at p of a predetermined order depending only on (M,p). As an application, we use this to examine the local formal transformation groups of such hypersurfaces.
We study the local equivalence problem for real-analytic ($\mathcal{C}^ω$) hypersurfaces $M^5 \subset \mathbb{C}^3$ which, in coordinates $(z_1, z_2, w) \in \mathbb{C}^3$ with $w = u+i\, v$, are rigid: \[ u \,=\, F\big(z_1,z_2,\overline{z}_1,\overline{z}_2\big), \] with $F$ independent of $v$. Specifically, we study the group ${\sf Hol}_{\sf rigid}(M)$ of rigid local biholomorphic transformations of the form: \[ \big(z_1,z_2,w\big) \longmapsto \Big( f_1(z_1,z_2), f_2(z_1,z_2), a\,w + g(z_1,z_2) \Big), \] where $a \in \mathbb{R} \backslash \{0\}$ and $\frac{D(f_1,f_2)}{D(z_1,z_2)} \neq 0$, whic…
We prove several new transversality results for formal CR maps between formal real hypersurfaces in complex space. Both cases of finite and infinite type hypersurfaces are tackled in this note.
In this paper, we study the real hypersurfaces $M$ in $\mathbb C^2$ at points $p\in M$ of infinite type. The degeneracy of $M$ at $p$ is assumed to be the least possible, namely such that the Levi form vanishes to first order in the CR transversal direction. A new phenomenon, compared to known normal forms in other cases, is the presence of resonances as roots of an universal polynomial in the $7$-jet of the defining function of $M$. The main result is a complete (formal) normal form at points $p$ with no resonances. Remarkably, our normal form at such infinite type points resembles closely th…
It is shown that a formal mapping between two real-analytic hypersurfaces in complex space is convergent provided that neither hypersurface contains a nontrivial holomorphic variety. For higher codimensional generic submanifolds, convergence is proved e.g. under the assumption that the source is of finite type, the target does not contain a nontrivial holomorphic variety, and the mapping is finite. Finite determination (by jets of a predetermined order) of formal mappings between smooth generic submanifolds is also established.
We show that for any real-analytic submanifold M in C^N there is a proper real-analytic subvariety V contained in M such that for any point p in M\V, any real-analytic submanifold M' in C^N, and any point p' in M', the germs of the submanifolds M and M' at p and p' respectively are formally equivalent if and only if they are biholomorphically equivalent. More general results for k-equivalences are also stated and proved.
An element $g$ of a group is called {\em reversible} if it is conjugate in the group to its inverse. This paper is about reversibles in the group $G$ of formally-invertible pairs of formal power series in two variables, with complex coefficients. The main result is a description of the generic reversible elements of $G$. We list two explicit sequences of reversibles which between them represent all the conjugacy classes of such reversibles. We show that each such element is reversible by some element of finite order, and hence is the product of two elements of finite even order. Those elements…
Let H:(M,p)->(M',p') be a formal mapping between two germs of real-analytic generic submanifolds in C^N with nonvanishing Jacobian. Assuming M to be minimal at p and M' holomorphically nondegenerate at p', we prove the convergence of the mapping H. As a consequence, we obtain a new convergence result for arbitrary formal maps between real-analytic hypersurfaces when the target does not contain any holomorphic curve. In the case when both M and M' are hypersurfaces, we also prove the convergence of the associated reflection function when M is assumed to be only minimal. This allows us to derive…
In our recent work [25] we showed that $C^\infty$ CR-diffeomorphisms of real-analytic Levi-nonflat hypersurfaces in $\mathbb C^{2}$ are not analytic in general. This result raised again the question on the nature of CR-maps of real-analytic hypersurfaces. In this paper, we give a complete picture of what CR-maps actually are. First, we discover an analytic continuation phenomenon for CR-diffeomorphisms which we call the {\em sectorial analyticity property}. It appears to be the optimal regularity property for CR-diffeomorphisms in general. We emphasize that such type of extension never appeare…
Using the analytic theory of differential equations, we construct examples of formally but not holomorphically equivalent real-analytic Levi nonflat hypersurfaces in $\CC{n}$ together with examples of such hypersurfaces with divergent formal CR-automorphisms.
We investigate regularity of CR-mappings between real-analytic infinite type hypersurfaces in $\mathbb C^2$. We show that, under the Fuchsian type condition, all (respectively formal or smooth) CR-diffeomorphisms between them are automatically analytic. The Fuchsian condition appears to be in a certain sense optimal for the regularity problem.
We prove that if two real-analytic hypersurfaces in $\mathbb C^2$ are equivalent formally, then they are also $C^\infty$ CR-equivalent at the respective point. As a corollary, we prove that all formal equivalences between real-algebraic Levi-nonflat hypersurfaces in $\mathbb C^2$ are algebraic (in particular are convergent). The result is obtained by using the recent {\em CR - DS technique}, connecting degenerate CR-manifolds and Dynamical Systems, and employing subsequently the {\em multisummability theory} of divergent power series used in the Dynamical Systems theory.
We describe a procedure for constructing formal normal forms of holomorphic maps with a hypersurface of fixed points, and we apply it to obtain a complete list of formal normal forms for 2-dimensional holomorphic maps tangential to a curve of fixed points.
We prove that for any germ of complex analytic set in $\CC^n$ there exists a hypersurface singularity whose Milnor fibration has trivial geometric monodromy and fibre homotopic to the complement of the germ of complex analytic set. As an application we show an example of a quasi-homogeneous hypersurface singularity, with trivial geometric monodromy and simply connected and non-formal Milnor fibre.
Searching normal forms for real analytic submanifolds of C^n involves convergence problems. In 1983, J.K. Moser and S.M. Webster provided examples of real analytic surfaces in C^2 having an isolated hyperbolic (in the sense of E. Bishop) complex tangency, which are formally but not holomorphically normalizable (because of the presence of small divisors), even if the normal form is itself real analytic or algebraic. On the contrary, it appears that such a nonconvergence phenomenon does not appear for submanifolds of C^n whose CR dimension is locally constant, in view of recent results by S.M. B…
A primary goal in this paper is to study the question that asks when a real analytic submanifold $M$ in ${\mathbb{C}}^{n+1}$ bounds a real analytic (up to $M$) Levi-flat hypersurface $\hat{M}$ near $p\in M$ such that $\hat{M}$ is foliated by a family of complex hypersurfaces moving along the normal direction of $M$ at $p$, and gives the invariant local hull of holomorphy of $M$ near $p$. This question is equivalent to the holomorphic flattening problem for $M$ near $p$. We will give an affirmative answer to above question when $p$ is a real complex tangent point with at least one elliptic dire…
For a smooth strictly pseudoconvex hypersurface in a complex manifold, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for being CR-diffeomorphic to a real-analytic CR manifold. Our condition amounts to a holomorphic extension property for the canonically associated function expressing $2$-jets of the formal Segre varieties in terms of their $1$-jets. We also express this condition in equivalent terms for a Fefferman type determinant
