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arXiv cs/0205076cs.GT
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操纵少数候选人选举的复杂性

Complexity of Manipulating Elections with Few Candidates

Vincent Conitzer, Tuomas Sandholm

摘要:

在多智能体环境中,智能体具有不同的偏好,偏好聚合是一个核心问题。投票是偏好聚合的一种通用方法,但开创性的结果表明,所有通用的投票协议都是可操作的。人们可以尝试通过使用投票协议来避免操纵,其中确定有利的操纵是困难的。特别是在计算代理中,通过计算复杂性来衡量这种硬度是合理的。在这一领域已经做了一些早期的工作,但假设选民和候选人的数量是无限的。我们得到的硬度结果实际的多智能体设置的候选人的数量是小的,但选民的数量可以很大。我们表明,与其他人的选票的完整信息,个人操纵是很容易的,联盟操纵是很容易与未加权的选民。然而,建设性的联盟操纵加权选民是棘手的所有研究中的投票协议,除了非随机杯。破坏性的操作往往更容易。在协议的实例上的随机化(例如Cup协议的时间表)可以用于使操纵困难。最后,我们表明,在弱假设下,如果加权联盟操纵与其他人的投票的完整信息是很难在一些投票协议,那么个人和未加权操纵是很难当有不确定性的其他人的投票。

英文摘要:

In multiagent settings where the agents have different preferences, preference aggregation is a central issue. Voting is a general method for preference aggregation, but seminal results have shown that all general voting protocols are manipulable. One could try to avoid manipulation by using voting protocols where determining a beneficial manipulation is hard. Especially among computational agents, it is reasonable to measure this hardness by computational complexity. Some earlier work has been done in this area, but it was assumed that the number of voters and candidates is unbounded. We derive hardness results for practical multiagent settings where the number of candidates is small but the number of voters can be large. We show that with complete information about the others' votes, individual manipulation is easy, and coalitional manipulation is easy with unweighted voters. However, constructive coalitional manipulation with weighted voters is intractable for all of the voting protocols under study, except for the nonrandomized Cup. Destructive manipulation tends to be easier. Randomizing over instantiations of the protocols (such as schedules of the Cup protocol) can be used to make manipulation hard. Finally, we show that under weak assumptions, if weighted coalitional manipulation with complete information about the others' votes is hard in some voting protocol, then individual and unweighted manipulation is hard when there is uncertainty about the others' votes.

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