Sharp Convergence Rate for stationary states of the Porous Medium Equation
Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica “Ulisse Dini（佛罗伦萨大学）；Université Lyon 1, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, ICJ, UMR 5208（里昂第一大学、里昂中央理工学院、法国国立应用科学学院里昂分校、让·莫内大学、法国国家科学研究中心、ICJ）
In this paper we prove the sharp rate of convergence for stationary states of the porous medium equation with an external drift in the p-Wasserstein metric under very mild assumptions on the potential and for any $1\leq p\leq +\infty$.
We analyse the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to the one dimensional fractional version of the porous medium equation introduced by Caffarelli and Vázquez, where the pressure is obtained as a Riesz potential associated to the density. We take advantage of the displacement convexity of the Riesz potential in one dimension to show a functional inequality involving the entropy, entropy dissipation, and the Euclidean transport distance. An argument by approximation shows that this functional inequality is enough to deduce the exponential convergence of solutions in self-similar variables to the…
We show that locally bounded solutions of the inhomogeneous porous medium equation $$u_{t} - {\rm div} \left( m |u|^{m-1} \nabla u \right) = f \in L^{q,r}, \quad m >1 ,$$ are locally Hölder continuous, with exponent $$γ=\min \left\{ \frac{α_{0}^-}{m}, \frac{[(2q - n)r -2q]}{q[(mr - (m-1)]} \right\},$$ where $α_{0}$ denotes the optimal Hölder exponent for solutions of the homogeneous case. The proof relies on an approximation lemma and geometric iteration in the appropriate intrinsic scaling.
Let $u$ be a nonnegative, local, weak solution to the porous medium equation for $m\ge2$ in a space-time cylinder $Ω_T$. Fix a point $(x_o,t_o)\inΩ_T$: if the average \[ a{\buildrel\mbox{def}\over{=}}\frac1{|B_r(x_o)|}\int_{B_r(x_o)}u(x,t_o)\,dx>0, \] then the quantity $|\nabla u^{m-1}|$ is locally bounded in a proper cylinder, whose center lies at time $t_o+a^{1-m}r^2$. This implies that in the same cylinder the solution $u$ is Hölder continuous with exponent $α=\frac1{m-1}$, which is known to be optimal. Moreover, $u$ presents a sort of instantaneous regularisation, which we quantify.
We study a class of nonlinear diffusion equations whose model is the classical porous media equation on domains $Ω\subseteq{\mathbb R}^N$, $N\ge3$, with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Firstly we improve some known results in such model case, both as concerns sharp $L^{q_0}$-$L^\infty$ regularizing properties of the evolution for short time and as concerns sharp long time asymptotics in the sense of $L^\infty$ convergence of solutions to their mean value. The generality of the discussion allows to consider, almost at the same time, also weighted versions of the above equation provided…
Under a sharp asymptotic growth condition at infinity, we prove a Liouville type theorem for the inhomogeneous porous medium equation, provided it stays universally close to the heat equation. Additionally, for the homogeneous equation, we show that for the conclusion to hold, it is enough to assume the sharp asymptotic growth at infinity only in the space variable. The results are optimal, meaning that the growth condition at infinity cannot be weakened.
We initiate the study of stability of solutions of the 2D inviscid incompressible porous medium equation (IPM). We begin by classifying all stationary solutions of the inviscid IPM under mild conditions. We then prove some linear stability results. We then study solutions of the IPM equation which are sufficiently regular perturbations of linearly stable steady states. We prove that sufficiently regular perturbations which are also small must be globally regular and strongly converge to a steady state. The mechanism behind the stability is \emph{stratification} as opposed to previous stability…
We prove three sharp bounds for solutions to the porous medium equation posed on Riemannian manifolds, or for weighted versions of such equation. Firstly we prove a smoothing effect for solutions which is valid on any Cartan-Hadamard manifold whose sectional curvatures are bounded above by a strictly negative constant. This bound includes as a special case the sharp smoothing effect recently proved by Vázquez on the hyperbolic space in \cite{V}, which is similar to the absolute bound valid in the case of bounded Euclidean domains but has a logarithmic correction. Secondly we prove a bound whic…
We study the large time behavior of the solutions to a two phase extension of the porous medium equation, which models the so-called seawater intrusion problem. The goal is to identify the self-similar solutions that correspond to steady states of a rescaled version of the problem. We fully characterize the unique steady states that are identified as minimizers of a convex energy and shown to be radially symmetric. Moreover, we prove the convergence of the solution to the time-dependent model towards the unique stationary state as time goes to infinity. We finally provide numerical illustratio…
We study the gravity-driven flow of two fluid phases in a one-dimensional homogeneous porous column when history dependence of the pressure difference between the phases (capillary pressure) is taken into account. In the hyperbolic limit, solutions of such systems satisfy the Buckley-Leverett equation with a non-monotone flux function. However, solutions for the hysteretic case do not converge to the classical solutions in the hyperbolic limit in a wide range of situations. In particular, with Riemann data as initial condition, stationary shocks become possible in addition to classical compone…
We prove global well-posedness in the strong sense for stochastic generalized porous media equations driven by square integrable martingales with stationary independent increments.
In this paper we investigate regularity aspects for solutions of the nonlinear parabolic equation $$ u_t= Δu^m, \quad m > 1 $$ usually called the porous medium equation. More precisely, we provide sharp regularity estimates for bounded nonnegative weak solutions along the free boundary $\partial\{u>0\}$, when the equation is universally close to the heat equation. As a consequence, local Lipschitz estimates are also established for this scenario.
We consider a degenerate partial differential equation arising in population dynamics, namely the porous medium equation with a bistable reaction term. We study its asymptotic behavior as a small parameter, related to the thickness of a diffuse interface, tends to zero. We prove the rapid formation of transition layers which then propagate. We prove the convergence to a sharp interface limit whose normal velocity, at each point, is that of the underlying degenerate travelling wave.
In the present work we establish sharp regularity estimates for the solutions of the porous medium equation, along their zero level-sets. We work under a proximity regime on the exponent governing the nonlinearity of the problem. Then, we prove that solutions are locally of class $\mathcal{C}^{1-,\frac{1}{2}-}$ along free boundary points $x_0\in \partial\left\lbrace u>0\right\rbrace$, both in time and space. Our argument consists of importing information from the heat equation, through approximation and localization methods.
This paper provides a quantitative study of nonnegative solutions to nonlinear diffusion equations of porous medium-type of the form $\partial_t u + {\mathcal L}u^m=0$, $m>1$, where the operator ${\mathcal L}$ belongs to a general class of linear operators, and the equation is posed in a bounded domain $Ω\subset{\mathbb R}^N$. As possible operators we include the three most common definitions of the fractional Laplacian in a bounded domain with zero Dirichlet conditions, and also a number of other nonlocal versions. In particular, ${\mathcal L}$ can be a power of a uniformly elliptic operator …
We study the positivity and regularity of solutions to the fractional porous medium equations $u_t+(-Δ)^su^m=0$ in $(0,\infty)\timesΩ$, for $m>1$ and $s\in (0,1)$ and with Dirichlet boundary data $u=0$ in $(0,\infty)\times({\mathbb R}^N\setminusΩ)$, and nonnegative initial condition $u(0,\cdot)=u_0\geq0$. Our first result is a quantitative lower bound for solutions which holds for all positive times $t>0$. As a consequence, we find a global Harnack principle stating that for any $t>0$ solutions are comparable to $d^{s/m}$, where $d$ is the distance to $\partialΩ$. This is in sharp contrast wit…
We introduce a fractional variant of the Cahn-Hilliard equation settled in a bounded domain $Ω$ of $R^N$ and complemented with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions of solid type (i.e., imposed in the entire complement of $Ω$). After setting a proper functional framework, we prove existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to the related initial-boundary value problem. Then, we investigate some significant singular limits obtained as the order of either of the fractional Laplacians appearing in the equation is let tend to 0. In particular, we can rigorously prove that the fractional Allen-…
We provide a broad overview on qualitative versus quantitative regularity estimates in the theory of degenerate parabolic pdes. The former relates to DiBenedetto's revolutionary method of intrinsic scaling, while the latter is achieved by means of what has been termed geometric tangential analysis. We discuss, in particular, sharp estimates for the parabolic p-Poisson equation, for the porous medium equation and for the doubly nonlinear equation.
We consider the homogenization problem for the stochastic porous-medium type equation $\p_{t} u^ε=Δf\left(T\left(\frac{x}{\ep}\right)\om,u^\ep\right)$, with a well-prepared initial datum, where $f(T(y)\om,u)$ is a stationary process, increasing in $u$, on a given probability space $(\Om, \mathcal{F}, μ)$ endowed with an ergodic dynamical system $\{T(y)\,:\,y\in\R^N\}$. Differently from the previous literature \cite{afs,fs}, here we do not assume $\Om$ compact. We first show that the weak solution $u^\ep$ satisfies a kinetic formulation of the equation, then we exploit the theory of "stochastic…
Based on a variant of the frequency function approach of Almgren([Al]), we establish an optimal upper bound on the vanishing order of solutions to stationary Schrödinger equations associated to sub-Laplacian on Carnot groups of arbitrary step. Such bound provides a quantitative form of strong unique continuation and can be thought of as an analogue of the recent results of Bakri and Zhu for the standard Laplacian.
We consider very weak solutions of the Cauchy problem for the porous medium equation on Cartan-Hadamard manifolds, that are assumed to satisfy general curvature bounds and to be stochastically complete. We identify a class of initial data that can grow at infinity at a prescribed rate, which depends on the assumed curvature bounds through an integral function, such that the corresponding solution exists at least on $[0,T]$ for a suitable $T>0$. The maximal existence time $T$ is estimated in terms of a suitable weighted norm of the initial datum. Our results are sharp, in the sense that slower …
In this manuscript we consider a non-local porous medium equation with non-local diffusion effects given by a fractional heat operator \begin{equation*} \partial_t u = \mbox{div}(u\nabla p),\qquad \partial_t p = -(-Δ)^s p + u^2, \end{equation*} in three space dimensions for $3/4\le s < 1$ and analyze the long time asymptotics. The proof is based on energy methods and leads to algebraic decay towards the stationary solution $u=0$ and $\nabla p=0$ in the $L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)$-norm. The decay rate depends on the exponent $s$. We also show weak-strong uniqueness of solutions and continuous dependenc…
We consider nonnegative solutions of the porous medium equation (PME) on a Cartan-Hadamard manifold whose negative curvature can be unbounded. We take compactly supported initial data because we are also interested in free boundaries. We classify the geometrical cases we study into quasi-hyperbolic, quasi-Euclidean and critical cases, depending on the growth rate of the curvature at infinity. We prove sharp upper and lower bounds on the long-time behaviour of the solutions in terms of corresponding bounds on the curvature. In particular we obtain a sharp form of the smoothing effect on such ma…
Given a bounded domain $D \subset \mathbb{R}^N$ and $m > 1$, we study the long-time behaviour of solutions to the Porous Medium equation (PME) posed in a tube \[ \partial_tu = Δu^m \quad \text{ in } D \times \mathbb{R}, \quad t > 0, \] with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions on the boundary $\partial D \times \mathbb{R}$ and suitable initial datum at $t=0$. In two previous works, Vázquez and Gilding & Goncerzewicz proved that a wide class of solutions exhibit a traveling wave behaviour, when computed at a logarithmic time-scale and suitably renormalized. In this paper, we show that, for…
We prove a superposition principle in the spirit of Crandall-Zhang and Lindqvist-Manfredi for a class of second order quasilinear equations. Riesz potentials of nonnegative and compactly supported continuous functions are either subsolutions or supersolutions for the operators associated to the stationary form of the doubly nonlinear diffusion equation. This class of operators includes both the p-Laplacian as well as the stationary porous medium equation.
This paper is concerned with Darcy's law for an incompressible viscous fluid flowing in a porous medium. We establish the sharp $O(\sqrt{\e})$ convergence rate in a periodically perforated and bounded domain in $R^d$ for $d\ge 2$, where $\e$ represents the size of solid obstacles. This is achieved by constructing two boundary correctors to control the boundary layers created by the incompressibility condition and the discrepancy of boundary values between the solution and the leading term in its asymptotic expansion. One of the correctors deals with the tangential boundary data, while the othe…
We consider the porous medium equation in an exterior two-dimensional domain which excludes a hole, with zero Dirichlet data on its boundary. Gilding and Goncerzewicz proved in [Gilding-Goncerzewicz-2007] that in the far field scale, $x=ξt^{\frac1{2m}}/(\log t)^{\frac{m-1}{2m}}$, $ξ\ne 0$, solutions to this problem with an integrable and compactly supported initial data behave as an instantaneous point-source solution for the equation with a variable mass that decays to 0 in a precise way, determined by the initial data and the hole. However, their result does not say much about the behavior w…
We consider a two-dimensional model of a porous medium where circular grains are uniformly distributed in a squared container. We assume that such medium is partially filled with water and that the stationary interface separating the water phase from the air phase is described by the balance of capillarity and gravity. Taking the unity as the average distance between grains, we identify four asymptotic regimes that depend on the Bond number and the size of the container. We analyse, in probabilistic terms, the possible global interfaces that can form in each of these regimes. In summary, we sh…
We study a non-local Cahn-Hilliard energy arising in the study of di-block copolymer melts, often referred to as the Ohta-Kawasaki energy in that context. In this model, two phases appear, which interact via a Coulombic energy. As in our previous work, we focus on the regime where one of the phases has a very small volume fraction, thus creating "droplets" of the minority phase in a "sea" of the majority phase. In this paper, we address the asymptotic behavior of non-minimizing stationary points in dimensions $n \geq 2$ left open by the study of the $Γ$-convergence of the energy established in…
This paper is concerned with traveling wave solutions for a chemotaxis model with degenerate diffusion of porous medium type. We establish the existence of semi-finite traveling waves, including the sharp type and $C^1$ type semi-finite waves. Our results indicate that chemotaxis slows down the wave speed of semi-finite traveling wave, that is, the traveling wave speed for chemotaxis with porous medium (degenerate) diffusion is smaller than that for the porous medium equation without chemotaxis. As we know, this is a new result not shown in the existing literature. The result appears to be a l…
We study the incompressible limit of the porous medium equation with a reaction term that is non-monotone with respect to the pressure variable. More specifically we consider reaction terms that are either bistable or monostable. We show that this type of reaction term generates many interesting differences in the qualitative behavior of solutions, in contrast to the problem with monotone reaction terms that have been extensively studied in recent literature. After characterizing the limit problem, we embark on a comprehensive study of the problem in one space dimension, to illustrate the deli…
We present modeling of an incompressible viscous flow through a fracture adjacent to a porous medium. We consider a fast stationary flow, predominantly tangential to the porous medium. Slow flow in such setting can be described by the Beavers-Joseph-Saffman slip. For fast flows, a nonlinear filtration law in the porous medium and a non- linear interface law are expected. In this paper we rigorously derive a quadratic effective slip interface law which holds for a range of Reynolds numbers and fracture widths. The porous medium flow is described by the Darcys law. The result shows that the inte…
We compute the complete spectrum of the displacement Hessian operator, which is obtained from the confined porous medium equation by linearization around its stationary attractor, the Barenblatt profile. On a formal level, the operator is conjugate to the Hessian of the entropy via similarity transformation. We show that the displacement Hessian can be understood as a self-adjoint operator and find that its spectrum is purely discrete. The knowledge of the complete spectrum and the explicit information about the corresponding eigenfunctions give new insights on the convergence and higher order…
We present a new vector field approach to almost-sharp decay for the wave equation on spherically symmetric, stationary and asymptotically flat spacetimes. Specifically, we derive a new hierarchy of higher-order weighted energy estimates by employing appropriate commutator vector fields. In cases where an integrated local energy decay estimate holds, like in the case of sub-extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes, this hierarchy leads to almost-sharp global energy and pointwise time-decay estimates with decay rates that go beyond those obtained by the traditional vector field method. Our estim…
Given a complete, connected Riemannian manifold $ \mathbb{M}^n $ with Ricci curvature bounded from below, we discuss the stability of the solutions of a porous medium-type equation with respect to the 2-Wasserstein distance. We produce (sharp) stability estimates under negative curvature bounds, which to some extent generalize well-known results by Sturm and Otto-Westdickenberg. The strategy of the proof mainly relies on a quantitative $L^1-L^\infty$ smoothing property of the equation considered, combined with the Hamiltonian approach developed by Ambrosio, Mondino and Savaré in a metric-measu…
Stochastic Compressible Euler Equations with Frictional Damping: Existence of $L^\infty$ Martingale Solutions and Asymptotic Porous Medium-Like Behavior
University of California Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
We show existence and uniqueness of very weak solutions of the Cauchy problem for the porous medium equation on Cartan-Hadamard manifolds satisfying suitable lower bounds on Ricci curvature, with initial data that can grow at infinity at a prescribed rate, that depends crucially on the curvature bounds. The curvature conditions we require are sharp for uniqueness in the sense that if they are not satisfied then, in general, there can be infinitely many solutions of the Cauchy problem even for bounded data. Furthermore, under matching upper bounds on sectional curvatures, we give a precise esti…
