We prove a quantitative inhomogeneous Hopf-Oleinik lemma for viscosity solutions of $$|\nabla u|^αF(D^{2}u)=f $$ and, more generally, for viscosity supersolutions of $|\nabla u|^α\,{M}^-_{λ,Λ}(D^{2}u)\le f$. The result yields linear boundary growth with universal constants depending only on the structural data. We also exhibit a counterexample showing that the Hopf lemma fails for equations that act only in the large-gradient regime (in the sense of Imbert and Silvestre), thereby delineating the scope of our theorem. As applications, we obtain Lipschitz regularity for viscosity solutions of one-phase Bernoulli free boundary problems driven by these degenerate fully nonlinear operators and derive $\varepsilon$-uniform Lipschitz bounds for a one-phase flame propagation model.
We discuss the problem how "bad" may be lower-order coefficients in elliptic and parabolic second order equations to ensure the Hopf--Oleinik Lemma for solutions to hold true. We also touch the gradient estimates for solutions at the boundary.
We construct a new counterexample confirming the sharpness of the Dini-type condition for the boundary of $Ω$. In particular, we show that for convex domains the Dini-type assumption is the necessary and sufficient condition which guarantees the Hopf-Oleinik type estimates.
We obtain a global extension of the classical weak Harnack inequality which extends and quantifies the Hopf-Oleinik boundary-point lemma, for uniformly elliptic equations in divergence form. Among the consequences is a boundary gradient estimate, due to Krylov and well-studied for non-divergence form equations, but completely novel in the divergence framework. Another consequence is a new more general version of the Hopf-Oleinik lemma.
In this paper we provide another application of the Inhomogeneous Hopf-Ole\uınik Lemma (IHOL) proved in \cite{BM-IHOL-PartI} or \cite{Boyan-2}. As a matter of fact, we also provide a new and simpler proof of a slightly weaker version IHOL for the uniformly elliptic fully nonlinear case which is sufficient for most purposes. The paper has essentially two parts. In the first part, we use IHOL for unbounded RHS to develop a Caffarelli's "Lipschitz implies $C^{1,α}$" approach to prove Ladyzhenskaya-Uraltseva boundary gradient type estimates for functions in $S^{*}(γ, f)$ that vanishes on the bound…
We develop an elementary method to give a Lipschitz estimate for the minimizers in the problem of Herglotz' variational principle proposed in \cite{CCWY2018} in the time-dependent case. We deduce Erdmann's condition and the Euler-Lagrange equation separately under different sets of assumptions, by using a generalized du Bois-Reymond lemma. As an application, we obtain a representation formula for the viscosity solution of the Cauchy problem for the Hamilton-Jacobi equation \begin{align*} D_tu(t,x)+H(t,x,D_xu(t,x),u(t,x))=0 \end{align*} and study the related Lax-Oleinik evolution.
In this paper, we first establish Hopf's lemmas for parabolic fractional equations and parabolic fractional $p$-equations. Then we derive an asymptotic Hopf's lemma for antisymmetric solutions to parabolic fractional equations. We believe that these Hopf's lemmas will become powerful tools in obtaining qualitative properties of solutions for nonlocal parabolic equations.
In this paper we consider Hopf's Lemma and the Strong Maximum Principle for supersolutions to a class of non elliptic equations. In particular we prove a sufficient condition for the validity of Hopf's Lemma and of the Strong Maximum Principle and we give a condition which is at once necessary for the validity of Hopf's Lemma and sufficient for the validity of the Strong Maximum Principle.
We give a Hopf boundary point lemma for weak solutions of linear divergence form uniformly elliptic equations, with H$\ddot{\text{o}}$lder continuous top-order coefficients and lower-order coefficients in a Morrey space.
This paper concerns Hopf's boundary point lemma, in certain $C^{1,Dini}$-type domains, for a class of singular/degenerate PDE-s, including $p$-Laplacian. Using geometric properties of levels sets for harmonic functions in convex rings, we construct sub-solutions to our equations that play the role of a barrier from below. By comparison principle we then conclude Hopf's lemma.
In this short article, we state a Hopf type lemma for fractional equations and the outline of its proof. We believe that it will become a powerful tool in applying the method of moving planes on fractional equations to obtain qualitative properties of solutions.
In this paper we consider positive solutions to quasilinear elliptic problem with singular nonlinearities. We provide a Höpf type boundary lemma via a suitable scaling argument that allows to deal with the lack of regularity of the solutions up to the boundary.
We consider a class of quasi-linear anisotropic elliptic equations, possibly degenerate or singular, which are of interest in several applications such as computer vision and continuum mechanics. We prove a Hopf Lemma as well as local and global regularity estimates for positive solutions, generalizing previous results known in the context of p-Laplacian equations.
We provide some versions of the Zaremba-Hopf-Oleinik boundary point lemma for general elliptic and parabolic equations in divergence form under the sharp requirements on the coefficients of equations and on the boundaries of domains.
In this paper, we study qualitative properties of the fractional $p$-Laplacian. Specifically, we establish a Hopf type lemma for positive weak super-solutions of the fractional $p-$Laplacian equation with Dirichlet condition. Moreover, an optimal condition is obtained to ensure $(-\triangle)_p^s u\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^n)$ for smooth functions $u$.
We show a Hopf boundary point lemma for $u=u_{1}-u_{2},$ given $u_{1},u_{2} \in C^{1,α}$ each weak solutions to a quasilinear equation $\sum_{i=1}^{n} D_{i}(A^{i}(x,u,Du))+B(x,u,Du)=0$ under mild boundedness assumptions on $A^{1},\ldots,A^{n},B.$
We prove a Hopf's lemma in the point-wise sense. The essential technique is to prove $(-Δ)^s_p u(x)$ is uniformly bounded in the unit ball $B_1\subset\mathbb{R}^n$, where $u(x)=(1-|x|^2)^s_{+}$. Also we study the global Hölder continuity of bounded positive solutions for $(-Δ)^s_p u(x)=f(x,u).$
We begin the paper with a Hopf's lemma for a fractional p-Laplacian problem on a half-space. Specifically speaking, we show that the derivative of the solution along the outward normal vector is strictly positive on the boundary of the half-space. Next we show that positive solutions to a fractional p-Laplacian equation possess certain Holder continuity up to the boundary.
The classical Hopf's lemma can be reformulated as uniqueness of continuation result. We aim in the present work to quantify this property. We show precisely that if a solution $u$ of a divergence form elliptic equation attains its maximum at a boundary point $x_0$ then both $L^1$-norms of $u-u(x_0)$ on the domain and on the boundary are bounded, up to a multiplicative constant, by the exterior normal derivative at $x_0$.
Our propose here is to provide a Hopf Lemma and a strong minimum principle for week supersolutions of \[ (-Δ_p)^s u= c(x)|u|^{p-2}u \quad \text{ in } Ω\] where $Ω$ is an open set of $\mathbb{R}^N,$ $s\in(0,1),$ $p\in(1,+\infty),$ $c\in C(\overlineΩ)$ and $(-Δ_p)^s$ is the fractional $p$-Laplacian.
We provide a Hopf boundary lemma for the regional fractional Laplacian $(-Δ)^s_Ω$, with $Ω\subset\mathbb{R}^N$ a bounded open set. More precisely, given $u$ a pointwise or weak super-solution of the equation $(-Δ)^s_Ω u = c(x)u$ in $Ω$, we show that the ratio $u(x)/(\mathrm{dist}(x,\partialΩ))^{2s-1}$ is strictly positive as $x$ approaches the boundary $\partialΩ$ of $Ω$. We also prove a strong maximum principle for distributional super-solutions.
This paper deals with a theoretical mathematical analysis of a one-dimensional-moving-boundary problem for the time-fractional diffusion equation, where the time-fractional derivative of order $\al$ $\in (0,1)$ is taken in the Caputo's sense. A generalization of the Hopf's lemma is proved, and then this result is used to prove a monotonicity property for the free-boundary when a fractional free-boundary Stefan problem is considered.
Let $Ω\subset \mathbb{R}^n $ be any open set and $u$ be a weak supersolution of $\mathcal{L}u=c(x)g(|u|)\frac{u}{|u|}$ where \[\mathcal{L}u(x)=\text{p.v.} \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} g\left(\frac{|u(x)-u(y)|}{|x-y|^s}\right) \frac{u(x)-u(y)}{|u(x)-u(y)|} K(x,y)\frac{dy}{|x-y|^s}\] and $g=G^{\prime}$ for some Young function $G.$ This note imparts a Hopf's type lemma and strong minimum principle for $u$ when $c(x)$ is continuous in $\barΩ$ that extend the results of Del Pezzo and Quaas (JDE-2017) in fractional Orlicz-Sobolev setting.
On Hopf's Lemma for sign-changing supersolutions to fractional Laplacian equations
Dipartimento di Matematica Guido Castelnuovo. Facoltà Scienze matematiche, fisiche e naturali. Sapienza Università di Roma（罗马大学数学系）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, I2M（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，I2M研究所）
In the present paper we prove estimates on {subsolutions of the equation $-Av+c(x)v=0$}, $x\in D$, where $D\subset \bbR^d$ is a domain (i.e. an open and connected set) and $A$ is an integro-differential operator of the Waldenfels type, whose differential part satisfies the uniform ellipticity condition on compact sets. In general, the coefficients of the operator need not be continuous but only bounded and Borel measurable. Some of our results may be considered "quantitative" versions of the Hopf lemma, as they provide the lower bound on the outward normal directional derivative at the maximum…
The Hopf Lemma for second order elliptic operators is proved to hold in domains with $C^{1,α}$, and even less regular, boundaries. It need not hold for $C^1$ boundaries. Corresponding results are proved for second order parabolic operators.
A classical theorem of A.D. Alexandrov says that a connected compact smooth hypersurface in Euclidean space with constant mean curvature must be a sphere. We give exposition to some results on symmetry properties of hypersurfaces with ordered mean curvature and associated variations of the Hopf Lemma. Some open problems will be discussed.
In [1], Theorem 3, the authors proved, in one dimension, a generalization of the Hopf Lemma, and the question arose if it could be extended to higher dimensions. In this paper we present two conjectures as possible extensions, and give a very partial answer. We write this paper to call attention to the problem.
The paper establishes a version of the Hopf boundary point lemma for sections of a vector bundle over a manifold with boundary. This result may be viewed as a counterpart to the tensor maximum principle obtained by R. Hamilton in 1986. Potential applications include the study of various geometric flows and the construction of invariant sets for geometric boundary value problems.
We consider a large family of integro-differential equations and establish a non-local counterpart of Hopf's lemma, directly expressed in terms of the symbol of the operator. As closely related problems, we also obtain a variety of maximum principles for viscosity solutions. In our approach we combine direct analysis with functional integration, allowing a robust control around the boundary of the domain, and make use of the related ascending ladder height-processes. We then apply these results to a study of principal eigenvalue problems, the radial symmetry of the positive solutions, and the …
A classical result of A.D. Alexandrov states that a connected compact smooth $n-$dimensional manifold without boundary, embedded in $\Bbb R^{n+1}$, and such that its mean curvature is constant, is a sphere. Here we study the problem of symmetry of $M$ in a hyperplane $X_{n+1}=$constant in case $M$ satisfies: for any two points $(X', X_{n+1})$, $(X', \hat X_{n+1})$ on $M$, with $X_{n+1}>\hat X_{n+1}$, the mean curvature at the first is not greater than that at the second. Symmetry need not always hold, but in this paper, we establish it under some additional conditions. Some variations of the H…
The paper concerns singular solutions of nonlinear elliptic equations, which include removable singularities for viscosity solutions, a strengthening of the Hopf Lemma including parabolic equations, Strong maximum principle and Hopf Lemma for viscosity solutions including also parabolic equations.
We prove a sharp version of the Hopf boundary point lemma for Black-Scholes type equations. We also investigate the existence and the regularity of the spatial derivative of the solutions at the spatial boundary.
We establish the Hopf boundary point lemma for the Schrödinger operator $-Δ+ V$ involving potentials $V$ that merely belong to the space $L^{1}_{loc}(Ω)$. More precisely, we prove that among all supersolutions $u$ of $-Δ+ V$ which vanish on the boundary $\partialΩ$ and are such that $V u \in L^{1}(Ω)$, if there exists one supersolution which satisfies $\partial u/\partial n < 0$ almost everywhere on $\partialΩ$ with respect to the outward unit vector $n$, then such a property holds for every nontrivial supersolution in the same class. We rely on the existence of nontrivial solutions of the non…
The diffusion system with time-fractional order derivative is of great importance mathematically due to the nonlocal property of the fractional order derivative, which can be applied to model the physical phenomena with memory effects. We consider an initial-boundary value problem for the time-fractional diffusion equation with inhomogenous Robin boundary condition. Firstly, we show the unique existence of the weak/strong solution based on the eigenfunction expansions, which ensures the well-posedness of the direct problem. Then, we establish the Hopf lemma for time-fractional diffusion operat…
In this paper, we obtain the strong comparison principle and Hopf Lemma for locally Lipschitz viscosity solutions to a class of nonlinear degenerate elliptic operators of the form $\nabla^2 ψ+ L(x,\nabla ψ)$, including the conformal hessian operator.
We consider a class of fully nonlinear nonlocal degenerate elliptic operators which are modeled on the fractional Laplacian and converge to the truncated Laplacians. We investigate the validity of (strong) maximum and minimum principles, and their relation with suitably defined principal eigenvalues. We also show a Hopf type Lemma, the existence of solutions for the corresponding Dirichlet problem, and representation formulas in some particular cases.
In this article we consider a special type of degenerate elliptic partial differential equations of second order in convex domains that satisfy the interior sphere condition. We show that any positive viscosity solution $u$ of $-|\nabla u|^αΔ_p^N u = 1$ has the property that $u^\frac{α+ 1}{α+ 2}$ is a concave function. Secondly we consider positive solutions of the eigenvalue problem $-|\nabla u|^αΔ_p^N u = λ|u|^α u$, in which case $\log u$ turns out to be concave. The methods provided include a weak comparison principle and a Hopf-type Lemma.
We give a simple proof of the strong maximum principle for viscosity subsolutions of fully nonlinear elliptic PDEs on the form $$ F(x,u,Du,D^2u) = 0 $$ under suitable structure conditions on the equation allowing for non-Lipschitz growth in the gradient terms. In case of smooth boundaries, we also prove the Hopf lemma, the boundary Harnack inequality and that positive viscosity solutions vanishing on a portion of the boundary are comparable with the distance function near the boundary. Our results apply to weak solutions of an eigenvalue problem for the variable exponent $p$-Laplacian.
In this survey we consider the classical overdetermined problem which was studied by Serrin in 1971. The original proof relies on Alexandrov's moving plane method, maximum principles, and a refinement of Hopf's boundary point Lemma. Since then other approaches to the same problem have been devised. Among them we consider the one due to Weinberger which strikes for the elementary arguments used and became very popular. Then we discuss also a duality approach involving harmonic functions, a shape derivative approach and a purely integral approach, all of them not relying on maximum principle. Fo…
