arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2403.09545cs.GT
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序贯行动的契约设计

Contract Design for Sequential Actions

Tomer Ezra, Michal Feldman, Maya Schlesinger

AI总结:

本文提出序贯行动契约模型,将智能体决策等价于潘多拉魔盒问题,并给出独立行动下线性契约的多项式算法及一般契约的NP难结果,关联行动下近似亦NP难。

摘要:

我们提出了一种新的组合行动契约模型,该模型考虑了智能体的序贯和自适应行为。与标准模型一样,委托人将执行一个高成本项目的任务委托给智能体。共有n个行动,每个行动都会给智能体带来成本,并在m个结果上诱导一个概率分布;每个结果都会为委托人产生一定的收益。委托人通过一份契约来激励智能体,该契约为每个潜在结果指定一个支付。与标准模型不同,智能体是序贯地选择行动。在每次行动之后,智能体观察已实现的结果,并决定是停止还是继续执行另一个行动。一旦停止,智能体选择其中一个已实现的结果,该结果既决定了他的支付,也决定了委托人的收益。该模型捕捉了常见场景,即智能体在执行项目过程中可以进行多次尝试。我们研究了这一新环境下的最优契约问题,即最大化委托人效用的契约。我们首先观察到,智能体的问题——(自适应地)寻找在给定契约下最大化其效用的行动序列——等价于著名的潘多拉魔盒问题。利用这一洞见,我们为最优契约问题提供了算法和不可近似性结果,涵盖了独立和关联行动,以及线性和一般契约。对于独立行动,我们为最优线性契约提供了一种多项式时间算法,并证明了寻找最优一般契约是NP难的。在结果数量为常数的情况下,我们甚至为最优一般契约设计了一种多项式时间算法。对于关联行动,我们发现,对于线性和一般契约,在任意常数比率内近似最优契约都是NP难的。

英文摘要:

We introduce a novel model of contracts with combinatorial actions that accounts for sequential and adaptive agent behavior. As in the standard model, a principal delegates the execution of a costly project to an agent. There are $n$ actions, each one incurring a cost to the agent and inducing a probability distribution over $m$ outcomes; each outcome generates some reward for the principal. The principal incentivizes the agent through a contract that specifies a payment for each potential outcome. Unlike the standard model, the agent chooses actions sequentially. Following each action, the agent observes the realized outcome, and decides whether to stop or continue with another action. Upon halting, the agent chooses one of the realized outcomes, which determines both his payment and the principal's reward. This model captures common scenarios where the agent can make multiple attempts in the course of executing a project. We study the optimal contract problem in this new setting, namely the contract that maximizes the principal's utility. We first observe that the agent's problem - (adaptively) finding the sequence of actions that maximizes his utility for a given contract - is equivalent to the well-known Pandora's Box problem. Using this insight, we provide algorithms and hardness results for the optimal contract problem, under both independent and correlated actions, and for both linear and general contracts. For independent actions, we provide a poly-time algorithm for the optimal linear contract, and establish that finding the optimal general contract is NP-hard. In cases where the number of outcomes is constant, we devise a poly-time algorithm even for the optimal general contract. For correlated actions, we find that, for both linear and general contracts, approximating the optimal contract within any constant ratio is NP-hard.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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