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arXiv 2301.05261cond-mat.str-elhep-th
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玻色格点模型中的精确演生高形式对称性

Exact emergent higher-form symmetries in bosonic lattice models

Salvatore D. Pace, Xiao-Gang Wen

AI总结:

本文证明高形式对称性可在低能长程下作为精确对称性演生并抵御UV扰动,通过量子时钟模型等三个格点模型及2+1D Z_2规范理论分析,揭示了精确演生高形式对称性对相变与相分类的约束作用。

摘要:

尽管凝聚态系统通常不具备高形式对称性,但我们表明,与0形式对称性不同,高形式对称性可以在低能量和长距离尺度下作为精确对称性演生出来。特别地,在零温下,演生高形式对称性在热力学极限下对任意局域紫外(UV)扰动具有鲁棒性。这一结果对可逆与不可逆高形式对称性均成立。因此,演生高形式对称性属于精确演生对称性:它们并非UV对称性,却像UV对称性一样约束低能动力学。由于物质相在热力学极限下定义,这意味着缺乏高形式对称性的UV理论可具有由精确演生高形式对称性表征的相。我们在三个格点模型中验证了这一点,即量子时钟模型及演生的Z_N与U(1) p-规范理论,发现参数空间中存在具有精确演生(反常)高形式对称性的区域。此外,我们对一个产生Z_2规范理论的2+1D格点模型进行了广义Landau分析。利用精确演生1形式对称性及其自身的能量/长度尺度,我们证明了退禁闭相与Higgs/禁闭相之间的相变是连续的,且等价于Z_2对称性的自发对称性破缺相变,尽管该格点模型本身无对称性。同时,我们证明该相变线必然始终包含由多临界点或其他相变分隔的两部分。我们讨论了精确演生高形式对称性的物理后果,并与演生0形式对称性进行了对比。最后,我们指出演生1形式对称性在有限温度下不再精确,但p≥2的演生p形式对称性依然精确。

英文摘要:

Although condensed matter systems usually do not have higher-form symmetries, we show that, unlike 0-form symmetry, higher-form symmetries can emerge as exact symmetries at low energies and long distances. In particular, emergent higher-form symmetries at zero temperature are robust to arbitrary local UV perturbations in the thermodynamic limit. This result is true for both invertible and non-invertible higher-form symmetries. Therefore, emergent higher-form symmetries are $\textit{exact emergent symmetries}$: they are not UV symmetries but constrain low-energy dynamics as if they were. Since phases of matter are defined in the thermodynamic limit, this implies that a UV theory without higher-form symmetries can have phases characterized by exact emergent higher-form symmetries. We demonstrate this in three lattice models, the quantum clock model and emergent ${\mathbb{Z}_N}$ and ${U(1)}$ ${p}$-gauge theory, finding regions of parameter space with exact emergent (anomalous) higher-form symmetries. Furthermore, we perform a generalized Landau analysis of a 2+1D lattice model that gives rise to $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge theory. Using exact emergent 1-form symmetries accompanied by their own energy/length scales, we show that the transition between the deconfined and Higgs/confined phases is continuous and equivalent to the spontaneous symmetry-breaking transition of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry, even though the lattice model has no symmetry. Also, we show that this transition line must $\textit{always}$ contain two parts separated by multi-critical points or other phase transitions. We discuss the physical consequences of exact emergent higher-form symmetries and contrast them to emergent ${0}$-form symmetries. Lastly, we show that emergent 1-form symmetries are no longer exact at finite temperatures, but emergent $p$-form symmetries with ${p\geq 2}$ are.

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