Sudden cardiac death and arrhythmia account for a large percentage of all deaths worldwide. Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most widely used screening tool for cardiovascular diseases. Traditionally, ECG signals are classified manually, requiring experience and great skill, while being time-consuming and prone to error. Thus machine learning algorithms have been widely adopted because of their ability to perform complex data analysis. Features derived from the points of interest in ECG - mainly Q, R, and S, are widely used for arrhythmia detection. In this work, we demonstrate improved performance for ECG classification using hybrid features and three different models, building on a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN) model that we had proposed in the past. An RR interval features based model proposed in this work achieved an accuracy of 98.98%, which is an improvement over the baseline model. To make the model immune to noise, we updated the model using frequency features and achieved good sustained performance in presence of noise with a slightly lower accuracy of 98.69%. Further, another model combining the frequency features and the RR interval features was developed, which achieved a high accuracy of 99% with good sustained performance in noisy environments. Due to its high accuracy and noise immunity, the proposed model which combines multiple hybrid features, is well suited for ambulatory wearable sensing applications.
Heartbeat classification using electrocardiogram (ECG) data is a vital assistive technology for wearable health solutions. We propose heartbeat feature classification based on a novel sparse representation using time-frequency joint distribution of ECG. Fundamental to this is a multi-layer perceptron, which incorporates these signatures to detect cardiac arrhythmia. This approach is validated with ECG data from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Results show that our approach has an average 95.7% accuracy, an improvement of 22% over state-of-the-art approaches. Additionally, ECG sparse distributed r…
CarDS-Plus ECG Platform: Development and Feasibility Evaluation of a Multiplatform Artificial Intelligence Toolkit for Portable and Wearable Device Electrocardiograms
Yale School of Medicine（耶鲁医学院）；Yale New Haven Hospital（耶鲁-纽黑文医院）；Yale School of Public Health（耶鲁公共卫生学院）
This paper presents a novel ECG classification algorithm for real-time cardiac monitoring on ultra low-power wearable devices. The proposed solution is based on spiking neural networks which are the third generation of neural networks. In specific, we employ spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), and reward-modulated STDP (R-STDP), in which the model weights are trained according to the timings of spike signals, and reward or punishment signals. Experiments show that the proposed solution is suitable for real-time operation, achieves comparable accuracy with respect to previous methods, and…
Objective: A novel ECG classification algorithm is proposed for continuous cardiac monitoring on wearable devices with limited processing capacity. Methods: The proposed solution employs a novel architecture consisting of wavelet transform and multiple LSTM recurrent neural networks. Results: Experimental evaluations show superior ECG classification performance compared to previous works. Measurements on different hardware platforms show the proposed algorithm meets timing requirements for continuous and real-time execution on wearable devices. Conclusion: In contrast to many compute-intensive…
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE)（汉堡-埃彭多夫大学医学中心（UKE））；Jacobs University gGmbH（雅各布大学gGmbH）
The reservoir computing paradigm is employed to classify heartbeat anomalies online based on electrocardiogram signals. Inspired by the principles of information processing in the brain, reservoir computing provides a framework to design, train, and analyze recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for processing time-dependent information. Due to its computational efficiency and the fact that training amounts to a simple linear regression, this supervised learning algorithm has been variously considered as a strategy to implement useful computations not only on digital computers but also on emerging u…
Cardiovascular disease has become one of the most significant threats endangering human life and health. Recently, Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring has been transformed into remote cardiac monitoring by Holter surveillance. However, the widely used Holter can bring a great deal of discomfort and inconvenience to the individuals who carry them. We developed a new wireless ECG patch in this work and applied a deep learning framework based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) models. However, we find that the models using the existing techniques are not ab…
Since cadiovascular disease (CVD) posts a heavy threat to people's health, long-term electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is of great value for the improvement of treatment. To realize remote long-term ECG monitoring, a low-power wireless wearable ECG monitoring device is proposed in this paper. The ECG monitoring device, abbreviated as ECGM, is designed based on ferroelectric microprocessor which provides ultra-low power consumption and contains four parts-MCU, BLE, Sensors and Power. The MCU part means circuit of MSP430FR2433, the core of ECGM. The BLE part is the CC2640R2F module applied for …
The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学未来城市研究所）；Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学李嘉诚健康科学研究所）
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death worldwide. While there is growing evidence that the atrial fibrillation (AF) has strong associations with various CVDs, this heart arrhythmia is usually diagnosed using electrocardiography (ECG) which is a risk-free, non-intrusive, and cost-efficient tool. Continuously and remotely monitoring the subjects' ECG information unlocks the potentials of prompt pre-diagnosis and timely pre-treatment of AF before the development of any life-threatening conditions/diseases. Ultimately, the CVDs associated mortality could be reduced. In th…
University of North Carolina（北卡罗来纳大学）；George Washington University（乔治·华盛顿大学）
Breathing rate (BR), minute ventilation (VE), and other respiratory parameters are essential for real-time patient monitoring in many acute health conditions, such as asthma. The clinical standard for measuring respiration, namely Spirometry, is hardly suitable for continuous use. Wearables can track many physiological signals, like ECG and motion, yet not respiration. Deriving respiration from other modalities has become an area of active research. In this work, we infer respiratory parameters from wearable ECG and wrist motion signals. We propose a modular and generalizable classification-re…
Personalized Deep Learning for Short-Term Forecasting of Impending Atrial Fibrillation from Continuous Wearable ECG Signals
Seoul National University（首尔大学）；CHA Bundang Medical Center and CHA University School of Medicine（CHA板桥医疗中心和CHA大学医学院）；SEERS Technology Co., Ltd（SEERS科技有限公司）；Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital（首尔大学医学院内科学系和首尔大学医院）
Objective: Continuous monitoring of biosignals via wearable sensors has quickly expanded in the medical and wellness fields. At rest, automatic detection of vital parameters is generally accurate. However, in conditions such as high-intensity exercise, sudden physiological changes occur to the signals, compromising the robustness of standard algorithms. Methods: Our method, called BayeSlope, is based on unsupervised learning, Bayesian filtering, and non-linear normalization to enhance and correctly detect the R peaks according to their expected positions in the ECG. Furthermore, as BayeSlope i…
The recent developments in wearable devices and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) allow real-time monitoring and recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. However, continuous monitoring of ECG signals is challenging in low-power wearable devices due to energy and memory constraints. Therefore, in this paper, we present a novel and energy-efficient methodology for continuously monitoring the heart for low-power wearable devices. The proposed methodology is composed of three different layers: 1) a Noise/Artifact detection layer to grade the quality of the ECG signals; 2) a Normal/Abnorma…
Despite the proliferation of numerous deep learning methods proposed for generic ECG classification and arrhythmia detection, compact systems with the real-time ability and high accuracy for classifying patient-specific ECG are still few. Particularly, the scarcity of patient-specific data poses an ultimate challenge to any classifier. Recently, compact 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have achieved the state-of-the-art performance level for the accurate classification of ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats. However, several studies have demonstrated the fact that the learnin…
Cardiac abnormalities affecting heart rate and rhythm are commonly observed in both healthy and acutely unwell people. Although many of these are benign, they can sometimes indicate a serious health risk. ECG monitors are typically used to detect these events in electrical heart activity, however they are impractical for continuous long-term use. In contrast, current-generation wearables with optical photoplethysmography (PPG) have gained popularity with their low-cost, lack of wires and tiny size. Many cardiac abnormalities such as ectopic beats and AF can manifest as both obvious and subtle …
Queen’s University（女王大学）；Ingenuity Labs Research Institute（创新实验室研究所）
Classification of human emotions can play an essential role in the design and improvement of human-machine systems. While individual biological signals such as Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electrodermal Activity (EDA) have been widely used for emotion recognition with machine learning methods, multimodal approaches generally fuse extracted features or final classification/regression results to boost performance. To enhance multimodal learning, we present a novel attentive cross-modal connection to share information between convolutional neural networks responsible for learning individual modali…
National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University（北京大学健康数据科学国家研究院）；Department of Cardiology, Peking University People’s Hospital（北京大学人民医院心内科）；Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center（北京大学医学部医学技术学院）；Tianjin Key Laboratory of lonic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University（天津医科大学第二医院心脏研究所心内科离子-分子心血管功能天津市重点实验室）
PPGFlowECG: Latent Rectified Flow with Cross-Modal Encoding for PPG-Guided ECG Generation and Cardiovascular Disease Detection
National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, China（北京大学国家健康数据科学研究院）；School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Peking University, China（北京大学智能科学与技术学院）；Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, UK（伦敦帝国理工学院数据科学研究院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China（中国科学院大学）
Lightweight MobileNetV1+GRU for ECG Biometric Authentication: Federated and Adversarial Evaluation
Department of Computer Science \& Information Technology IoST, Tribhuwan University, Nepal；Department of Electronics；Computer Engineering Institute of Engineering, Dharan, Nepal
Arrhythmia is a cardiovascular disease that manifests irregular heartbeats. In arrhythmia detection, the electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is an important diagnostic technique. However, manually evaluating ECG signals is a complicated and time-consuming task. With the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the evaluation process has been accelerated and the performance is improved. It is noteworthy that the performance of CNNs heavily depends on their architecture design, which is a complex process grounded on expert experience and trial-and-error. In this paper, we propose a novel …
With recent developments in smart technologies, there has been a growing focus on the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning for affective computing to further enhance the user experience through emotion recognition. Typically, machine learning models used for affective computing are trained using manually extracted features from biological signals. Such features may not generalize well for large datasets and may be sub-optimal in capturing the information from the raw input data. One approach to address this issue is to use fully supervised deep learning methods to learn latent r…
Continuous long-term monitoring of electrocardiography (ECG) signals is crucial for the early detection of cardiac abnormalities such as arrhythmia. Non-clinical ECG recordings acquired by Holter and wearable ECG sensors often suffer from severe artifacts such as baseline wander, signal cuts, motion artifacts, variations on QRS amplitude, noise, and other interferences. Usually, a set of such artifacts occur on the same ECG signal with varying severity and duration, and this makes an accurate diagnosis by machines or medical doctors extremely difficult. Despite numerous studies that have attem…
IoT wearable devices are widely expected to reduce the cost and risk of personal healthcare. However, ambulatory data collected from such devices are often corrupted or contaminated with severe noises. Signal Quality Indicators (SQIs) can be used to assess the quality of data obtained from wearable devices, such that transmission/ storage of unusable data can be prevented. This article introduces a novel and generalized SQI which can be implemented on an edge device for detecting the quality of any quasi-periodic signal under observation, regardless of the type of noise present. The applicatio…
Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation from Six Wearable Sensor Modalities in Multi-Motion-State Scenarios
Faculty of Frontier Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen（前沿科学学院，哈尔滨工业大学深圳校区）；University of Melbourne（墨尔本大学）；University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）
In this paper, a novel ECG monitoring approach based on IoT technology is suggested. This paper proposes a routing system for IoT healthcare platforms based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Routing by Energy and Link Quality (REL). In addition, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs)-based approaches for ECG signal categorization were tested in this study. Deep-ECG will employ a deep CNN to extract important characteristics, which will then be compared using simple and fast distance functions in order to classify cardiac prob…
Monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG) provides vital information as well as any cardiovascular anomalies. Recent advances in the technology of wearable electronics have enabled compact devices to acquire personal physiological signals in the home setting; however, signals are usually contaminated with high level noise. Thus, an efficient ECG filtering scheme is a dire need. In this paper, a novel method using Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is developed for denoising ECG signals. We also intensively explore various filtering algorithms, including Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter, Ensemble Empirical mo…
The heart is one of the most vital organs in the human body. It supplies blood and nutrients in other parts of the body. Therefore, maintaining a healthy heart is essential. As a heart disorder, arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart's pumping mechanism becomes aberrant. The Electrocardiogram is used to analyze the arrhythmia problem from the ECG signals because of its fewer difficulties and cheapness. The heart peaks shown in the ECG graph are used to detect heart diseases, and the R peak is used to analyze arrhythmia disease. Arrhythmia is grouped into two groups - Tachycardia and Brad…
Attention-Guided Fusion of 1D and 2D CNNs for Robust ECG-Based Biometric Recognition
PIMIS Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Department（PIMIS实验室，电子与电信系）；Université du 8 Mai 1945（8月1945大学）；Electrical Engineering Department, University of 20 August 1955（电子工程系，20 August 1955大学）；Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Applied Sciences（电子工程系，科学与应用科学学院）；Larbi Ben M'hidi University（拉比·本·迈迪大学）；Department of Electronics and Communications, University of Larbi Tebessi（电子与通信系，拉比·塔贝西大学）
Stanford Online High School（斯坦福在线高中）；AliveCor, Inc.（AliveCor公司）
Mobile electrocardiogram (ECG) recording technologies represent a promising tool to fight the ongoing epidemic of cardiovascular diseases, which are responsible for more deaths globally than any other cause. While the ability to monitor one's heart activity at any time in any place is a crucial advantage of such technologies, it is also the cause of a drawback: signal noise due to environmental factors can render the ECGs illegible. In this work, we develop convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically label ECGs for noise, training them on a novel noise-annotated dataset. By reducing …
Classification of Infant Sleep/Wake States: Cross-Attention among Large Scale Pretrained Transformer Networks using Audio, ECG, and IMU Data
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology（贝克曼高级科学技术研究院）；Worcester Polytechnic Institute（伍斯特理工学院）
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is an authoritative source to diagnose and counter critical cardiovascular syndromes such as arrhythmia and myocardial infarction (MI). Current machine learning techniques either depend on manually extracted features or large and complex deep learning networks which merely utilize the 1D ECG signal directly. Since intelligent multimodal fusion can perform at the stateof-the-art level with an efficient deep network, therefore, in this paper, we propose two computationally efficient multimodal fusion frameworks for ECG heart beat classification called Multimodal Image Fus…
Electrocardiography (ECG), an electrical measurement which captures cardiac activities, is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, ECG is infeasible for continuous cardiac monitoring due to its requirement for user participation. By contrast, photoplethysmography (PPG) provides easy-to-collect data, but its limited accuracy constrains its clinical usage. To combine the advantages of both signals, recent studies incorporate various deep learning techniques for the reconstruction of PPG signals to ECG; however, the lack of contextual information as well as the lim…
Detection of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury Using Multimodal Wearable Sensors
SCAI-Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich（SCAI实验室，健康科学与技术系（D-HEST），苏黎世联邦理工学院）；School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich（计算、信息与技术学院，慕尼黑技术大学）；Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF)（瑞士瘫痪研究机构（SPF））；Institute of Advanced Production Technologies, University of Valladolid（先进生产技术研究所，瓦尔达利德大学）；Swiss Paraplegic Centre (SPZ)（瑞士瘫痪中心（SPZ））；Balgrist University Hospital（巴尔格里斯大学医院）
