The Silicon Vertex Detector of Belle II is a state-of-the-art tracking and vertexing system based on double-sided silicon strip sensors, designed and fabricated by a large international collaboration in the period 2012--2018. Since 2019 it has been in operation providing high quality data with a small number of defective channels (<1%), a large hit-finding efficiency (>99%), a good signal-to-noise ratio (well in excess of 10 for all sensor configurations and tracks). Together with the good control over the alignment, these are all essential factors to achieve good tracking reconstruction and physics performance. In this extended paper we try to document all the aspects of the SVD challenges and achievements, in the spirit of providing information to the broader community and help the development of high quality detector systems, which are fundamental tools to carry out physics research.
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider in Japan is designed to indirectly probe new physics using approximately 50 times the data recorded by its predecessor. An accurate determination of the decay-point position of subatomic particles such as beauty and charm hadrons as well as a precise measurement of low-momentum charged particles will play a key role in this pursuit. These will be accomplished by an inner tracking device comprising two layers of pixelated silicon detector and four layers of silicon vertex detector based on double-sided microstrip sensors. We describe herein the …
The Belle II detector is currently under construction at the SuperKEKB electron-positron high-luminosity collider, that will provide an instantaneous luminosity 40 times higher than that of KEKB. There- fore the Belle-II VerteX Detector (VXD) will operate in a very harsh environment. A radiation monitoring and beam abort system is needed to safely operate the VXD detector in these conditions. This system is based on 20 single crystal CVD diamond sensors placed in 20 key positions in the vicinity of the VXD and interaction region. In this contribution we describe the system design and we presen…
Since the start of data taking in spring 2019 at the SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan) the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) has been operating reliably and with high efficiency, while providing high quality data: high signal-to-noise ratio, greater than 99% hit efficiency, and precise spatial resolution. These attributes, combined with stability over time, result in good tracking efficiency. Currently the occupancy, dominated by beam-background hits, is quite low (about 0.5% in the innermost layer), causing no problems to the SVD data reconstruction. In view of the operation at higher lumi…
The Belle-II VerteX Detector (VXD) is a 6 layers silicon tracker device that will cope with an unprecedented luminosity of 8 x 10^35 cm-2 s-1 achievable by the new SuperKEKB e+e- collider, now under commissioning at the KEK laboratory (Tsukuba, Japan). A radiation monitoring and beam abort system has been developed based on single-crystal s-CVD diamond sensors. The sensors will be placed in 20 key positions in the vicinity of the interaction region. The severe space limitations require a remote readout of the sensors. In this contribution we present the system design, along with the sensor cha…
We present the concept of a track trigger for the Belle II experiment, based on a neural network approach, that is able to reconstruct the z (longitudinal) position of the event vertex within the latency of the first level trigger. The trigger will thus be able to suppress a large fraction of the dominating background from events outside of the interaction region. The trigger uses the drift time information of the hits from the Central Drift Chamber (CDC) of Belle II within narrow cones in polar and azimuthal angle as well as in transverse momentum (sectors), and estimates the z-vertex without…
The Belle II experiment currently under construction at the $e^+e^-$-collider SuperKEKB in Japan is designed to explore new physics beyond the standard model with an approximately 50 times larger data sample compared to its predecessor. The vertex detector (VXD), comprising a two layer DEPFET pixel detector (PXD) surrounded by four layers of double sided silicon strip detector (SVD), is indispensable for the accurate determination of the decay point of $B$ or $D$ meson as well as track reconstruction of low momentum particles. The DEPFET sensors in Belle II are thinned down to 75 $μ$m with low…
The Belle II experiment, which is situated at the interaction point of the SuperKEKB $e^+e^{-}$ collider at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, is expected to collect data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 50~ab$^{- 1}$. This data set will be sensitive to beyond-the-standard-model physics via precision measurements and searches for very rare decays. At its heart lies a six-layer vertex detector consisting of two layers of pixel detectors (PXD) and four layers of double-sided silicon microstrip detectors (SVD). Precise vertexing as provided by this device is essential for measurements of time-depen…
The physics goals the Belle II experiment require an exceptionally good alignment of all the components of the Belle II tracker. The Belle II tracker is composed of the DEPFET based pixel silicon detector, four layers of double sided silicon strip detector, a low material budget drift chamber, all three operating in a solenoidal 1.5 T B field, which is affected by the final focusing system of the accelerator. Each component of these three components must be aligned with an accuracy significantly better than the point resolution of the detector that for the PXD is order of 10 microns. The Belle…
The Belle II experiment will go into operation at the upgraded SuperKEKB collider in 2016. SuperKEKB is designed to deliver an instantaneous luminosity $\mathcal{L}=8\times10^{35}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The experiment will therefore have to cope with a much larger machine background than its predecessor Belle, in particular from events outside of the interaction region. We present the concept of a track trigger, based on a neural network approach, that is able to suppress a large fraction of this background by reconstructing the $z$ (longitudinal) position of the event vertex wit…
Currently the heavy flavour factory KEKB located at the KEK accelerator centre in Tsukuba, Japan, is being upgraded to the Super KEKB factory, aiming for a substantially higher luminosity of 8x10^35 cm^-2 s^-1. This by a factor of 40 increased luminosity requires significant modifications of the Belle detector. The vertex detector needs to be redesigned and, besides a four-layer silicon strip detector, a pixel detector based on the DEPFET technology will be installed closest to the interaction point. The requirements for this pixel detector, the DEPFET technology and the current status of the …
The Belle II experiment at the Super B factory SuperKEKB, an asymmetric $e^+e^-$ collider located in Tsukuba, Japan, is tailored to perform precision B physics measurements. The centre of mass energy of the collisions is equal to the rest mass of the $Υ(4S)$ resonance of $m_{Υ(4S)} = 10.58\,\rm GeV$. A high vertex resolution is essential for measuring the decay vertices of B mesons. Typical momenta of the decay products are ranging from a few tens of MeV to a few GeV and multiple scattering has a significant impact on the vertex resolution. The VerteX Detector (VXD) for Belle II is therefore d…
DEPFET active pixel sensors are a well-developed technology for vertex detectors at future colliders. Extensive test beam campaigns have proven the excellent performance of these devices, and their radiation hardness has been thoroughly tested. For the Belle-II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider, a new vertex detector based on DEPFET technology is being developed, using sensors thinned down to 75 μm. We give an overview over recent results with test devices using ILC pixel geometries as well as the concepts and challenges for the Belle-II pixel vertex tracker and discuss how the R&D for the …
The Belle II barrel region is instrumented with the Time of Propagation (TOP) particle identification system based on sixteen fused-silica bars arranged around the interaction point acting as Cherenkov radiator. Due to the mechanical design of the TOP system these quartz bars do not overlap, but leave a gap of around 2cm between them. This leads to around 6% of all tracks in the nominal TOP acceptance region to escape without traversing any of the quartz bars and thus not giving any usable particle identification information from the TOP system and an additional 3% of tracks being degraded due…
An upgraded asymmetric e+e- flavor factory, SuperKEKB, is planned at KEK. It will deliver a luminosity of 8 x 10^35 cm^-2 s^-1, allowing precision measurements in the flavor sector which can probe new physics well beyond the scales accessible to direct observation. The increased luminosity also requires upgrades of the Belle detector. Of critical importance here is a new silicon pixel vertex tracker, which will significantly improve the decay vertex resolution. This new detector will consist of two detector layers close to the interaction point, using DEPFET pixel sensors with 50 um thick sili…
The Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB accelerator observed the first collisions in April this year. Until mid-summer, the first commissioning run uses a reduced version of the full vertex detector. Nevertheless, this phase is an excellent opportunity to improve and test the alignment and calibration procedures being prepared for the first physics runs starting in spring 2019. The procedure presented is based on Millepede II tool to solve the large minimization problem emerging in the track-based alignment and calibration of the pixel and strip detectors, the drift chamber or the muon system. …
In the next decade, intensity frontier experiments will require tracking systems that are robust against high event and background rates while maintaining excellent tracking performance. We develop a first conceptual design of a tracking system for a hypothetical future experiment--here imagined as a successor to Belle II--built around a time projection chamber (TPC) with high resolution readout. This choice necessitates a significant expansion of the silicon vertex detector as well as a new fast timing layer. We simulate the performance of such a system in the Belle II simulation framework, p…
Belle II is a $B$ factory experiment aiming to start physics data taking in 2017. It is currently being set up at the SuperKEKB accelerator at the KEK facility in Tsukuba (Japan), an asymmetric $e^+e^-$ collider which aims to achieve an unprecedented instantaneous luminosity of $8\cdot10^{35} \textrm{Hz}/\textrm{cm}^2$. This forty-fold increase over predecessor experiments is achieved by employing a novel nano-beam scheme. Originally developed for the now-defunct SuperB experiment, this scheme allows a significant increase in luminosity at only modest increases of beam currents. Challenges for…
The physics aims at the proposed future high-energy linear $e^+e^-$ collider CLIC pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. In particular, the vertex and tracking detectors have to combine a spatial resolution of a few micrometres and a low material budget with a time-stamping accuracy of a few nanoseconds. For the vertex detector, fine-pitch sensors, dedicated 65nm readout ASICs, fine-pitch bonding techniques using solder bumps or anisotropic conductive films as well as monolithic devices based on Silicon-On-Insulator technology are explored. Fully monolithic CMOS se…
The Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD), with its four double-sided silicon strip sensor layers, is one of the two vertex sub-detectors of Belle II operating at SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan). Since 2019 and the start of the data taking, the SVD has demonstrated a reliable and highly efficient operation, even running in an environment with harsh beam backgrounds that are induced by the world's highest instantaneous luminosity. In order to provide the best quality track reconstruction with an efficient pattern recognition and track fit, and to correctly propagate the uncertainty on the hit's positio…
One of the major components of the Belle II trigger system is the neural network trigger. Its task is to estimate the z-Vertex particle tracks observed in the experiments drift chamber. The trigger is implemented on FPGAs to ensure exibility during operation and leverage their IO capabilities. Meanwhile the implementation has to estimate the vertex in a few hundred nanoseconds to fulfil the requirements of the experiment. A first version of that trigger was operational during the first collisions. While it was able to estimate the vertex, it had some drawbacks regarding the possible throughput…
The Belle detector operated at KEKb B-factory in 1999-2010 was one of the most remarkable experiments in the field of elementary particle physics of the last decades. The Belle successor, Belle II collaboration, is aimed to operate the Belle II detector at SuperKEKb factory at 40 times higher luminosity. Increased luminosity imposes new requirements on the detector elements: they have to survive at higher radiation levels, to operate at higher loads and at higher backgrounds. The Belle K_L and muon system based on the resistive plate chambers (RPC) technology worked well during all data taking…
DEPleted Field Effect Transistor (DEPFET) active pixel detectors combine a first amplification stage with a fully depleted sensor in one single device, resulting in a very good signal-to-noise ratio even for thin sensors. DEPFET pixels are produced in MOS technology with two metal and two poly-silicon layers and have been developed for the use in Xray imaging and tracking in particle physics experiments. The sensor concept will be presented and all aspects of operation will be detailed with the focus on its application at the upgraded detector Belle II under preparation for the high-luminosity…
Development for the Belle II vertex detector upgrade with depleted monolithic active pixel sensors
Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院）；University of Bergamo（贝加莫大学）；University of Pavia（帕维亚大学）；CPPM（马赛粒子物理中心）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund（多特蒙德应用科学与艺术大学）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)（高能加速器研究机构（KEK））；The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)（综合研究大学院大学（SOKENDAI））；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-UV（核物理研究所（IFIC），西班牙国家研究委员会-瓦伦西亚大学）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽女王学院）；Jilin University（吉林大学）
The extreme radiation dose received by vertex detectors at the Large Hadron Collider dictates stringent requirements on their cooling systems. To be robust against radiation damage, sensors should be maintained below -20 degree C and at the same time, the considerable heat load generated in the readout chips and the sensors must be removed. Evaporative CO2 cooling using microchannels etched in a silicon plane in thermal contact with the readout chips is an attractive option. In this paper, we present the first results of microchannel prototypes with circulating, two-phase CO2 and compare them …
The Belle II experiment, located at the SuperKEKB collider at the high-energy research facility KEK in Tsukuba, Japan, started operation in 2018. Compared to the predecessor experiment Belle, Belle II plans to increase the peak luminosity by a factor of about 40, by employing nano-beam technology in the interaction region. In particular the new, innermost sub-detector of Belle II - the Pixel Vertex Detector (PXD) - is in close proximity to the interaction point. This allows for the detection of particles, which do not leave a signal in the outer sub-detectors. Among these, Highly Ionizing Part…
In 2019 the Belle II experiment started data taking at the asymmetric SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan) operating at the Y(4S) resonance. Belle II will search for new physics beyond the Standard Model by collecting an integrated luminosity of 50~ab$^{-1}$. The silicon vertex detector (SVD), consisting of four layers of double-sided silicon strip sensors, is one of the two vertex sub-detectors. The SVD extrapolates the tracks to the inner pixel detector (PXD) with enough precision to correctly identify hits in the PXD belonging to the track. In addition the SVD has standalone tracking capability …
The future Belle II experiment will employ a computer-farm based data reduction system for the readout of its innermost detector, a DEPFET-technology based silicon detector with pixel readout. A large fraction of the background hits can be rejected by defining a set of Regions Of Interest (ROI) on the pixel detector sensors and then recording just the data from the pixels inside the ROI. The ROIs are defined on an event by event basis by extrapolating back onto the PXD the charged tracks detected in the outer trackers (a 4 layer double-sided silicon strip detector surrounded by a wire chamber)…
Fibre optic sensors (FOS) are an established technique for environmental and deformation monitoring in several areas like civil engineering, aerospace, and energy. Their immunity to electromagnetic and magnetic fields and nuclear environments, its small size, multiplexing capability and the possibility to be embedded make them an attractive technology for the structural and environmental monitoring of collider particle physics experiments. Between all the possible Fibre Optic sensors FBGs (Fiber Bragg Grating) seems to be the best solution for HEP applications. The first step was to characteri…
Radiation damage study of Belle II silicon strip sensors with 90 MeV electron irradiation
Institute of High Energy Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences（奥地利科学院高能物理研究所）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心/法国原子能和替代能源委员会，粒子与宇宙学实验室）；Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar（布巴内斯瓦尔印度理工学院）；Indian Institute of Technology Madras（马德拉斯印度理工学院）；Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur（斋普尔马拉维亚国立技术学院）；Punjab Agricultural University（旁遮普农业大学）；Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（塔塔基础研究院）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa（比萨大学物理系）
The hit response of silicon vertex and tracking detectors to muon collider beam background and results of a study of hit reducing techniques are presented. The background caused by decays of the 750 GeV/c m+ and m- beams was simulated using the MARS15 program, which included the infrastructure of the beam line elements near the detector and the 10 degree nozzles that shield the detector from this background. The ILCRoot framework, along with the Geant4 program, was used to simulate the hit response of the silicon vertex and tracker detectors to the muon decay background remaining after the shi…
We present an FPGA-based online data reduction system for the pixel detector of the future Belle II experiment. The occupancy of the pixel detector is estimated at 3 %. This corresponds to a data output rate of more than 20 GB/s after zero suppression, dominated by background. The Online Selection Nodes (ONSEN) system aims to reduce the background data by a factor of 30. It consists of 33 MicroTCA cards, each equipped with a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA and 4 GiB DDR2 RAM. These cards are hosted by 9 AdvancedTCA carrier boards. The ONSEN system buffers the entire output data from the pixel detector fo…
The vertex detectors are crucial detectors for future linear e+e- colliders since they must give the most accurate location of any outgoing charged particles originating from the interaction point. The DEPFET collaboration is developing a new type of pixel sensors which provide very low noise and high spatial resolution. In order to precisely determine the track and vertex positions, multiple scattering in the detector has to be reduced by minimizing the material in the sensors, cooling, and support structures. A new method of cooling by blowing air over the sensors has been developed and test…
The ALEPH Silicon Vertex Detector for LEP2 featured a laser survey system to monitor its mechanical stability. The analysis of laser system data from 1997 to 2000 showed that VDET suffered a time-dependent displacement. It resulted to be compatible with a deformation of the support structure that made the device to slowly rotate during the data-taking. A maximal local displacement of ~20 microns was observed, corresponding to a rotation of ~10E-4 rad. The implementation of a time-dependent correction on the alignment by using the laser system data led to sizeable improvements on the ALEPH data…
CLIC is a proposed linear $e^+e^-$ collider with center-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. Its main objectives are precise top quark, Higgs boson and Beyond Standard Model physics. In addition to spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and a very low material budget, the vertex and tracking detectors also require timing capabilities with a precision of a few nanoseconds to allow suppression of beam-induced background particles. Different technologies using hybrid silicon detectors are explored for the vertex detectors, such as dedicated 65 nm readout ASICs, small-pitch sensors as well as bondin…
Upgrade of the Belle II Vertex Detector with Depleted Monolithic CMOS Active Pixel Sensors
Marietta Blau Institute for Particle Physics, Austrian Academy of Sciences（玛丽亚·布劳粒子物理研究所，奥地利科学院）；Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo（贝加莫大学工程与应用科学学院）；Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia（帕维亚大学电气、计算机和生物医学工程系）；Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Fermi”, Università di Pisa（比萨大学“E. 费米”物理系）；INFN Sezione di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部）；Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS IN2P3, CPPM（艾克斯-马赛大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家核物理与粒子物理研究所，普罗旺斯粒子物理中心）；Laboratoire de Physique des 2 infinis Irène Joliot-Curie – IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS IN2P3（巴黎-萨克雷大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家核物理与粒子物理研究所，伊雷娜·约里奥-居里双无限物理实验室）；Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178（斯特拉斯堡大学，法国国家科学研究中心，高能物理研究所）；Physikalisches Institut, Rheinische（莱茵（威斯特法伦）联邦工业大学物理学院）
Belle II实验为应对更高的亮度，计划升级顶点探测器，采用耗尽单片主动像素传感器，设计高辐射容忍度和低功耗性能。
The CDF experiment's Silicon Vertex Trigger is a system of 150 custom 9U VME boards that reconstructs axial tracks in the CDF silicon strip detector in a 15 microsecond pipeline. SVT's 35 micron impact parameter resolution enables CDF's Level 2 trigger to distinguish primary and secondary particles, and hence to collect large samples of hadronic bottom and charm decays. We review some of SVT's key design features. Speed is achieved with custom VLSI pattern recognition, linearized track fitting, pipelining, and parallel processing. Testing and reliability are aided by built-in logic state analy…
The Heavy Photon Search (HPS) is a new, dedicated experiment at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) to search for a massive vector boson, the heavy photon (a.k.a. dark photon, \Aprimebold{}), in the mass range 20-500~MeV/c$^{2}$ and with a weak coupling to ordinary matter. An \Aprimebold{} can be radiated from an incoming electron as it interacts with a charged nucleus in the target, accessing a large open parameter space where the \Aprimebold{} is relatively long-lived, leading to displaced vertices. HPS searches for these displaced \Aprimebold{} to e$^+$e$^-$ decays using a…
CLIC is a proposed linear e+e- collider designed to provide particle collisions at center-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. Precise measurements of the properties of the top quark and the Higgs boson, as well as searches for Beyond the Standard Model physics require a highly performant CLIC detector. In particular the vertex detector must provide a single point resolution of only a few micrometers while not exceeding the envisaged material budget of around 0.2% X0 per layer. Beam-beam interactions and beamstrahlung processes impose an additional requirement on the timestamping capabilities of t…
The BABAR Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) is a five-layer double-sided silicon detector designed to provide precise measurements of the position and direction of primary tracks, and to fully reconstruct low-momentum tracks produced in e+e- collisions at the PEP-II asymmetric collider at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. This paper describes the design, implementation, performance, and validation of the local alignment procedure used to determine the relative positions and orientations of the 340 SVT wafers. This procedure uses a tuned mix of in-situ experimental data and complementary lab-bench…
The combined vertexing and tracking performance of the innermost part of the FCC-ee experiments must deliver outstanding precision for measurement of the track momentum together with an impact parameter resolution exceeding by at least a factor five that typically achieved at LHC experiments. Furthermore, precision measurements require stability and fiducial accuracy at a level which is unprecedented in collider experiments. For the innermost vertex layers these goals translate into a target hit resolution of approximately 3 $μ$m together with a material budget of around 0.2\% of a radiation l…
The radiation hardness of the AToM chips of the BaBar Silicon Vertex Tracker has been investigated by means of irradiations with photons from a 60Co source and 0.9 GeV electrons. The increase in noise and the decrease in gain of the amplifier have been measured as a function of the applied capacitive load and the absorbed dose. Different beam intensities have been used to study the effect of different dose rates to the AToM radiation damage. The chip digital functionalities have been tested up to a dose of 5.5 Mrads for the 60Co photons and 9 Mrads for the 0.9 GeV electrons. In addition a pede…
Using the simulation framework of the SiD detector to study the Higgs -> mumu decay channel showed a considerable gain in signal significance could be achieved through an increase in charged particle momentum resolution. However more detailed simulations of theZ -> mumu decay channel demonstrated that significant improvement in the resolution could not be achieved through an increase in tracker granularity. Conversely detector stability studies into missing/dead vertex layers using longer lived particles displayed an increase in track resolution. The existing 9.15 cm x 25 μm silicon strip geom…
LHCb is the dedicated heavy flavour experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The partially assembled silicon vertex locator (VELO) of the LHCb experiment has been tested in a beam test. The data from this beam test have been used to determine the performance of the VELO alignment algorithm. The relative alignment of the two silicon sensors in a module and the relative alignment of the modules has been extracted. This alignment is shown to be accurate at a level of approximately 2 micron and 0.1 mrad for translations and rotations, respectively in the plane of the sensors. A single hit …
CLIC is a proposed linear $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider with center-of-mass energies of up to $3\,\textrm{TeV}$. Its main objectives are precise top quark and Higgs boson measurements, as well as searches for Beyond Standard Model physics. To meet the physics goals, the vertex and tracking detectors require not only a spatial resolution of a few micrometers and a very low material budget, but also timing capabilities with a precision of a few nanoseconds to allow suppression of beam-induced backgrounds. Different technologies using hybrid silicon detectors are explored for the vertex detectors, such a…
The physics aims at the proposed high-energy $e^+e^-$ collider CLIC pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. Precise hit-time tagging, an excellent spatial resolutions, and a low mass are required for the vertex and tracking detectors. To meet these requirements, an all-silicon vertex and tracking detector system is foreseen, for which a broad R&D programme on a variety of novel silicon detector technologies is being pursued. For the ultra-low mass vertex detector, different hybrid technologies with innovative sensor concepts and interconnection techniques are explor…
Between Run II commissioning in early 2001 and the end of operations in September 2011, the Tevatron collider delivered 12~fb$^{-1}$ of $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV to the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF). During that time, the CDF silicon vertex detector was subject to radiation doses of up to 12 Mrad. After the end of operations, the silicon detector was annealed for 24 days at $18^{\circ}$C. In this paper, we present a measurement of the change in the bias currents for a subset of sensors during the annealing period. We also introduce a novel method for monitoring the dep…
A new silicon detector has been developed to provide the PHENIX experiment with precise charged particle tracking at forward and backward rapidity. The Forward Silicon Vertex Tracker (FVTX) was installed in PHENIX prior to the 2012 run period of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The FVTX is composed of two annular endcaps, each with four stations of silicon mini-strip sensors, covering a rapidity range of $1.2<|η|<2.2$ that closely matches the two existing PHENIX muon arms. Each station consists of 48 individual silicon sensors, each of which contains two columns of mini-strips with …
Letter of intent describing SiD (Silicon Detector) for consideration by the International Linear Collider IDAG panel. This detector concept is founded on the use of silicon detectors for vertexing, tracking, and electromagnetic calorimetry. The detector has been cost-optimized as a general-purpose detector for a 500 GeV electron-positron linear collider.
Thin planar silicon sensors with a pitch of 55um, active edge and various guard ring layouts are investigated, using two-dimensional finite-element T-CAD simulations. The simulation results have been compared to experimental data, and an overall good agreement is observed. It is demonstrated that 50um thin planar silicon sensors with active edge with floating guard ring or without guard ring can be operated fully efficiently up to the physical edge of the sensor. The simulation findings are used to identify suitable sensor designs for application in the high-precision vertex detector of the fu…
The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) pursues a broad physics program at Fermilab's Tevatron collider. Between Run II commissioning in early 2001 and the end of operations in September 2011, the Tevatron delivered 12 fb-1 of integrated luminosity of p-pbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV. Many physics analyses undertaken by CDF require heavy flavor tagging with large charged particle tracking acceptance. To realize these goals, in 2001 CDF installed eight layers of silicon microstrip detectors around its interaction region. These detectors were designed for 2--5 years of operation, radiation …
The SiliconMicro-strip Tracker (SMT) at the DØ experiment in the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been operating since 2001. In 2006, an additional layer, referred to as 'Layer 0', was installed to improve impact parameter resolution and compensate for detector degradation due to radiation damage to the original innermost SMT layer. The SMT detector provides valuable tracking and vertexing information for the experiment. This contribution will highlight aspects of the long term operation of the SMT, including the impact of the silicon readout test-stand. Due to the full integration of the test-s…
The LHCb experiment is set for a significant upgrade, which will be ready for Run 3 of the LHC in 2020. This upgrade will allow LHCb to run at a significantly higher instantaneous luminosity and collect an integrated luminosity of $50\,\text{fb}^{-1}$ by the end of Run 4. In this process the Vertex locator (VELO) detector will be upgraded to a pixel-based silicon detector. The upgraded VELO will improve upon the current detector by being closer to the beam and having lower material modules with microchannel cooling and a thinner RF-foil. Simulations have shown that it will maintain its excelle…
The inner drift chamber of the BESIII is encountering serious aging problem after five year's running. For the first layer, the decrease in gas gain is about 26% from 2009 to 2013. The upgrade of the inner tracking detector has become an urgent problem for the BESIII experiment. An inner tracker using CMOS pixel sensors is an important candidate because of its great advantages on spatial resolution and radiation hardness. In order to carry out a Monte Carlo study on the expected performance, a Geant4-based full simulation for the silicon pixel detector has been implemented. The tracking method…
