The BABAR Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) is a five-layer double-sided silicon detector designed to provide precise measurements of the position and direction of primary tracks, and to fully reconstruct low-momentum tracks produced in e+e- collisions at the PEP-II asymmetric collider at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. This paper describes the design, implementation, performance, and validation of the local alignment procedure used to determine the relative positions and orientations of the 340 SVT wafers. This procedure uses a tuned mix of in-situ experimental data and complementary lab-bench measurements to control systematic distortions. Wafer positions and orientations are determined by minimizing a chisquared computed using these data for each wafer individually, iterating to account for between-wafer correlations. A correction for aplanar distortions of the silicon wafers is measured and applied. The net effect of residual mis-alignments on relevant physical variables is evaluated in special control samples. The BABAR data-sample collected between November 1999 and April 2008 is used in the study of the SVT stability.
CDF实验的硅顶点触发器是一个由150个定制9 U VME板组成的系统，它在15微秒的流水线中重建CDF硅条探测器中的轴向轨迹。SVT的35微米碰撞参量分辨率使CDF的2级触发器能够区分初级和次级粒子，从而收集强子底衰变和粲衰变的大样本。我们回顾了SVT的一些关键设计功能。速度是通过自定义VLSI模式识别，线性化跟踪拟合，流水线和并行处理来实现的。测试和可靠性是由内置的逻辑状态分析和测试数据源在每个板的输入和输出，一个共同的板间数据链路，和一个通用的“合并”板的数据扇入/扇出。通过使用现代FPGA，提高了速度和适应性。
Construction and quality assurance of the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector
Belle II实验位于日本筑波KEK的SuperKEKB $e^+e^{-}$对撞机的相互作用点，预计将收集相当于50 ab $^{- 1}$的积分亮度的数据。该数据集将通过精确测量和搜索非常罕见的衰变对超越标准模型的物理学敏感。其核心是一个六层顶点探测器，由两层像素探测器（PXD）和四层双面硅微带探测器（SVD）组成。该器件提供的精确顶点对于测量随时间变化的$CP$破坏是必不可少的。SVD组件的关键方面是精确对准以及严格的电气和几何质量保证。我们提出了一个概述的SVD的建设，包括SVD组件模块的精密胶合和各种电子元件的引线键合。我们还讨论了电气和几何质量保证测试。
The physics aims at the proposed future high-energy linear $e^+e^-$ collider CLIC pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. In particular, the vertex and tracking detectors have to combine a spatial resolution of a few micrometres and a low material budget with a time-stamping accuracy of a few nanoseconds. For the vertex detector, fine-pitch sensors, dedicated 65nm readout ASICs, fine-pitch bonding techniques using solder bumps or anisotropic conductive films as well as monolithic devices based on Silicon-On-Insulator technology are explored. Fully monolithic CMOS se…
The Silicon Vertex Detector of Belle II is a state-of-the-art tracking and vertexing system based on double-sided silicon strip sensors, designed and fabricated by a large international collaboration in the period 2012--2018. Since 2019 it has been in operation providing high quality data with a small number of defective channels (<1%), a large hit-finding efficiency (>99%), a good signal-to-noise ratio (well in excess of 10 for all sensor configurations and tracks). Together with the good control over the alignment, these are all essential factors to achieve good tracking reconstruction and p…
The Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD), with its four double-sided silicon strip sensor layers, is one of the two vertex sub-detectors of Belle II operating at SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan). Since 2019 and the start of the data taking, the SVD has demonstrated a reliable and highly efficient operation, even running in an environment with harsh beam backgrounds that are induced by the world's highest instantaneous luminosity. In order to provide the best quality track reconstruction with an efficient pattern recognition and track fit, and to correctly propagate the uncertainty on the hit's positio…
The Belle-II Pixel Vertex Detector at the SuperKEKB Flavor Factory
计划在科索沃能源公司建立一个升级的非对称e+e-香料工厂SuperKEKB。它将提供8 x 10^35 cm^-2 s^-1的光度，从而可以在味道部分进行精确测量，这可以探测远远超出直接观测范围的新物理学。增加的亮度也需要升级Belle探测器。至关重要的是，这里是一个新的硅像素顶点跟踪器，这将显着提高衰减顶点分辨率。这种新的探测器将包括两个探测器层接近的相互作用点，使用DEPFET像素传感器与50微米厚的硅在有效区域。
High-Resolution Timing for Vertex-Reconstructed Muon-Spin Spectroscopy Using Plastic Scintillators and MuTRiG
Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University（海德堡大学基尔霍夫物理研究所）；Institute for Nuclear Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz（约翰内斯·古腾堡美因茨大学核物理研究所）；PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences（瑞士保罗谢勒研究所中子与μ子科学中心）；Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院粒子物理与天体物理研究所）；Physics Institute, Heidelberg University（海德堡大学物理研究所）
D0 Run II硅微带跟踪器（SMT）有3平方米的硅面积。912个读出模块上的6192个SVXIIe芯片可读出792，576个通道。SMT在D0探测器的全伪快度覆盖范围内提供轨道和顶点重建能力。自2002年4月以来，整个检测器已成功运行。本报告涵盖了调试和运行的经验，最近的电子升级，提高了SMT的稳定性和辐射损伤的估计。
In 2019 the Belle II experiment started data taking at the asymmetric SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan) operating at the Y(4S) resonance. Belle II will search for new physics beyond the Standard Model by collecting an integrated luminosity of 50~ab$^{-1}$. The silicon vertex detector (SVD), consisting of four layers of double-sided silicon strip sensors, is one of the two vertex sub-detectors. The SVD extrapolates the tracks to the inner pixel detector (PXD) with enough precision to correctly identify hits in the PXD belonging to the track. In addition the SVD has standalone tracking capability …
Since the start of data taking in spring 2019 at the SuperKEKB collider (KEK, Japan) the Belle II Silicon Vertex Detector (SVD) has been operating reliably and with high efficiency, while providing high quality data: high signal-to-noise ratio, greater than 99% hit efficiency, and precise spatial resolution. These attributes, combined with stability over time, result in good tracking efficiency. Currently the occupancy, dominated by beam-background hits, is quite low (about 0.5% in the innermost layer), causing no problems to the SVD data reconstruction. In view of the operation at higher lumi…
CDF Run II硅探测器是高能物理中最大的探测器，自2001年以来在费米实验室Tevatron收集p-pbar碰撞数据。它提供了精确的跟踪和顶点，这在B_s混合发现中发挥了关键作用，对正在进行的希格斯玻色子搜索和CDF进行的许多其他物理分析至关重要。由于Tevatron Run II计划的延长，探测器在超出其设计参数的情况下面临着不可预见的挑战。特别值得关注的是硅传感器的辐射老化问题，这些传感器预计能获得约10 fb^-1的数据，远高于其设计的2-3 fb^-1的积分亮度。在本文中，我们讨论了辐射损伤对传感器的影响，它们对物理性能的影响，以及对已经反转的两个内层未来操作的期望。
The combined vertexing and tracking performance of the innermost part of the FCC-ee experiments must deliver outstanding precision for measurement of the track momentum together with an impact parameter resolution exceeding by at least a factor five that typically achieved at LHC experiments. Furthermore, precision measurements require stability and fiducial accuracy at a level which is unprecedented in collider experiments. For the innermost vertex layers these goals translate into a target hit resolution of approximately 3 $μ$m together with a material budget of around 0.2\% of a radiation l…
Performance studies of a pixel tracker in the Silicon Detector (SiD) concept for a future linear collider
使用SiD探测器的模拟框架来研究Higgs -> mumu衰变通道，表明可以通过提高带电粒子动量分辨率来实现信号显著性的显著增益。然而，对Z-> mumu衰减通道的更详细的模拟表明，通过增加跟踪器粒度无法实现分辨率的显着提高。相反，使用寿命较长的粒子对缺失/死顶点层进行的探测器稳定性研究显示了轨道分辨率的增加。现有的9.15 cm x 25 μm硅条几何形状被100 x 100微米硅像素取代，将次级顶点分辨率提高了100倍。通过使用密集射流对高度准直事件进行的研究表明，动量分辨率可以提高2倍，大大提高了信号的重要性，但需要将像素大小减小到25微米。将跟踪器粒度从9.15 cm条带升级到微米尺寸的像素需要增加传感器通道的数量和复杂性，但在大多数线性对撞机物理学中仅提供小的改进。
In July 2018 an optimization run for the proposed charm cross section measurement for SHiP was performed at the CERN SPS. A heavy, moving target instrumented with nuclear emulsion films followed by a silicon pixel tracker was installed in front of the Goliath magnet at the H4 proton beamline. Behind the magnet, scintillating-fibre, drift-tube and RPC detectors were placed. The purpose of this run was to validate the measurement's feasibility, to develop the required analysis tools and fine-tune the detector layout. In this paper, we present the track reconstruction in the pixel tracker and the…
Development and demonstration of the Korea ALICE Telescope using electron beams at KEK PF-AR
Inha University（仁荷大学）；Pusan National University（釜山国立大学）；University of Tsukuba（筑波大学）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Yonsei University（延世大学）；Hiroshima University（广岛大学）
Calibration Methods of Silicon Photomultiplier for JUNO-TAO Central Detector
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Nanjing University（南京大学）
