Ghurumuruhan Ganesan
Let $\mathbb{F}$ be a finite field consisting of $q$ elements and let $n \geq 1$ be an integer. In this paper, we study the size of local Kakeya sets with respect to subsets of $\mathbb{F}^{n}$ and obtain upper and lower bounds for the minimum size of a (local) Kakeya set with respect to an arbitrary set ${\mathcal T} \subseteq \mathbb{F}^{n}.$
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For a finite field GF(q) a Kakeya set K is a subset of GF(q)^n that contains a line in every direction. This paper derives new upper bounds on the minimum size of Kakeya sets when q is even.
A Kakeya set in the linear representation $T^{*}_{2}(\mathcal{C})$, $\mathcal{C}$ a non-singular conic, is the point set covered by a set of $q+1$ lines, one through each point of $\mathcal{C}$. In this article we classify the small Kakeya sets in $T^{*}_{2}(\mathcal{C})$. The smallest Kakeya sets have size $\left\lfloor\frac{3q^{2}+2q}{4}\right\rfloor$, and all Kakeya sets with weight less than $\left\lfloor\frac{3(q^{2}-1)}{4}\right\rfloor+q$ are classified: there are approximately $\sqrt{\frac{q}{2}}$ types.
A Kakeya set $\mathcal{K}$ in an affine plane of order $q$ is the point set covered by a set $\mathcal{L}$ of $q+1$ pairwise non-parallel lines. Large Kakeya sets were studied by Dover and Mellinger; in [6] they showed that Kakeya sets with size at least $q^2-3q+9$ contain a large knot (a point of $\mathcal{K}$ lying on many lines of $\mathcal{L}$). In this paper, we improve on this result by showing that Kakeya set of size at least $\approx q^2-q\sqrt{q}+\frac{3}{2}q$ contain a large knot. Furthermore, we obtain a sharp result for planes of square order containing a Baer subplane.
A Kakeya set contains a line in each direction. Dvir proved a lower bound on the size of any Kakeya set in a finite field using the polynomial method. We prove analogues of Dvir's result for non-degenerate conics, that is, parabolae and hyperbolae (but not ellipses which do not have a direction). We also study so-called conical Nikodym sets where a small variation of the proof provides a lower bound on their sizes. (Here ellipses are included.) Note that the bound on conical Kakeya sets has been known before, however, without an explicitly given constant which is included in our result and clo…
We prove that a subset of $\mathbb{F}_q^n$ that contains a hyperplane in any direction has size at least $q^{n}-O(q^2)$.
In a recent paper of Ellenberg, Oberlin, and Tao, the authors asked whether there are Besicovitch phenomena in F_q[[t]]^n. In this paper, we answer their question in the affirmative by explicitly constructing a Kakeya set in F_q[[t]]^n of measure 0. Furthermore, we prove that any Kakeya set in F_q[[t]]^2 or Z_p^2 is of Minkowski dimension 2.
We give improved lower bounds on the size of Kakeya and Nikodym sets over $\mathbb{F}_q^3$. We also propose a natural conjecture on the minimum number of points in the union of a not-too-flat set of lines in $\mathbb{F}_q^3$, and show that this conjecture implies an optimal bound on the size of a Nikodym set.
In a recent breakthrough, Dvir showed that every Kakeya set in $\F^n$ must be of cardinality at least $c_n |\F|^n$ where $c_n \approx 1/n!$. We improve this lower bound to $β^n |\F|^n$ for a constant $β> 0$. This pins down the growth of the leading constant to the right form as a function of $n$.
We study subsets of the $n$-dimensional vector space over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, for odd $q$, which contain either a sphere for each radius or a sphere for each first coordinate of the center. We call such sets radii spherical Kakeya sets and center spherical Kakeya sets, respectively. For $n\ge 4$ we prove a general lower bound on the size of any set containing $q-1$ different spheres which applies to both kinds of spherical Kakeya sets. We provide constructions which meet the main terms of this lower bound. We also give a construction showing that we cannot get a lower bound of ord…
We study Kakeya sets over local non-archimedean fields with a probabilistic point of view: we define a probability measure on the set of Kakeya sets as above and prove that, according to this measure, almost all non-archimedean Kakeya sets are neglectable according to the Haar measure. We also discuss possible relations with the non-archimedean Kakeya conjecture.
We present a construction of a measure-zero Kakeya-type set in a finite-dimensional space $K^d$ over a local field with finite residue field. The construction is an adaptation of the ideas appearing in [12] and [13]. The existence of measure-zero Kakeya-type sets over discrete valuation rings is also discussed, giving an alternative construction to the one presented in [4] over $\mathbb{F}_q[[t]]$.
A bound for plany Kakeya sets in $\mathbb{F}_q^4$ using the planebrush method
本文在有限域$\mathbb{F}_q^4$中，利用平面刷方法改进了平面Kakeya集的下界估计。
We completely characterize the boundedness of planar directional maximal operators on L^p. More precisely, if Omega is a set of directions, we show that M_Omega, the maximal operator associated to line segments in the directions Omega, is unbounded on L^p, for all p < infinity, precisely when Omega admits Kakeya-type sets. In fact, we show that if Omega does not admit Kakeya sets, then Omega is a generalized lacunary set, and hence M_Omega is bounded on L^p, for p>1.
A Kakeya set is a subset of F^n, where F is a finite field of q elements, that contains a line in every direction. In this paper we show that the size of every Kakeya set is at least C_n * q^n, where C_n depends only on n. This improves the previously best lower bound for general n of ~q^{4n/7}.
A Besicovitch set in AG(n,q) is a set of points containing a line in every direction. The Kakeya problem is to determine the minimal size of such a set. We solve the Kakeya problem in the plane, and substantially improve the known bounds for n greater than 4.
We establish new estimates on the Minkowski and Hausdorff dimensions of Besicovitch sets and obtain new bounds on the Kakeya maximal operator.
Let $A, B$, be finite subsets of an abelian group, and let $G \subset A \times B$ be such that $# A, # B, # \{a+b: (a,b) \in G \} \leq N$. We consider the question of estimating the quantity $# \{a-b: (a,b) \in G \}$. Recently Bourgain improved the trivial upper bound of $N^2$ to $N^{2-1/13}$, and applied this to the Kakeya conjecture. We improve Bourgain's estimate further to $N^{2-1/6}$, and obtain the further improvement of $N^{2-1/4}$ if we also know that $# \{a+2b: (a,b) \in G\} \leq N$. We conclude that Besicovitch sets in $\R^n$ have Hausdorff dimension at least 6n/11+5/11 and Minkowski…
The Kakeya Set Conjecture for $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ for general $N$
本文通过扩展并结合针对 $N=p^k$ 和无平方因子 $N$ 的已有技术，证明了一般 $N$ 对应的 $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ 的 Kakeya 集猜想，给出了更强下界并证明了其几乎紧确。
Fourier analytic properties of Kakeya sets in finite fields
本文利用 Fourier 分析证明有限域挂川集合可支撑非零频率变换受 $q^{-1}$ 控制的概率测度，并给出二维下界的新证明及 $k$ 平面推广。
We construct a union of N parallelograms of dimensions approximately 1/N x 1 in the plane, with the slope of their long sides in the standard Cantor set. The union has area 1/log N but the union of the doubles has area log log N/ log N. In particular, this implies unbounded of the associated maximal operator in L^p for any p different from infinity. The construction is by randomizing an earlier construction of the second author for the L^2 case. The proof that the construction satisfies the desired conditions is by elementary estimates in the theory of percolation on trees as developed by R. L…
A planar set that contains a unit segment in every direction is called a Kakeya set. We relate these sets to a game of pursuit on a cycle $\Z_n$. A hunter and a rabbit move on the nodes of $\Z_n$ without seeing each other. At each step, the hunter moves to a neighbouring vertex or stays in place, while the rabbit is free to jump to any node. Adler et al (2003) provide strategies for hunter and rabbit that are optimal up to constant factors and achieve probability of capture in the first $n$ steps of order $1/\log n$. We show these strategies yield a Kakeya set consisting of $4n$ triangles with…
Sparse $k$-AP Covering Sets and the Arithmetic Kakeya Conjecture
该研究否定了Kiss等人关于k-AP覆盖集的猜想，证明k≥6时存在满足特定密度界的k-AP覆盖集，并将该问题与算术Kakeya猜想建立关联。
On the Peres--Schlag orthogonal projection problem and Kakeya-type sets
研究有限域和欧几里得空间中正交投影的 Peres--Schlag 非空内部问题，通过多项式方法建立有限域上的尖锐投影结果，并在欧几里得空间中结合几何测度论与调和分析技术改进参数范围。
A subset U of a group G is called k-universal if U contains a translate of every k-element subset of G. We give several nearly optimal constructions of small k-universal sets, and use them to resolve an old question of Erdos and Newman on bases for sets of integers, and to obtain several extensions for other groups.
Let $K$ be a convex body (a compact convex set) in $\mathbb{R}^d$, that contains a copy of another body $S$ in every possible orientation. Is it always possible to continuously move any one copy of $S$ into another, inside $K$? As a stronger question, is it always possible to continuously select, for each orientation, one copy of $S$ in that orientation? These questions were asked by Croft. We show that, in two dimensions, the stronger question always has an affirmative answer. We also show that in three dimensions the answer is negative, even for the case when $S$ is a line segment -- but tha…
We consider unions of $SL(2)$ lines in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$. These are lines of the form $$L = (a,b,0) + \mathrm{span}(c,d,1),$$ where $ad - bc = 1$. We show that if $\mathcal{L}$ is a Kakeya set of $SL(2)$ lines, then the union $\cup \mathcal{L}$ has Hausdorff dimension $3$. This answers a question of Wang and Zahl. The $SL(2)$ lines can be identified with horizontal lines in the first Heisenberg group, and we obtain the main result as a corollary of a more general statement concerning unions of horizontal lines. This statement is established via a point-line duality principle between horizontal …
We derive Maximal Kakeya estimates for functions over $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ proving the Maximal Kakeya conjecture for $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$ for general $N$ as stated by Hickman and Wright [HW18]. The proof involves using polynomial method and linear algebra techniques from [Dha21, Ars21a, DD21] and generalizing a probabilistic method argument from [DD22]. As another application we give lower bounds for the size of $(m,ε)$-Kakeya sets over $\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z}$. Using these ideas we also give a new, simpler, and direct proof for Maximal Kakeya bounds over finite fields (which were firs…
We prove the discrete analogue of Kakeya conjecture over $\mathbb{R}^n$. This result suggests that a (hypothetically) low dimensional Kakeya set cannot be constructed directly from discrete configurations. We also prove a generalization which completely solves the discrete analogue of the Furstenberg set problem in all dimensions. The difference between our theorems and the (true) problems is only the (still difficult) issue of continuity since no transversality-at-incidences assumptions are imposed. The main tool of the proof is a theorem of Wongkew \cite{wongkew2003volumes} which states that…
We extend the "method of multiplicities" to get the following results, of interest in combinatorics and randomness extraction. (A) We show that every Kakeya set (a set of points that contains a line in every direction) in $\F_q^n$ must be of size at least $q^n/2^n$. This bound is tight to within a $2 + o(1)$ factor for every $n$ as $q \to \infty$, compared to previous bounds that were off by exponential factors in $n$. (B) We give improved randomness extractors and "randomness mergers". Mergers are seeded functions that take as input $Λ$ (possibly correlated) random variables in $\{0,1\}^N$ an…
The arithmetic Kakeya conjecture, formulated by Katz and Tao in 2002, is a statement about addition of finite sets. It is known to imply a form of the Kakeya conjecture, namely that the upper Minkowski dimension of a Besicovitch set in $\mathbb{R}^n$ is $n$. In this note we discuss this conjecture, giving a number of equivalent forms of it. We show that a natural finite field variant of it does hold. We also give some lower bounds.
Sum-difference exponents for boundedly many slopes, and rational complexity
本文受AlphaEvolve数值探索启发，研究斜率集基数有界情形下的和差指数，证明其以s相对于R的有理复杂度控制的速率收敛到2。
Let $L$ be a set of lines of an affine space over a field and let $S$ be a set of points with the property that every line of $L$ is incident with at least $N$ points of $S$. Let $D$ be the set of directions of the lines of $L$ considered as points of the projective space at infinity. We give a geometric construction of a set of lines $L$, where $D$ contains an $N^{n-1}$ grid and where $S$ has size $2((1/2)N)^n$, given a starting configuration in the plane. We provide examples of such starting configurations for the reals and for finite fields. Following Dvir's proof of the finite field Kakeya…
Using the polynomial method of Dvir \cite{dvir}, we establish optimal estimates for Kakeya sets and Kakeya maximal functions associated to algebraic varieties $W$ over finite fields $F$. For instance, given an $n-1$-dimensional projective variety $W \subset ¶^n(F)$, we establish the Kakeya maximal estimate $$ \| \sup_{γ\ni w} \sum_{v \in γ(F)} |f(v)| \|_{\ell^n(W)} \leq C_{n,W,d} |F|^{(n-1)/n} \|f\|_{\ell^n(F^n)}$$ for all functions $f: F^n \to \R$ and $d \geq 1$, where for each $w \in W$, the supremum is over all irreducible algebraic curves in $F^n$ of degree at most $d$ that pass through $w…
Refinements on the Restriction and Kakeya problems range in $\mathbb{R}^4$
通过证明两个两端点关联估计，改进了 $\mathbb{R}^4$ 中 Fourier 限制性与 Kakeya 极大估计的范围，并探讨了对 Kakeya 集维数下界和 Bochner--Riesz 猜想的影响。
A Kakeya set $S \subset (\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z})^n$ is a set containing a line in each direction. We show that, when $N$ is any square-free integer, the size of the smallest Kakeya set in $(\mathbb{Z}/N\mathbb{Z})^n$ is at least $C_{n,ε} N^{n - ε}$ for any $ε$ -- resolving a special case of a conjecture of Hickman and Wright. Previously, such bounds were only known for the case of prime $N$. We also show that the case of general $N$ can be reduced to lower bounding the $\mathbb{F}_p$ rank of the incidence matrix of points and hyperplanes over $(\mathbb{Z}/p^k\mathbb{Z})^n$.
We propose the concepts of intersection distribution and non-hitting index, which can be viewed from two related perspectives. The first one concerns a point set $S$ of size $q+1$ in the classical projective plane $PG(2,q)$, where the intersection distribution of $S$ indicates the intersection pattern between $S$ and the lines in $PG(2,q)$. The second one relates to a polynomial $f$ over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$, where the intersection distribution of $f$ records an overall distribution property of a collection of polynomials $\{f(x)+cx \mid c \in \mathbb{F}_q\}$. These two perspectives a…
We show that the problem of counting collinear points in a permutation (previously considered by the author and J. Solymosi in "Collinear Points in Permutations", 2005) and the well-known finite plane Kakeya problem are intimately connected. Via counting arguments and by studying the hypergraph of collinear triples we show a new lower bound (5q/14 + O(1)) for the number of collinear triples of a permutation of GF(q) and a new lower bound (q(q + 1)/2 + 5q/14 + O(1)) on the size of the smallest Besicovitch set in GF(q)^2. Several interesting questions about the structure of the collinear triple …
Kakeya problem and projection problem for $k$-geodesics in Grassmannians
本文将Kakeya问题与投影问题推广到齐性空间，以$k$维全测地子流形替代$k$-平面，并针对Grassmann流形证明了尖锐估计。
A $(k,m)$-Furstenberg set $S \subset \mathbb{F}_q^n$ over a finite field is a set that has at least $m$ points in common with a $k$-flat in every direction. The question of determining the smallest size of such sets is a natural generalization of the finite field Kakeya problem. The only previously known bound for these sets is due to Ellenberg-Erman and requires sophisticated machinery from algebraic geometry. In this work we give new, completely elementary and simple, proofs which significantly improve the known bounds. Our main result relies on an equivalent formulation of the problem using…
BRK-type sets over finite fields
本文将欧氏空间中的BRK集合问题推广到有限域，利用Dvir证明有限域Kakeya猜想的技术，给出了有限域上BRK型集合大小的下界。
Permutations minimizing the number of collinear triples
本文刻画了有限域上使图中共线三元组数量最少的置换，确定字典序最小者，证实 Cooper-Solymosi 猜想，并探讨其与正交拉丁方及有限仿射平面的联系。
Linear Hashing with $\ell_\infty$ guarantees and two-sided Kakeya bounds
本文证明有限域上随机线性映射在ℓ∞范数下是接近均匀的哈希函数，结果在熵损失上达到紧界，并通过与有限域Kakeya问题的联系及多项式方法完成证明。
Let $q,n \geq 1$ be integers, $[q]=\{1,\ldots, q\}$, and $\mathbb F$ be a field with $|\mathbb F|\geq q$. The set of increasing sequences $$ I(n,q)=\{(f_1,f_2, \dots, f_n) \in [q]^n:~ f_1\leq f_2\leq\cdots \leq f_n \} $$ can be mapped via an injective map $i: [q]\rightarrow \mathbb F $ into a subset $J(n,q)$ of the affine space ${\mathbb F}^n$. We describe reduced Gröbner bases, standard monomials and Hilbert function of the ideal of polynomials vanishing on $J(n,q)$. As applications we give an interpolation basis for $J(n,q)$, and lower bounds for the size of increasing Kakeya sets, increasin…
Graph-null sets
本文证明了绝对连续函数和典型连续函数的图是图空集，同时存在某些连续函数的图不是图空集，展示了图空集与平移Kakeya性质的等价性。
$(n,k)$-Besicovitch sets do not exist in $\mathbb{Z}_p^n$ and $\hat{\mathbb{Z}}^n$ for $k\ge 2$
本文证明了在 $p$-进数和射有限整数空间中，任何包含所有方向 $2$-平坦的集合必具有正测度，从而否定了相应 Besicovitch 型零测度构造的存在性。
On minimal graphs, fixing sets and base size sets for hamiltonian groups
研究有限非阿贝尔哈密顿群的最小图阶数，并确定其固定集和基大小集，证明两者相等。
We prove that maximal cardinality of the Sidon set from $[n]$ exceeds $\sqrt{n}
In this paper, we study the average size of independent (vertex) sets of a graph. This invariant can be regarded as the logarithmic derivative of the independence polynomial evaluated at $1$. We are specifically concerned with extremal questions. The maximum and minimum for general graphs are attained by the empty and complete graph respectively, while for trees we prove that the path minimises the average size of independent sets and the star maximises it. While removing a vertex does not always decrease the average size of independent sets, we prove that there always exists a vertex for whic…
A graph $G$ is $H$-covered by some given graph $H$ if each vertex in $G$ is contained in a copy of $H$. In this note, we give the maximum number of independent sets of size $t\ge 3$ in $K_n$-covered graphs of size $N\ge n+t-1$ and determine its extremal graph. The result answers a question proposed by Chakraborit and Loh. The proof uses an edge-switching operation of hypergraphs which remains the number of independent sets nondecreasing.
Bishnoi conjectured that if a minimal t-fold blocking set in a projective plane of prime power order has maximal size then it is either a projective plane minus one point, the complement of a Baer subplane or a unital. In this note we prove this conjecture.
The main purpose of this paper is to find double blocking sets in $\mathrm{PG}(2,q)$ of size less than $3q$, in particular when $q$ is prime. To this end, we study double blocking sets in $\mathrm{PG}(2,q)$ of size $3q-1$ admitting at least two $(q-1)$-secants. We derive some structural properties of these and show that they cannot have three $(q-1)$-secants. This yields that one cannot remove six points from a triangle, a double blocking set of size $3q$, and add five new points so that the resulting set is also a double blocking set. Furthermore, we give constructions of minimal double block…
An $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear set of rank $k$ on a projective line $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^h)$, containing at least one point of weight one, has size at least $q^{k-1}+1$ (see [J. De Beule and G. Van De Voorde, The minimum size of a linear set, J. Comb. Theory, Ser: A 164 (2019), 109-124.]). The classical example of such a set is given by a club. In this paper, we construct a broad family of linear sets meeting this lower bound, where we are able to prescribe the weight of the heaviest point to any value between $k/2$ and $k-1$. Our construction extends the known examples of linear sets of size $q^{k-1}+1…
For a fixed graph G, a maximal independent set is an independent set that is not a proper subset of any other independent set. P. Erdös, and independently, J. W. Moon and L. Moser, and R. E. Miller and D. E. Muller, determined the maximum number of maximal independent sets in a graph on n vertices, as well as the extremal graphs. In this paper we maximize the number of maximal independent sets of a fixed size for all graphs of order n and determine the extremal graphs. Our result generalizes the classical result.
This paper aims to study linear sets of minimum size in the projective line, that is $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear sets of rank $k$ in $\mathrm{PG}(1,q^n)$ admitting one point of weight one and having size $q^{k-1}+1$. Examples of these linear sets have been found by Lunardon and the second author (2000) and, more recently, by Jena and Van de Voorde (2021). However, classification results for minimum size linear sets are known only for $k\leq 5$. In this paper we provide classification results for those $L_U$ admitting two points with complementary weights. We construct new examples and also study the…
We develop a new method for enumerating independent sets of a fixed size in general graphs, and we use this method to show that a conjecture of Engbers and Galvin holds for all but finitely many graphs. We also use our method to prove special cases of a conjecture of Kahn. In addition, we show that our method is particularly useful for computing the number of independent sets of small sizes in general regular graphs and Moore graphs, and we argue that it can be used in many other cases when dealing with graphs that have numerous structural restrictions.
We use an entropy based method to study two graph maximization problems. We upper bound the number of matchings of fixed size $\ell$ in a $d$-regular graph on $N$ vertices. For $\frac{2\ell}{N}$ bounded away from 0 and 1, the logarithm of the bound we obtain agrees in its leading term with the logarithm of the number of matchings of size $\ell$ in the graph consisting of $\frac{N}{2d}$ disjoint copies of the complete bipartite graph $K_{d,d}$. This provides asymptotic evidence for a conjecture of S. Friedland {\it et al.}. We also obtain an analogous result for independent sets of a fixed size…
Set-coloring a graph means giving each vertex a subset of a fixed color set so that no two adjacent subsets have the same cardinality. When the graph is complete one gets a new distribution problem with an interesting generating function. We explore examples and generalizations.
Let $i_t(G)$ be the number of independent sets of size $t$ in a graph $G$. Engbers and Galvin asked how large $i_t(G)$ could be in graphs with minimum degree at least $δ$. They further conjectured that when $n\geq 2δ$ and $t\geq 3$, $i_t(G)$ is maximized by the complete bipartite graph $K_{δ, n-δ}$. This conjecture has drawn the attention of many researchers recently. In this short note, we prove this conjecture.
Untouchable sets of size $2q \pm 1$ in $PG(2,q)$
本文针对 Héger 与 Nagy 提出的开放问题，证明偶数阶 Desarguesian 平面中存在大小 $2q\pm1$ 的不可触及集，并在 $q\equiv3\pmod4$ 时构造 $PG(2,q)$ 中大小 $2q+1$ 的此类集合。
We use probabilistic methods to find lower bounds on the maximum number, in a graph with domination number γ, of dominating sets of size γ. We find that we can randomly generate a graph that, w.h.p., is dominated by almost all sets of size γ. At the same time, we use a modified adjacency matrix to obtain lower bounds on the number of sets of a given size that do not dominate a graph on n vertices
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