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arXiv 2108.03059math.CO
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加边或删边对图的零度的影响

Effects of edge addition or removal on the nullity of a graph

Ahmet Batal

AI总结:

本文研究 Lights Out 游戏中图的闭邻接矩阵零度在单条边增删后的变化,证明正零度图可删边降零度,并刻画了总能可解图通过加边或删边提高零度的条件。

摘要:

Lights Out 是一种可以在任意图 $G$ 上进行的游戏。最初,我们有一个配置,它为每个顶点指定开或关两种状态之一。游戏目标是通过激活某些顶点,使某个初始配置中的所有顶点都变为关状态;每次激活都会切换该顶点及其所有邻点的状态。如果对所有初始配置都能完成游戏目标,则称 $G$ 总是可解的。我们把图的闭邻接矩阵在域 $\mathbb{Z}_2$ 上的核的维数称为 $G$ 的零度。结果表明,$G$ 总是可解当且仅当其零度为零。此外,给定配置的解的数量也由零度决定。我们研究了当向图中添加一条边或从图中删除一条边时零度如何变化的问题。结果,我们证明了对于每个具有正零度的图,都存在一条边,删除它会使零度减小。反过来,我们证明了对于每个并非奇数阶偶图的总是可解图,都存在一条边,添加它会使零度增大。我们还证明了,如果一个总是可解图不是偶图,那么存在一条边,删除它会使零度增大。

英文摘要:

Lights Out is a game which can be played on any graph $G$. Initially we have a configuration which assigns one of the two states on or off to each vertex. The aim of the game is to turn all vertices to off state for an initial configuration by activating some vertices where each activation switches the state of the vertex and all of its neighbors. If the aim of the game can be accomplished for all initial configurations then $G$ is called always solvable. We call the dimension of the kernel of the closed neighborhood matrix of the graph over the field $\mathbb{Z}_2$, nullity of $G$. It turns out that $G$ is always solvable if and only if its nullity is zero. Moreover, the number of solutions of a given configuration is also determined by the nullity. We investigate the problem of how nullity changes when an edge is added to or removed from a graph. As a result we show that for every graph with positive nullity there exists an edge whose removal decreases the nullity. Conversely, we show that for every always solvable graph which is not an even graph with odd order, there exists an edge whose addition increases the nullity. We also show that if an always solvable graph is not even, then there is an edge whose removal increases the nullity.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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