This paper presents an analysis of the stability and quality of the distributed generation planning problem's investment solution. The entry of distributed generators power based on non-conventional energy sources has been extensively promoted in distribution grids. In this paper, a two-stage stochastic programming model is used to find the optimal distributed generators' installed capacities. We emphasize the design of scenarios to represent the stochasticity of power production on renewable sources. In the scenario generation, a method is proposed based on the clustering of real measurements of meteorological variables. We measure the quality and stability of the investment solution as a function of the number of scenarios. The results show that a reduced selection of scenarios can give an inadequate solution to distributed generators' investment strategy.
Incentive programs and ongoing reduction in costs are driving joint installation of solar PV panels and storage systems in residential households. There is a need for optimal investment decisions to reduce the electricity consumption costs of the households further. In this paper, we first develop analytical expression of storage investment decision and then of solar investment decision for a household which is under net metering billing mechanism with time of use pricing condition. Using real data of a residential household in Austin, TX, USA, we study how the investment decisions would provi…
This paper investigates the relationship between grid tariffs and investment in Zero Emission Neighborhoods (ZEN) energy system, and how the grid exchanges are affected. Different grid tariffs (energy based, time of use (ToU), subscribed capacity and dynamic) are implemented in an optimization model that minimizes the cost of investing and operating a ZEN during its lifetime. The analysis is conducted in two cases: non-constrained exports and exports limited to 100kWh/h. The results suggest that in the case with no limit on export, the grid tariff has little influence, but ToU is economically …
A high share of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation in low-voltage networks may lead to over-voltage, and line/transformer overloading. To mitigate these issues, we investigate how advanced electricity tariffs could ensure safe grid operation hile enabling building owners to recover their investment in a PV and storage system. We show that dynamic volumetric electricity prices trigger economic opportunities for large investments in PV and battery capacity but lead to more pressure on the grid while capacity and block rate tariffs mitigate over-voltage and decrease line loading issues. How…
Stochastic Capacity Accreditation: Incentivizing Resource Adequacy under Weather Uncertainty
University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；GERAD HEC Montréal（GERAD HEC蒙特利尔）；Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院能源与环境政策研究中心）；MIT Energy Initiative（麻省理工学院能源倡议）；Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院信息与决策系统实验室）
Large solar power stations usually locate in remote areas and connect to the main grid via a long transmission line. Energy storage unit is deployed locally with the solar plant to smooth its output. Capacities of the grid-connection transmission line and the energy storage unit have a significant impact on the utilization rate of solar energy, as well as the investment cost. This paper characterizes the feasible set of capacity parameters under a given solar spillage rate and a fixed investment budget. A linear programming based projection algorithm is proposed to obtain such a feasible set, …
Integrating renewable energy production into the electricity grid is an important policy goal to address climate change. However, such an integration faces economic and technological challenges. As power generation by renewable sources increases, power transmission patterns over the electric grid change. Due to physical laws, these new transmission patterns lead to non-intuitive grid congestion externalities. We derive the conditions under which negative network externalities due to power trades occur. Calibration using a stylized framework and data from Europe shows that each additional unit …
Some consumers, particularly households, are unwilling to face volatile electricity prices, and they can perceive as unfair price differentiation in the same local area. For these reasons, nodal prices in distribution networks are rarely employed. However, the increasing availability of renewable resources and emerging price-elastic behaviours pave the way for the effective introduction of marginal nodal pricing schemes in distribution networks. The aim of the proposed framework is to show how traditional non-flexible consumers can coexist with flexible users in a local distribution area. Flex…
Minimizing Grid Interconnection Capacity Requirements for AI Data Centers: A Developer-Side Planning Framework with Onsite Resources and Workload Flexibility
With the increasing penetration of renewable resources in the distribution grid, the demand for alternatives to grid reinforcement measures rises. One possible solution is the use of battery systems to balance the power flow at crucial locations in the grid. Hereby the optimal location and size of the system has to be determined in regards of investment and grid stabilizing effect. In this paper the optimal placement and sizing of battery storage systems for grid stabilization in a small distribution grid in southern Germany with high PV- penetration is investigated and compared to a grid heur…
This chapter proposes an evolved concept of "hosting capacity" using the term of "feasible region". Through converting the grid model into a more compact one, "hosting capacity region" not only is promising to further exploit the grid potential for power delivery, but also benefits grid operation feasibility investigation with concise formulas. The hosting capacity region assessment schemes are exploited as well. Facing the derived hosting capacity, originally complicated energy storage optimization problems can be represented algebraically, which is more efficient and friendly for computer pr…
Market-Driven Equilibria for Distributed Photovoltaic Panel Investment
Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University（普渡大学埃尔莫电气与计算机工程学院）；Department of Information Engineering, the Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学信息工程系）
We formulate a Stackelberg game between an attacker and a defender of a power system. The attacker attempts to alter the load setpoints of the power system covertly and intelligently, so that the voltage stability margin of the grid is reduced, driving the entire system towards a voltage collapse. The defender, or the system operator, aims to compensate for this reduction by retuning the reactive power injection to the grid by switching on control devices, such as a bank of shunt capacitors. A modified Backward Induction method is proposed to find a cost-based Stackelberg equilibrium (CBSE) of…
Power systems face increasing challenges on reliable operations due to the widespread distributed generators (DGs), e.g., rooftop PV system in the low voltage (LV) distribution grids. Characterizing the hosting capacity (HC) is vital for assessing the total amount of distributed generations that a grid can hold before upgrading. For analyzing HC, some methods conduct extensive simulations, lacking theoretical guarantees and can time-consuming. Therefore, there are also methods employing optimization over all necessary operation constraints. But, the complexity and inherent non-convexity lead t…
The Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration was an electricity grid modernization project conducted in the Northwest U.S. This paper presents the analysis of renewable generation at the Renewable Energy Park located in the City of Ellensburg, WA. The community energy park concept is an intriguing model for community investment in renewable resources,but the lessons in this paper should be considered.
Optimal sizing of a hydrogen-based direct reduced iron-electric arc furnace system integrated with methanol synthesis toward zero-carbon steel production
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Ningxia Institute of Applied Technology（宁夏应用技术研究院）；State Key Laboratory of Power System Operation and Control（电力系统运行与控制国家重点实验室）；State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company Limited（国网冀北电力有限公司）
Uncertainty-Aware Grid Planning in the Real World: A Method Enabling Large-Scale, Two-Stage Adaptive Robust Optimization for Capacity Expansion Planning
Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment（RFF-CMCC欧洲经济与环境研究所）；Binghamton University（宾厄姆顿大学）
Small privately-purchased off-grid renewable energy systems (RESs) are increasingly used for energy generation in remote areas. However, such privately-purchased stand-alone RESs are often unaffordable for households with lower incomes. While considerable attention has been devoted to a range of off-grid microgrid sizing methods, leveraging the potential of data-driven, artificial intelligence-based metaheuristic optimisation algorithms is less well-explored. Importantly, data-driven metaheuristics have the potential to produce the nearest solution to the globally optimum solution in microgrid…
Flexible loads are a resource for the Balancing Authority (BA) of the future to aid in the balance of power supply and demand. In order to be used as a resource, the BA must know the capacity of the flexible loads to vary their power demand over a baseline without violating consumers' quality of service (QoS). Existing work on capacity characterization is model-based: They need models relating power consumption to variables that dictate QoS, such as temperature in case of an air conditioning system. However, in many cases the model parameters are not known or difficult to obtain. In this work,…
Wildfires pose a growing risk to public safety in regions like the western United States, and, historically, electric power systems have ignited some of the most destructive wildfires. To reduce wildfire ignition risks, power system operators preemptively de-energize high-risk power lines during extreme wildfire conditions as part of "Public Safety Power Shutoff" (PSPS) events. While capable of substantially reducing acute wildfire risks, PSPS events can also result in significant amounts of load shedding as the partially de-energized system may not be able to supply all customer demands. In t…
The emergence of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) provides both challenges and opportunities for the planning and operations of distribution systems. These resources can be deployed in a manner that is either complementary to or in competition with traditional network operations and planning as the DERs can provide numerous important services to grid operators and utilities. This paper presents a novel method to estimate the trade off between DERs and traditional investments using a dynamic Peak-Load Pricing (PLP) methodology. PLP is a pricing strategy for a time-dependent quantity of a non…
Flexible loads are a resource for the Balancing Authority (BA) of the future to aid in the balance of supply and demand in the power grid. Consequently, it is of interest for a BA to know how much flexibility a collection of loads has, so to successfully incorporate flexible loads into grid level resource allocation. Loads' flexibility is limited by all their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this work we present a characterization of capacity for a collection of flexible loads. This characterization is in terms of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the reference signal. Two advantage…
Robust Reserve Capacity Provision and Peak Load Reduction from Buildings in Smart Grids
TUM CREATE Limited（TUM CREATE有限公司）；Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore (SERIS), National University of Singapore (NUS)（新加坡太阳能研究所（SERIS），新加坡国立大学（NUS））；Technical University of Munich (TUM)（慕尼黑工业大学（TUM））；Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校电气工程和计算机科学系）
The transition to renewable energy systems causes increased decentralization of the energy supply. Solar parks are built to increase renewable energy penetration and to supply local communities that become increasingly self-sufficient. These parks are generally installed in rural areas where electricity grid distribution capacity is limited. This causes the produced energy to create grid congestion. Temporary storage can be a solution. In addition to batteries, which are most suitable for intraday storage, hydrogen provides a long-term storage option and can be used to overcome seasonal mismat…
The progressive displacing of conventional generation in favour of renewable energy sources requires restoring an adequate capacity of regulating power to ensure reliable operation of power systems. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are considered to be promising assets to restore suitable frequency regulation capacity levels. BESSs are typically connected to the grid with power-converters, able to operate in either grid-forming or grid-following modes. This paper quantitatively assesses the impact on the local distribution grid of BESSs providing frequency regulation to bulk power system…
