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arXiv 2102.13150physics.soc-phq-fin.GN
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美国城市收入不平等的规模

Scaling of Urban Income Inequality in the United States

Elisa Heinrich Mora, Jacob J. Jackson, Cate Heine, Geoffrey B. West, Vicky Chuqiao Yang, Christopher P. Kempes

摘要:

城市尺度分析是对城市特征如何随城市地区人口变化而变化的研究,它为发现城市之间的共性和揭示城市在时间和空间上共享的动态提供了一个有前途的框架。在这里,我们使用的城市规模的框架来研究一个重要的,但在这个社区的探索不足的功能-收入不平等。本文提出了一种新的方法来研究收入分配的标度性,通过分析总收入标度在人口统计中的作用。我们发现,收入在最不富裕的十分之一(10%)规模接近线性与城市人口,而收入在最富有的十分之一规模与显着的超线性指数。与总收入与城市人口的超线性比例相反,这种十分位比例表明,大城市的利益分配越来越不平等。对于最贫穷的收入十分位数,城市对线性增长的零预期没有积极影响。我们在用住房成本调整收入后重复我们的分析,发现类似的结果。然后,我们进一步分析收入分配的形状。首先,我们发现收入分布的均值、方差、偏度和峰度都随着城市规模的增加而增加。第二,城市收入分配与最大城市收入分配之间的Kullback-Leibler差异随着城市人口的增加而减小,这表明收入分配的整体形状随着城市人口的变化而变化。由于大多数城市尺度理论认为城市内部的相互作用是导致许多特征超线性增长的基本过程,因此我们的研究结果表明,这种效应仅在城市的上十分位数中可见。我们的发现鼓励未来的工作考虑异质模型的相互作用,形成一个更连贯的理解城市规模。

英文摘要:

Urban scaling analysis, the study of how aggregated urban features vary with the population of an urban area, provides a promising framework for discovering commonalities across cities and uncovering dynamics shared by cities across time and space. Here, we use the urban scaling framework to study an important, but under-explored feature in this community - income inequality. We propose a new method to study the scaling of income distributions by analyzing total income scaling in population percentiles. We show that income in the least wealthy decile (10%) scales close to linearly with city population, while income in the most wealthy decile scale with a significantly superlinear exponent. In contrast to the superlinear scaling of total income with city population, this decile scaling illustrates that the benefits of larger cities are increasingly unequally distributed. For the poorest income deciles, cities have no positive effect over the null expectation of a linear increase. We repeat our analysis after adjusting income by housing cost, and find similar results. We then further analyze the shapes of income distributions. First, we find that mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of income distributions all increase with city size. Second, the Kullback-Leibler divergence between a city's income distribution and that of the largest city decreases with city population, suggesting the overall shape of income distribution shifts with city population. As most urban scaling theories consider densifying interactions within cities as the fundamental process leading to the superlinear increase of many features, our results suggest this effect is only seen in the upper deciles of the cities. Our finding encourages future work to consider heterogeneous models of interactions to form a more coherent understanding of urban scaling.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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