We study the scaling of (i) numbers of workers and aggregate incomes by occupational categories against city size, and (ii) total incomes against numbers of workers in different occupations, across the functional metropolitan areas of Australia and the US. The number of workers and aggregate incomes in specific high income knowledge economy related occupations and industries show increasing returns to scale by city size, showing that localization economies within particular industries account for superlinear effects. However, when total urban area incomes and/or Gross Domestic Products are regressed using a generalised Cobb-Douglas function against the number of workers in different occupations as labour inputs, constant returns to scale in productivity against city size are observed. This implies that the urbanization economies at the whole city level show linear scaling or constant returns to scale. Furthermore, industrial and occupational organisations, not population size, largely explain the observed productivity variable. The results show that some very specific industries and occupations contribute to the observed overall superlinearity. The findings suggest that it is not just size but also that it is the diversity of specific intra-city organization of economic and social activity and physical infrastructure that should be used to understand urban scaling behaviors.
Complex Connections Lab, Network Science Institute, Northeastern University London(复杂连接实验室,网络科学研究所,伦敦东北大学);Faculty of Business, Northeastern University London(商学院,伦敦东北大学);MTA-ELTE Agglomeration, Networks, and Innovation Momentum Research Group, ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies(MTA-ELTE集聚、网络与创新动力研究组,布达佩斯罗兰大学经济与区域研究中心);ANETI Lab, Corvinus Institute for Advanced Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest(ANETI实验室,布达佩斯考文纽斯大学高级研究院,布达佩斯考文纽斯大学);Institute for Data Analytics and Information Systems, Corvinus University of Budapest(数据分析与信息系统研究所,布达佩斯考文纽斯大学);ISI Foundation(ISI基金会)
Impact Of Urban Technology Deployments On Local Commercial Activity
虽然智慧城市创新似乎是应对日益严峻的城市化挑战的一种常见而必要的应对措施,但评估其对复杂城市系统的影响对于明智的决策至关重要。此外,城市干预措施的效果往往超出最初的预期,包括多重间接影响。本研究考虑了两个城市部署的影响,花旗自行车(自行车共享系统)和LinkNYC亭,在纽约市受影响的社区当地的商业活动。该研究使用了万事达卡包容性增长中心(Mastercard Center for Inclusive Growth)提供的匿名和汇总见解,以提供初步的数据驱动证据,证明花旗自行车站的邻近性激励了餐饮场所的本地销售,而LinkNYC信息亭帮助人们,特别是游客,浏览当地企业,从而激励不同业务类别的商业活动。
Rich and Poor Cities in Europe. Urban Scaling to Mapping European Economic Convergence
城市科学的最新进展广泛使用了尺度概念。在这里,我们专注于一个城市的大都市生产总值(GMP)和人口(POP)之间的重要比例关系。已经证明GMP $\propto$ Y pop $^β$,其中$β$总是大于1并接近1.2。这一基本发现凸显了一条适用于不同国家和文化的普遍规律,或许可以解释城市的本质。然而,在一个联系日益紧密的世界中,城市经济完全取决于其人口的假设可能是值得怀疑的。使用2005年至2010年欧盟248个城市的数据,我们发现了一个双重GMP/POP缩放制度。对于西欧城市,$β$在整个时期内= 1,而对于后共产主义城市,$β>$为1,从$\sim$ 1.2增加到$\sim$ 1.4。标度指数的演变描述了后共产主义欧洲城市向开放和自由经济的趋同。我们提出了一个简单的经济收敛模型,其中,在稳定的政治条件下,线性GMP/POP缩放预计所有城市。结果表明,GMP/POP超线性尺度代表了一个阶段的经济增长,而不是一个稳定的,普遍的城市特征。研究结果还表明,城市之间的关系是嵌入在他们的政治和经济背景,不能忽视的城市,城市化和城市经济学的解释。
Université Paris-Saclay(巴黎萨克雷大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);CEA(法国原子能和替代能源委员会);Institut de Physique Théorique(理论物理研究所);Centre d’Analyse et de Mathématique Sociales (CNRS/EHESS)(社会分析与数学中心(CNRS/EHESS));EHESS(高等社会科学学院);Complexity Science Hub(复杂性科学中心)
Evolving spatiotemporal patterns and urban scaling of deaths from external causes
Universidade Federal do Ceará(塞阿拉联邦大学);Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará(塞阿拉公共卫生学院);Universidade de Fortaleza(福塔莱萨大学);Secretaria Executiva de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Ceará(塞阿拉州卫生厅健康监督执行秘书处);Universidade Estadual de Maringá(马林加州立大学);Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health(哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院全球健康与人口系)