欧洲的富裕和贫穷城市城市规模与欧洲经济趋同
Rich and Poor Cities in Europe. Urban Scaling to Mapping European Economic Convergence
摘要：
城市科学的最新进展广泛使用了尺度概念。在这里，我们专注于一个城市的大都市生产总值（GMP）和人口（POP）之间的重要比例关系。已经证明GMP $\propto$ Y pop $^β$，其中$β$总是大于1并接近1.2。这一基本发现凸显了一条适用于不同国家和文化的普遍规律，或许可以解释城市的本质。然而，在一个联系日益紧密的世界中，城市经济完全取决于其人口的假设可能是值得怀疑的。使用2005年至2010年欧盟248个城市的数据，我们发现了一个双重GMP/POP缩放制度。对于西欧城市，$β$在整个时期内= 1，而对于后共产主义城市，$β>$为1，从$\sim$ 1.2增加到$\sim$ 1.4。标度指数的演变描述了后共产主义欧洲城市向开放和自由经济的趋同。我们提出了一个简单的经济收敛模型，其中，在稳定的政治条件下，线性GMP/POP缩放预计所有城市。结果表明，GMP/POP超线性尺度代表了一个阶段的经济增长，而不是一个稳定的，普遍的城市特征。研究结果还表明，城市之间的关系是嵌入在他们的政治和经济背景，不能忽视的城市，城市化和城市经济学的解释。
英文摘要：
Recent advances in the urban science make broad use of the notion of scaling. We focus here on the important scaling relationship between the gross metropolitan product (GMP) of a city and its population (pop). It has been demonstrated that GMP $\propto$ Y pop $^β$ with $β$ always greater than 1 and close to 1.2. This fundamental finding highlights a universal rule that holds across countries and cultures and might explain the very nature of cities. However, in an increasingly connected world, the hypothesis that the economy of a city solely depends on its population might be questionable. Using data for 248 cities in the European Union between 2005 and 2010, we found a double GMP/pop scaling regime. For West EU cities, $β$ = 1 over the whole the period, while for post-communist cities $β>$1 and increases from $\sim$1.2 to $\sim$1.4. The evolution of the scaling exponent describes the convergence of post-communist European cities to open and liberal economies. We propose a simple model of economic convergence in which, under stable political conditions, a linear GMP/pop scaling is expected for all cities. The results suggest that the GMP/pop super-linear scaling represents a phase of economic growth rather than a steady, universal urban feature. The results also suggest that relationships between cities are embedded in their political and economic context and cannot be neglected in explanations of cities, urbanization and urban economics.
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