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arXiv 2101.05947astro-ph.CO
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维里半径外47个星系团和星系群的气体熵分布研究

A Study of Gas Entropy Profiles of 47 Galaxy Clusters and Groups Out to the Virial Radius

Zhenghao Zhu, Haiguang Xu, Dan Hu, Chenxi Shan, Yongkai Zhu, Shida Fan, Yuanyuan Zhao, Liyi Gu, Xiang-Ping Wu

摘要:

Walker等人的一些观测结果表明,观察到的团簇内介质(ICM)的熵分布偏离了绝热模拟的幂律预测。这意味着,非引力过程,这是缺席的模拟,可能是重要的ICM的演变,并通过量化的偏差,我们可能能够估计的反馈能量在ICM和使用它作为一个探针的非引力过程。为了解决这个问题,我们计算的ICM熵配置文件中的47个星系团和集团,已观察到至少$\sim r_{500}$与钱德拉,XMM-牛顿和/或朱雀,通过构建一个物理模型,将引力和非引力过程的影响,以适应所观察到的气体温度和表面亮度配置文件通过贝叶斯统计。经过仔细评估的影响,系统误差,我们发现,我们的模型的最佳拟合结果得出的气体熵的轮廓是一致的模拟预测的幂律轮廓附近的维里半径,而以前报道的平坦的轮廓可以解释通过引入气体聚集效应,其中的存在被证实在我们的样品中的19个发光目标。我们计算了每个粒子的总反馈能量,发现它从中心的$\sim 10$ keV减少到$\sim 0.35$ $r_{200}$处的零,并且在$\sim 0.35$ $r_{200}$之外与零一致,这意味着对于最亮星系团中的超大质量黑洞,反馈效率$\sim 0.02$的上限。

英文摘要:

Some observations such as those presented in Walker et al. show that the observed entropy profiles of the intra-cluster medium (ICM) deviate from the power-law prediction of adiabatic simulations. This implies that non-gravitational processes, which are absent in the simulations, may be important in the evolution of the ICM, and by quantifying the deviation, we may be able to estimate the feedback energy in the ICM and use it as a probe of the non-gravitational processes. To address this issue we calculate the ICM entropy profiles in a sample of 47 galaxy clusters and groups, which have been observed out to at least $\sim r_{500}$ with Chandra, XMM-Newton and/or Suzaku, by constructing a physical model to incorporate the effects of both gravity and non-gravitational processes to fit the observed gas temperature and surface brightness profiles via Bayesian statistics. After carefully evaluating the effects of systematic errors, we find that the gas entropy profiles derived with best-fit results of our model are consistent with the simulation-predicted power-law profile near the virial radius, while the flattened profiles reported previously can be explained by introducing the gas clumping effect, the existence of which is confirmed in 19 luminous targets in our sample. We calculate the total feedback energy per particle and find that it decreases from $\sim 10$ keV at the center to about zero at $\sim 0.35$$r_{200}$ and is consistent with zero outside $\sim 0.35$$r_{200}$, implying the upper limit of the feedback efficiency $\sim 0.02$ for the super-massive black holes hosted in the brightest cluster galaxies.

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