The baryon content around local galaxies is observed to be much less than is needed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Simulations indicate that a significant fraction of these "missing baryons" may be stored in a hot tenuous circum-galactic medium (CGM) around massive galaxies extending to or even beyond the virial radius of their dark matter halos. Previous observations in X-ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) signal claimed that $\sim(1-50)\%$ of the expected baryons are stored in a hot CGM within the virial radius. The large scatter is mainly caused by the very uncertain extrapolation of the hot gas density profile based on the detection in a small radial range (typically within 10\%-20\% of the virial radius). Here we report stacking X-ray observations of six local isolated massive spiral galaxies from the CGM-MASS sample. We find that the mean density profile can be characterized by a single power law out to a galactocentric radius of $\approx 200\rm~kpc$ (or $\approx130\rm~kpc$ above the 1~$σ$ background uncertainty), about half the virial radius of the dark matter halo. We can now estimate that the hot CGM within the virial radius accounts for $(8\pm4)\%$ of the baryonic mass expected for the halos. Including the stars, the baryon fraction is $(27\pm16)\%$, or $(39\pm20)\%$ by assuming a flattened density profile at $r\gtrsim130\rm~kpc$. We conclude that the hot baryons within the virial radius of massive galaxy halos are insufficient to explain the "missing baryons".
On the baryon budget in the X-ray-emitting circumgalactic medium of Milky Way-mass galaxies
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE)（马克斯·普朗克地外物理研究所）；INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera（意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台）；Como Lake Center for Astrophysics (CLAP), DiSAT, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria（因苏布里亚大学DiSAT科莫湖天体物理学中心）；Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University（清华大学天文系）；Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台）；Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan（密歇根大学天文系）；Department of Astronomy, Xiamen University（厦门大学天文系）
We report a 3.4$σ$ detection of the warm-hot, massive, extended circumgalactic medium (CGM) around an L$^\star$ star-forming spiral galaxy NGC 3221, using deep Suzaku observations. The temperature of the gas is $10^{6.1}$ K, comparable to that of the Milky Way CGM. The spatial extent of the gas is at least $150$ kpc. For a $β$-model of density profile with solar abundance, the central emission measure is EM = $3\pm 1 \times 10^{-5}$ cm$^{-6}$ kpc and the central electron density is $n_{eo} = 4\pm 1 \times10^{-4}$ cm$^{-3}$, with a slope of $β= 0.56$. We investigate a range of $β$ values, and f…
Using Suzaku data, we had found a $3.4σ$ evidence for the X-ray emitting warm-hot circumgalactic medium (CGM) in the L$^\star$ galaxy NGC 3221. Here we present XMM-Newton data and outline an efficient, rigorous and well-defined method to extract the faint CGM signal. We confirm the CGM detection at $4σ$ significance within 30-200 kpc of the galaxy. We claim with $99.62\%$ confidence that the CGM is extended beyond $150$ kpc. The average temperature of the CGM is 2.0$^{+0.2}_{-0.3} \times 10^6$ K, but it is not isothermal. We find suggestive evidence for a declining temperature gradient out to …
We constrain gas inflow speeds in star-forming galaxies with color gradients consistent with inside-out disk growth. Our method combines new measurements of disk orientation with previously described circumgalactic absorption in background quasar spectra. Two quantities, a position angle and an axis ratio, describe the projected shape of each galactic disk on the sky, leaving an ambiguity about which side of the minor axis is tipped toward the observer. This degeneracy regarding the 3D orientation of disks has compromised previous efforts to measure gas inflow speeds. We present HST and Keck/L…
We present the Deep Synoptic Array (DSA-110) discovery and interferometric localization of the so far non-repeating FRB 20220319D. The FRB originates in a young, rapidly star-forming barred spiral galaxy, IRAS 02044$+$7048, at just 50 Mpc. Although the NE2001 and YMW16 models for the Galactic interstellar-medium (ISM) contribution to the DM of FRB 20220319D exceed its total observed DM, we show that uncertainties in these models accommodate an extragalactic origin for the burst. We derive a conservative upper limit on the DM contributed by the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of the Milky Way: the …
We analyze the physical properties of gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of 132 Milky Way (MW)-like central galaxies at $z=0$ from the cosmological magneto-hydrodynamical simulation TNG50, part of the IllustrisTNG project. The properties and abundance of CGM gas across the sample are diverse, and the fractional budgets of different phases (cold, warm, and hot), as well as neutral HI mass and metal mass, vary considerably. Over our stellar mass range of $10^{10.5} < M_\star / \rm{M}_\odot < 10^{10.9}$, radial profiles of gas physical properties from $0.15 < R\rm{ / R_{\rm 200c}} < 1.0$ reve…
We use a particle tracking analysis to study the origins of the circumgalactic medium (CGM), separating it into (1) accretion from the intergalactic medium (IGM), (2) wind from the central galaxy, and (3) gas ejected from other galaxies. Our sample consists of 21 FIRE-2 simulations, spanning the halo mass range log(Mh/Msun) ~ 10-12 , and we focus on z=0.25 and z=2. Owing to strong stellar feedback, only ~L* halos retain a baryon mass >~50% of their cosmic budget. Metals are more efficiently retained by halos, with a retention fraction >~50%. Across all masses and redshifts analyzed >~60% of th…
Most of the baryonic mass in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of a spiral galaxy is believed to be warm-hot, with temperature around $10^6$K. The narrow OVI absorption lines probe a somewhat cooler component at $\log \rm T(K)= 5.5$, but broad OVI absorbers have the potential to probe the hotter CGM. Here we present 376 ks Chandra LETG observations of a carefully selected galaxy in which the presence of broad OVI together with the non-detection of Lya was indicative of warm-hot gas. The strongest line expected to be present at $\approx 10^6$K is OVII $λ21.602$. There is a hint of an absorption l…
The COS-Halos Survey: Origins of the Highly Ionized Circumgalactic Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies
扩散晕气体对星系重子预算的总贡献很大程度上取决于它的主要电离态。在本文中，我们解决的物理条件，在高度电离环星系介质（CGM）跟踪的OVI吸收线观测到的COS-Halos光谱。我们分析了所观察到的离子柱密度，吸收线宽度和相对速度，以及NV/OVI的比率为39拟合Voigt配置文件组件的OVI。我们比较这些数量与广泛的电离模型给出的预测。光电离模型，只包括河外紫外背景辐射被排除;保守地说，NV/OVI的上限和N $_{\rm OVI}$的测量意味着非物理的大路径长度> 100 kpc。此外，非常广泛的OVI吸收（b > 40 km s $^{-1}$）是一个定义的特征CGM的恒星形成的L* 星系。我们强调了两个可能的起源为大部分观察到的OVI：（1）高度结构化的气体云主要由当地的高能量源或（2）气体辐射冷却大尺度背后的超音速风。大约20%的环银河OVI不与$\pm$ 50 km s $^{-1}$内的任何低电离态气体对齐，并且仅在M $_{\rm halo}$ < 10 $^{12}$ M $_{\odot}$的晕中发现。我们认为，这种类型的不匹配的OVI吸收跟踪热电晕本身的特征温度为10 $^{5.5}$ K。我们讨论了这些非常不同的物理起源的动力学状态，气体冷却速率，和总重子含量的L* 气体晕的影响。
Whenever gas is blown out of a galaxy, chances are that it contains some cosmic dust. This dust is an important part of the metals budget for the circumgalactic and intergalactic media, and traces the outflow and stripping history of the galaxy. The dust is also interesting in its own right, as dust plays an essential role in many astrophysical processes. We have only begun to learn about circumgalactic dust, and in particular we do not know how (and when) it escapes its host galaxy. Here we describe the prospects for measuring the dust mass and properties around many individual galaxies, whic…
The connection between halo gas acquisition through the circumgalactic medium (CGM) and galaxy star formation has long been studied. In this series of two papers, we put this interplay within the context of the galaxy environment on large scales (several hundreds of kpc), which, to a certain degree, maps out various paths for galaxy interactions. We use the IllustrisTNG-100 simulation to demonstrate that the large-scale environment modulates the circumgalactic gas angular momentum, resulting in either enhanced (Paper I) or suppressed (Paper II) star formation inside a galaxy. In this paper (Pa…
We characterize the metallicities and physical properties of cool, photoionized gas in a sample of 152 z<1 strong Lya forest systems (SLFSs, absorbers with 15<log N(HI)<16.2). The sample is drawn from our COS circumgalactic medium (CGM) compendium (CCC), an ultraviolet survey of HI-selected circumgalactic gas around z<1 galaxies that targets 262 absorbers with 15<log N(HI)<19. We show that the metallicity probability distribution function of the SLFSs at z<1 is unimodal, skewed to low metallicities with a mean and median of [X/H]=-1.47$ and -1.18 dex. Very metal-poor gas with [X/H]<-1.4 repres…
Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the circumgalactic medium - III: does richness matter?
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理与宇宙学研究所）；Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA)（中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所）；Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学天文学系）；Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学宇宙学与暗物质物理中心）
Quenched massive spiral galaxies have attracted great attention recently, as more data is available to constrain their environment and cold gas content. However, the quenching mechanism is still uncertain, as it depends on the mass range and baryon budget of the galaxy. In this letter, we report the identification of a rare population of very massive, quenched spiral galaxies with stellar mass $\gtrsim10^{11}{\rm~M_\odot}$ and halo mass $\gtrsim10^{13}{\rm~M_\odot}$ from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at redshift $z\sim0.1$. Our CO observations using the IRAM-30m telescope show that these galaxi…
We model the galactic discs of seven nearby large spiral galaxies as three-component systems consist of stars, molecular gas, and atomic gas in vertical hydrostatic equilibrium. We set up the corresponding joint Poisson-Boltzmann equation and solve it numerically to estimate the three-dimensional distribution of HI in these galaxies. While solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, we do not consider a constant HI velocity dispersion ($σ_{\rm HI}$); rather, we develop an iterative method to self-consistently estimate the $σ_{\rm HI}$ profile in a galaxy by using the observed second-moment profile…
An X-ray Absorption-Line Survey of the Circumgalactic Medium of M31 with XMM-Newton
Xiamen University（厦门大学）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma（意大利国家天体物理研究所罗马天文台）
We present the KODIAQ-Z survey aimed to characterize the cool, photoionized gas at 2.2<z<3.6 in 202 HI-selected absorbers with 14.6<log N(HI)<20, i.e., the gaseous interface between galaxies and the intergalactic medium (IGM). We find that the 14.6<log N(HI)<20 gas at 2.2<z<3.6 can be metal-rich gas (-1.6<[X/H]<-0.2) as seen in damped Ly-alpha absorbers (DLAs); it can also be very metal-poor ([X/H]<-2.4) or even pristine gas ([X/H]<-3.8) not observed in DLAs, but commonly observed in the IGM. For 16<log N(HI)<20 absorbers, the frequency of pristine absorbers is about 1%-10%, while for 14.6<log…
The Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) IX: The enriched circumgalactic and intergalactic medium around star-forming field dwarf galaxies traced by O VI absorption
本文基于 CUBS 数据通过 O VI 吸收线研究恒星形成矮星系周围的 CGM/IGM，发现低质量系统在 z≲1 时能有效将大量金属保留在附近的星系周与星系际介质中。
It is commonly believed that galaxies use, throughout the Hubble time, a very small fraction of the baryons associated to their dark matter halos to form stars. This so-called low "star formation efficiency" $f_\star\equiv M_\star/f_{\rm b} M_{\rm halo}$, where $f_{\rm b}\equivΩ_{\rm b}/Ω_{\rm c}$ is the cosmological baryon fraction, is expected to reach its peak at nearly $L^\ast$ (at efficiency $\approx 20\%$) and decline steeply at lower and higher masses. We have tested this using a sample of nearby star-forming galaxies, from dwarfs ($M_\star\simeq 10^7 M_\odot$) to high-mass spirals ($M_…
The two-phase formation history of spiral galaxies traced by the cosmic evolution of the bar fraction
我们研究了星系棒的演化和与磁盘和球体形成的放大宇宙学模拟的样本中的链接。我们的模拟样本集中在现今恒星质量在10^10-10^11兆太阳范围内的星系，在场和松散的群环境中，具有各种各样的质量增长历史。在我们的模型中，在z>1.5时，现在螺旋的祖先几乎不存在条形，它们仍然很罕见，而且通常太弱而无法观察到z~1。在这一特征时期之后，可观测到的强条的比例迅速上升，80%的旋涡星系中存在条，其中三分之二在z<0.5时很容易观测到。这与观测到的棒分数的红移演化是定量一致的。我们的模型预测，随着红移的增加，酒吧分数的减少应该继续与可观察到的酒吧1的分数<10-15% in disk galaxies at z>。我们的模型还预测了较低质量星系中稍后的酒吧形成，与现有数据一致。我们发现，酒吧形成的特征时代，即红移z~0.8-1，对应的时代，今天的螺旋获得其磁盘为主的形态。在更高的红移，盘倾向于被合并和引力不稳定性迅速破坏，很少发展出明显的棒。棒形成时期对应于螺旋星系形成的早期“剧烈”阶段（z>1）和晚期“长期”阶段（z<0.8）之间的过渡。在长期阶段，酒吧的存在大大有助于增长的隆起，但隆起的质量预算仍然占主导地位的合并，相互作用和磁盘的不稳定性在高红移的贡献。z>1时的早期棒通常是短暂的，而z<1时形成的大多数棒一直持续到z=0，晚期宇宙学气体的注入是维持其中一些棒的必要条…
Cosmic dust grains are one of the fundamental ingredients of the interstellar medium (ISM). In spite of their small contribution to the total mass budget, dust grains play a significant role in the physical and chemical evolution of galaxies. Over the past decades, a plethora of multi-wavelength data, from UV to far-infrared, has increased substantially our knowledge on the dust properties of nearby galaxies. Nevertheless, one regime of the spectrum, the mm range, remains relatively unexplored. Thanks to the new, high-resolution data in the mm range observed with the NIKA2 instrument and our r…
Reconnection heating has been considered as a potential source of the heating of the interstellar medium. In some galaxies, significant polarised radio emission has been found between the spiral arms. This emission has a form of `magnetic arms' that resembles the spiral structure of the galaxy. Reconnection effects could convert some of the energy of the turbulent magnetic field into the thermal energy of the surrounding medium, leaving more ordered magnetic fields, as is observed in the magnetic arms. Sensitive radio and X-ray data for the grand-design spiral galaxy M 83 are used for a detail…
