Positive oriented Thompson links
Valeriano Aiello, Sebastian Baader
本文研究 Thompson 群定向子群中正元素所对应链环的性质，证明这些链环均为正链环。
我们证明了与 Thompson 群的定向子群中的正元素相关联的链环是正的。
We prove that the links associated with positive elements of the oriented subgroup of the Thompson group are positive.
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In [Jo14] and [Jo18] Vaughan Jones introduced a construction which yields oriented knots and links from elements of the oriented Thompson group $\vec{F}$. In this paper we prove, by analogy with Alexander's classical theorem establishing that every knot or link can be represented as a closed braid, that given an oriented knot/link $\vec{L}$, there exists an element $g$ in $\vec{F}$ whose closure $\vec{\mathcal{L}}(g)$ is $\vec L$.
We show how to construct unitary representations of the oriented Thompson group $\vec{F}$ from oriented link invariants. In particular we show that the suitably normalised HOMFLYPT polynomial defines a positive definite function of $\vec{F}$.
On unifying Jones representations of braid groups and Thompson's group
本文引入有向二元辫群，统一了辫群与定向Thompson群的Jones表示，并构造了扩展的酉表示及嵌入，使辫闭包恢复定向链环构造。
Half grid diagrams and Thompson links
本文定义半网格图并证明每个链环可由半网格表示，将其与Jones构造等价，进而用Thompson指标给出纽结最大Thurston-Bennequin数的上下界，并建立半网格图与对称群元素的对应关系。
We review recent developments in the theory of Thompson group representations related to knot theory.
The pioneering work of Jones and Kauffman unveiled a fruitful relationship between statistical mechanics and knot theory. Recently, Jones introduced two subgroups $\vec{F}$ and $\vec{T}$ of the Thompson groups $F$ and $T$, respectively, together with a procedure that associates an oriented link diagram to any element of these subgroups. Moreover, several specializations of some well-known polynomial link invariants can be seen as functions of positive type on the Thompson groups or the Jones-Thompson subgroups. One important example is provided by suitable evaluations of the Jones polynomial, …
In a "naive" attempt to create algebraic quantum field theories on the circle, we obtain a family of unitary representations of Thompson's groups T and F for any subfactor. The Thompson group elements are the "local scale transformations" of the theory. In a simple case the coefficients of the representations are polynomial invariants of links. We show that all links arise and introduce new "oriented" subgroups $\overrightarrow F <F$ and $\overrightarrow T< T$ which allow us to produce all \emph{oriented} knots and links.
In 2014, Vaughan Jones developed a method to produce links from elements of Thompson's group $F$, and showed that all links arise this way. He also introduced a subgroup $\vec{F}$ of $F$ and a method to produce oriented links from elements of this subgroup. In 2018, Valeriano Aiello showed that all oriented links arise from this construction. We classify exactly those regular isotopy classes of links that arise from $F$, as well as exactly those regular isotopy classes of oriented links that arise from $\vec{F}$, answering a question asked by Jones in 2018.
We show that the links associated with positive elements of the Thompson group $F$ coincide with the closures of bipartite arborescent tangles.
Constructing Thompson representatives via pointed links
本文通过指向链接构造Thomson群的代表，并引入中心单oid及连通求和代表的标准形式。
Almost a decade ago Vaughan Jones introduced a method to produce knots from elements of the Thompson groups $F$, which was later extended to the Brown-Thompson group $F_3$. In this article we define a way to produce permutations out of elements of the $F$ and $F_3$ that we call Thompson permutations. The number of orbits of each Thompson permutation coincides with the number of connected components of the link. We explore the positive elements of $F_3$ of fixed \emph{width} and \emph{height} and make some conjectures based on numerical experiments. In order to define the Thompson permutations …
Thompson's group $F$, tangles, and link homology
本文扩展Jones的构造，将$(n, n)$-缠结与Thompson群$F$元素关联并证明其渐近忠实，进而证明有向Thompson群$\vec F$在Khovanov链复形范畴上存在松弛群作用。
Virtual Thompson's group
本文受虚拟辫群推广自辫群且可生成虚拟链环、Thompson群$F$可构造有向链环的研究启发，定义了Thompson群$F$的虚拟版本并证明其可构造任意虚拟链环。
Annular Links from Thompson's Group $T$
本文提出通过Thompson群T构建环形链接的方法，并展示其与Jones多项式的关系。
On Thompson knot theory and conjugacy classes of Thompson's group $F$
本文研究了Thompson群$F$的共轭类与Jones构造的无向链环之间的关系，证明任意无向链环均可由不同共轭类的元素序列生成，并发现特定共轭类可构造2-桥链环序列。
Estimating the Kirby--Thompson Invariants of Surface-Links in the Yoshikawa Table
针对吉川表中的曲面链，本文借助已有研究算出的极小三平面图，推导得到其中若干曲面链的L及L*型Kirby--Thompson不变量的上界。
The $p$-colorable subgroup of Thompson's group
针对大于2的任意奇数$p$，研究者定义汤普森群$F$的$p$-可着色子群（其非平凡元素生成$p$-可着色纽结链环），并证明该子群与特定Brown--Thompson群同构。
Alexander's theorem for stabilizer subgroups of Thompson's group
本文证明Thompson群$F$在单位区间自然作用下的几乎所有稳定子群都满足Alexander定理，即任何纽结或链环均可由这些子群的元素构造。
Thompson's Group $V$ and Virtual Link Theory
该研究将琼斯关于汤普森群的纽结表示方案推广到汤普森群 $V$，定义了其到加厚曲面CC虚拟纽结的满射，构造了定向子群 $\vec{V}$ 及其酉表示，实现了所有定向几乎经典虚拟纽结。
An introduction to Thompson knot theory and to Jones subgroups
本文回顾了 Vaughan Jones 提出的源自 Thompson 群元素的纽结构造，介绍了其定向与非定向两种形式。
The $3$-colorable subgroup of Thompson's group and tricolorability of links
本文基于Jones关于Thompson群F表示的研究，探讨了F的3-可着色子群F与纽结理论中3-可着色链环的关系，并证明了F中所有元素均给出3-可着色链环。
Conway Rational Tangles and the Thompson Group
本文通过 Conway 有理缠绕的视角，研究如何系统地寻找 Thompson 群元素以生成特定纽结或链环，并给出了构造简单缠绕乘积或拼接的方法，为 skein 理论化的构造问题提供基础。
We give a generating set of the generalized Reidemeister moves for oriented singular links. We use it to introduce an algebraic structure arising from the study of oriented singular knots. We give some examples, including some non-isomorphic families of such structures over non-abelian groups. We show that the set of colorings of a singular knot by this new structure is an invariant of oriented singular knots and use it to distinguish some singular links.
Oriented Disingquandles and Invariants of Oriented Dichromatic Singular links
本文引入并研究定向二色奇异链环，提出定向disingquandle结构以定义计数不变量，并通过实例证明该不变量能有效区分部分此类链环。
In this paper, we enumerate the number of oriented rational knots and the number of oriented rational links with any given crossing number and minimum genus. This allows us to obtain a precise formula for the average minimal genus of oriented rational knots and links with any given crossing number.
As an extension of positive and almost positive diagrams and links, we study two classes of links we call successively almost positive and weakly successively almost positive links. We prove various properties of polynomial invariants and signatures of such links, extending previous results or answering open questions about positive or almost positive links. We discuss their minimal genus and fibering property and for the latter prove a fibering extension of Scharlemann-Thompson's theorem (valid for general links).
Virtualized Delta, sharp, and pass moves for oriented virtual knots and links
本文研究定向虚拟链环上的虚拟化 Delta、sharp 与 pass 移动，给出链环经这些局部移动等价的充要条件，并确立可达到的解结数下界。
We introduce colorings of oriented surface-links by biquasiles using marked graph diagrams. We use these colorings to define counting invariants and Boltzmann enhancements of the biquasile counting invariants for oriented surface-links. We provide examples to show that the invariants can distinguish both closed surface-links and cobordisms and are sensitive to orientation.
Given a quandle, we can construct a symmetric quandle called the symmetric double of the quandle. We show that the (co)homology groups of a given quandle are isomorphic to those of its symmetric double. Moreover, quandle coloring numbers and quandle cocycle invariants of oriented links and oriented surface-links can be interpreted by using symmetric quandles.
This paper defines the concept of an oriented quantum algebra and develops its application to the construction of quantum link invariants. We show that all known quantum link invariants can be put into this framework.
In GT/0006019 oriented quantum algebras were motivated and introduced in a natural categorical setting. Invariants of knots and links can be computed from oriented quantum algebras, and this includes the Reshetikhin-Turaev theory for Ribbon Hopf algebras. Here we continue the study of oriented quantum algebras from a more algebraic perspective, and develop a more detailed theory for them and their associated invariants.
Let $D$ be an oriented link diagram with the set of regions $\operatorname{r}_{D}$. We define a symmetric map (or matrix) $\operatornameτ_{D}\colon\operatorname{r}_{D}\times \operatorname{r}_{D} \to \mathbb{Z}[x]$ that gives rise to an invariant of oriented links, based on a slightly modified $S$-equivalence of Trotter and Murasugi in the space of symmetric matrices. In particular, for real $x$, the negative signature of $\operatornameτ_{D}$ corrected by the writhe is conjecturally twice the Tristram--Levine signature function, where $2x=\sqrt{t}+\frac1{\sqrt{t}}$ with $t$ being the indetermin…
Given any oriented link diagram, two types of new knot invariants are constructed. They satisfy some generalized skein relations. The coefficients of each invariant is from a commutative ring. Homomorphisms and representations of those rings define new link invariants. For example, the HOMFLYPT polynomial with three variables. In this sense, type one invariant is a generalization of the HOMFLYPT polynomial. Those invariants can also be modified by writhe and parameterized to get more powerful invariants. For example, the modified type one invariant distinguishes mutants, and the parameterized …
We define invariants of oriented surface-links by enhancing the biquandle counting invariant using \textit{biquandle modules}, algebraic structures defined in terms of biquandle actions on commutative rings analogous to Alexander biquandles. We show that bead colorings of marked graph diagrams are preserved by Yoshikawa moves and hence define enhancements of the biquandle counting invariant for surface links. We provide examples illustrating the computation of the invariant and demonstrate that these invariants are not determined by the first and second Alexander elementary ideals and characte…
Let $U_n$ be the set of un-oriented and rational links with crossing number $n$, a precise formula for $|U_n|$ was obtained by Ernst and Sumners in 1987. In this paper, we study the enumeration problem of oriented rational links. Let $Λ_n$ be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number $n$ and let $Λ_n(d)$ be the set of oriented rational links with crossing number $n$ ($n\ge 2$) and deficiency $d$. In this paper, we derive precise formulas for $|Λ_n|$ and $|Λ_n(d)|$ for any given $n$ and $d$ and show that $$ Λ_n(d)=F_{n-d-1}^{(d)}+\frac{1+(-1)^{nd}}{2}F^{(\lfloor \frac{d}{2}\rfloor…
We introduce the notion of a quandle with a good involution and its homology groups. Carter et al. defined quandle cocycle invariants for oriented links and oriented surface-links. By use of good involutions, quandle cocyle invariants can be defined for links and surface-links which are not necessarily oriented or orientable. The invariants can be used in order to estimate the minimal triple point numbers of non-orientable surface-links.
We compute two-term skein modules of framed oriented links in oriented 3-manifolds. They contain the self-writhe and total linking number invariants of framed oriented links in a universal way. The relations in a natural presentation of the skein module are interpreted as monodromies in the space of immersions from circles to the 3-manifold.
This paper discusses the construction of a generalized Alexander polynomial for virtual knots and links, and the reformulation of this invariant as a quantum link invariant. The algebraic background for the generalized Alexander module is formulated in terms of the biquandle, a generalization of the quandle of David Joyce (which, in turn, is a generalization of the fundamental group of the knot or link). We then introduce the concept of a bi-oriented quantum algebra which provides an algebraic context for the associated quantum invariant.
The writhe polynomial is a fundamental invariant of an oriented virtual knot. We introduce a kind of local moves for oriented virtual knots called shell moves. The first aim of this paper is to prove that two oriented virtual knots have the same writhe polynomial if and only if they are related by a finite sequence of shell moves. The second aim of this paper is to classify oriented $2$-component virtual links up to shell moves by using several invariants of virtual links.
A braid-like isotopy for links in 3-space is an isotopy which uses only those Reidemeister moves which occur in isotopies of braids. We define a refined Jones polynomial and its corresponding Khovanov homology which are, in general, only invariant under braid-like isotopies.
Given a null-cobordant oriented framed link $L$ in a closed oriented $3$--manifold $M$, we determine those links in $M \setminus L$ which can be realized as the singular point set of a generic map $M \to \mathbb{R}^2$ that has $L$ as an oriented framed regular fiber. Then, we study the linking behavior between the singular point set and regular fibers for generic maps of $M$ into $\mathbb{R}^2$.
We discuss the relationship between the m-th homotopy group of the one-point union of r copies of the two-dimensional sphere and the m-th homotopy group of the one-point union of r+1 copies of the Thom space of the oriented two-dimensional universal vector bundle. Using a suitably choosen isomorphism between them a forgetful homomorphism is computed by evaluating on factors of the Hilton splitting.
An oriented link projection is the image of a generic immersion of oriented circles into the 2-sphere. The circle arrangement of a link projection is a disjoint union of unoriented circles on the 2-sphere obtained by orientation-incoherent smoothing at each crossing point. We show that two oriented link projections have the same circle arrangement if and only if they are transformed into each other by certain local moves. We also show that every odd (resp. even) component link has a link projection whose circle arrangement consists of exactly one (resp. two) circles.
It is known that every surface-link can be presented by a marked graph diagram, and such a diagram presentation is unique up to moves called Yoshikawa moves. G. Kuperberg introduced a regular isotopy invariant, called the quantum A_2 invariant, for tangled trivalent graph diagrams. In this paper, a polynomial for a marked graph diagram is defined by use of the quantum A_2 invariant and it is studied how the polynomial changes under Yoshikawa moves. The notion of a ribbon marked graph is introduced to show that this polynomial is useful for an invariant of a ribbon 2-knot.
We introduce and define "oriented framed measured lamination links" in a 3-manifold $M$. These generalize oriented framed links in 3-manifolds, and are confined to 2-dimensional improperly embedded subsurfaces of the 3-manifold. Just as some framed links bound Seifert surfaces, so also some framed lamination links bound 2-dimensional measured and oriented "Seifert laminations." We show that any lamination link which bounds a 2-dimensional Seifert lamination, bounds a "taut" Seifert lamination, i.e. one of maximum Euler characteristic, subject to the condition that the Seifert lamination is car…
For an oriented surface link $F$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$, we consider a satellite construction of a surface link, called a 2-dimensional braid over $F$, which is in the form of a covering over $F$. We introduce the notion of an $m$-chart on a surface diagram $π(F)\subset \mathbb{R}^3$ of $F$, which is a finite graph on $π(F)$ satisfying certain conditions and is an extended notion of an $m$-chart on a 2-disk presenting a surface braid. A 2-dimensional braid over $F$ is presented by an $m$-chart on $π(F)$. It is known that two surface links are equivalent if and only if their surface diagrams are rel…
On biquandle-based invariant of immersed surface-links, Yoshikawa oriented fifth move, and ribbon 2-knots
该研究解决了吉川定向第五变换不可被其他变换替代的开放问题，扩展了浸入曲面链的代数工具包并开发了双quandle着色理论，还证明了无限多对群同构但结quandle不同的带边2-结。
In this paper, we discuss the (co)homology theory of biquandles, derived biquandle cocycle invariants for oriented surface-links using broken surface diagrams and how to compute the biquandle cocycle invariants from marked graph diagrams. We also develop the shadow (co)homology theory of biquandles and construct the shadow biquandle cocycle invariants for oriented surface-links.
The Jones polynomial $V_{L}(t)$ for an oriented link $L$ is a one-variable Laurent polynomial link invariant discovered by Jones. For any integer $n\ge 3$, we show that: (1) the difference of Jones polynomials for two oriented links which are $C_{n}$-equivalent is divisible by $\left(t-1\right)^{n}\left(t^{2}+t+1\right)\left(t^{2}+1\right)$, and (2) there exists a pair of two oriented knots which are $C_{n}$-equivalent such that the difference of the Jones polynomials for them equals $\left(t-1\right)^{n}\left(t^{2}+t+1\right)\left(t^{2}+1\right)$.
We generalize H. Seifert's algorithm for finding a Seifert surface for a knot or link. The generalization applies to "framed oriented measured lamination links." For knots, a Seifert surface determines a unique framing. In our setting, we analyze the set of framed lamination links which bound Seifert laminations and are carried by an $S^1$-fibered tube neighborhood of an oriented train track embedded in a 3-manifold.
Quandle coloring quivers are directed graph-valued invariants of oriented knots and links, defined using a choice of finite quandle $X$ and set $S\subset\mathrm{Hom}(X,X)$ of endomorphisms. From a quandle coloring quiver, a polynomial knot invariant known as the \textit{in-degree quiver polynomial} is defined. We consider quandle coloring quiver invariants for oriented surface-links, represented by marked graph diagrams. We provide example computations for all oriented surface-links with ch-index up to 10 for choices of quandles and endomorphisms.
On an invariant for colored classical and singular links
本文针对Aicardi提出的彩色链环不变量$F(L)$，基于定向彩色4价平面图的图形演算构建其状态和模型，并将该不变量拓展至定向彩色奇异链环。
We extend the quandle cocycle invariant to oriented singular knots and links using algebraic structures called \emph{oriented singquandles} and assigning weight functions at both regular and singular crossings. This invariant coincides with the classical cocycle invariant for classical knots but provides extra information about singular knots and links. The new invariant distinguishes the singular granny knot from the singular square knot.
We modify the definition of the Khovanov complex for oriented links in a thickening of an oriented surface to obtain a triply graded homological link invariant with a new homotopical grading.
Ribbonness on classical link
本文证明三维链环若在四维上半空间限定恰当定向曲面，则必限定带状曲面，从而推出每个切片纽结都是带状纽结，肯定回答Fox的老问题。
If the twist numbers of a collection of oriented alternating link diagrams are bounded, then the Alexander polynomials of the corresponding links have bounded euclidean Mahler measure (see Definition 1.2). The converse assertion does not hold. Similarly, if a collection of oriented link diagrams, not necessarily alternating, have bounded twist numbers, then both the Jones polynomials and a parametrization of the 2-variable Homflypt polynomials of the corresponding links have bounded Mahler measure.
We extend the quandle cocycle invariant to the context of stuck links. More precisely, we define an invariant of stuck links by assigning Boltzmann weights at both classical and stuck crossings. As an application, we define a single-variable and a two-variable polynomial invariant of stuck links. Furthermore, we define a single-variable and two-variable polynomial invariant of arc diagrams of RNA foldings. We provide explicit computations of the new invariants.
A pass-move and a $#$-move are local moves on oriented links defined by L.H. Kauffman and H. Murakami respectively. Two links are self pass-equivalent (resp. self $#$-equivalent) if one can be deformed into the other by pass-moves (resp. $#$-moves), where non of them can occur between distinct components of the link. These relations are equivalence relations on ordered oriented links and stronger than link-homotopy defined by J. Milnor. We give two complete classifications of links with arbitrarily many components up to self pass-equivalence and up to self $#$-equivalence respectively. So our …
We define braid presentation of edge-oriented spatial graphs as a natural generalization of braid presentation of oriented links. We show that every spatial graph has a braid presentation. For an oriented link it is known that the braid index is equal to the minimal number of Seifert circles. We show that an analogy does not hold for spatial graphs.
Given an l-component pointed oriented link (L,p) in an oriented three-manifold Y, one can construct its link Floer chain complex CFL(Y,L,p) over the polynomial ring F_2[U_1,...,U_l]. Moving the basepoint p_i in the link component L_i once around induces an automorphism of CFL(Y,L,p). In this paper, we study an automorphism (a possibly different one) of CFL(Y,L,p) defined explicitly in terms of holomorphic disks; for links in S^3, we show that these two automorphisms are the same.
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