A Gelfand model for an algebra is a module given by a direct sum of irreducible submodules, with every isomorphism class of irreducible modules represented exactly once. We introduce the notion of a perfect model for a finite Coxeter group, which is a certain set of discrete data (involving Rains and Vazirani's concept of a perfect involution) that parametrizes a Gelfand model for the associated Iwahori-Hecke algebra. We describe perfect models for all classical Weyl groups, excluding type D in even rank. The representations attached to these models simultaneously generalize constructions of Adin, Postnikov, and Roichman (from type A to other classical types) and of Araujo and Bratten (from group algebras to Iwahori-Hecke algebras). We show that each Gelfand model derived from a perfect model has a canonical basis that gives rise to a pair of related $W$-graphs, which we call Gelfand $W$-graphs. For types BC and D, we prove that these $W$-graphs are dual to each other, a phenomenon which does not occur in type A.
We exploit the idea that the character of an irreducible finite dimensional $\mathfrak{gl}_n$-module is the sum of certain exponents of integer points in a Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope and can thus be calculated via Brion's theorem. In order to show how the result of such a calculation matches Weyl's character formula we prove some interesting combinatorial traits of Gelfand-Tsetlin polytopes. Namely, we show that under the relevant substitution the integer point transforms of all but $n!$ vertices vanish, the remaining ones being the summands in Weyl's formula.
In a recent preprint Kodiyalam and Verma give a particularly simple Gelfand model for the symmetric group that is built naturally on the space of involutions. In this manuscript we give a natural extension of Kodiyalam and Verma's model to a Gelfand model for Weyl groups of type B_{n} and D_{2n+1}. Then we define an explicit isomorphism between this Gelfand model and the polynomial model using a technique that we call telescopic decomposition.
This paper is motivated by several combinatorial actions of the affine Weyl group of type $C_n$. Addressing a question of David Vogan, it was shown in an earlier paper that these permutation representations are essentialy multiplicity-free~\cite{arXiv:2009.13880}. However, the Gelfand trick, which was indispensable in~\cite{arXiv:2009.13880} to prove this property for types $C_n$ and $B_n$, is not applicable for other classical types. Here we present a unified approach to fully answer the analogous question for all irreducible affine Weyl groups. Given a finite Weyl group $W$ with maximal para…
We construct a Weyl group action on the DKS type varieties, a certain class of varieties associated with quivers. As a result, on some special DKS type varieties, we can give a quiver theoretic explanation of the quasi-classical Gelfand-Graev action discovered by Ginzburg and Riche and studied by Ginzburg and Kazhdan recently.
In this paper, we present a uniform formula of Lusztig's $ \mathbf{a}$-functions on classical Weyl groups. Then we obtain an efficient algorithm for the Gelfand-Kirillov dimensions of simple highest weight modules of classical Lie algebras, whose highest weight is not necessarily regular or integral. To deal with type $ D $, we prove an interesting property about domino tableaux by introducing an invariant, called the hollow tableau. As an application, the associated varieties of all the simple highest weight Harish-Chandra modules are explicitly determined, including the exceptional cases.
We generalize the famous weight basis constructions of the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of $\mathfrak{sl}(n,\mathbb{C})$ obtained by Gelfand and Tsetlin in 1950. Using combinatorial methods, we construct one such basis for each finite-dimensional representation of $\mathfrak{sl}(n,\mathbb{C})$ associated to a given skew Schur function. Our constructions use diamond-colored distributive lattices of skew-shaped semistandard tableaux that generalize some classical Gelfand--Tsetlin (GT) lattices. Our constructions take place within the context of a certain programmatic study of p…
It is shown that the q-difference Noether problem for all classical Weyl groups has a positive solution, simultaneously generalizing well known results on multisymmetric functions of Mattuck and Miyata in the case q=1, and q-deforming the noncommutative Noether problem for the symmetric group. It is also shown that the quantum Gelfand-Kirillov conjecture for gl_N (for a generic q) follows from the positive solution of the q-difference Noether problem for the Weyl group of type D_n. The proof is based on the theory of Galois rings developed by the first author and Ovsienko. From here we obtain …
In this note we describe a seemingly new approach to the complex representation theory of the wreath product $G\wr S_d$ where $G$ is a finite abelian group. The approach is motivated by an appropriate version of Schur-Weyl duality. We construct a combinatorially defined groupoid in which all endomorphism algebras are direct products of symmetric groups and prove that the groupoid algebra is isomorphic to the group algebra of $G\wr S_d$. This directly implies a classification of simple modules. As an application, we get a Gelfand model for $G\wr S_d$ from the classical involutive Gelfand model …
Let $\mathbb{H}^{n}$ be the $(2n+1)$-dimensional Heisenberg group, and let $K$ be a compact subgroup of U(n), such that $(K,\mathbb{H}^{n})$ is a Gelfand pair. Also assume that the $K$-action on $\mathbb{C}^n$ is polar. We prove a Hecke-Bochner identity associated to the Gelfand pair $(K,\mathbb{H}^{n})$. For the special case $K=U(n)$, this was proved by Geller, giving a formula for the Weyl transform of a function $f$ of the type $f=Pg$, where $g$ is a radial function, and $P$ a bigraded solid U(n)-harmonic polynomial. Using our general Hecke-Bochner identity we also characterize (under some …
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a classial Lie algebra and $\mathfrak{p}$ be a maximal parabolic subalgebra. Let $M$ be a generalized Verma module induced from a one dimensional representation of $\mathfrak{p}$. Such $M$ is called a scalar type generalized Verma module. Its simple quotient $L$ is a highest weight moudle. In this paper, we will determine the reducibility of such scalar type generalized Verma modules by computing the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension of $L$.
We formulate a conjecture for the local parts of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series attached to root systems of type D. Our conjecture is analogous to the description of the local parts of type A series given by Brubaker, Bump, Friedberg, and Hoffstein in terms of Gelfand--Tsetlin patterns. Our conjecture is given in terms of patterns for irreducible representations of even orthogonal Lie algebras developed by Littelmann.
A Gelfand model for a finite group $G$ is a complex linear representation of $G$ that contains each of its irreducible representations with multiplicity one. For a finite group $G$ with a faithful representation $V$, one constructs a representation which we call the polynomial model for $G$ associated to $V$. Araujo and others have proved that the polynomial models for certain irreducible Weyl groups associated to their canonical representations are Gelfand models. In this paper, we give an easier and uniform treatment for the study of the polynomial model for a general finite Coxeter group as…
We study the Iwahori-component of the Gelfand-Graev representation of a central cover of a split linear reductive group and utilize our results for three applications. In fact, it is advantageous to begin at the pro-$p$ level. Thus to begin we study the structure of a genuine pro-$p$ Iwahori-Hecke algebra, establishing Iwahori-Matsumoto and Bernstein presentations. With this structure theory we first describe the pro-$p$ part of the Gelfand-Graev representation and then the more subtle Iwahori part. For the first application we relate the Gelfand-Graev representation to the metaplectic represe…
We construct functors categorifying the branching rules for $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ for $\mathfrak{g}$ of type $B_n$, $C_n$, and $D_n$ for the embeddings $so_{2n+1}\supset so_{2n-1}$, $sp_{2n}\supset sp_{2n-2}$, and $so_{2n}\supset so_{2n-2}$. We give the corresponding categorical Gelfand-Tsetlin basis.
Let G be a complex semisimple group and U its maximal unipotent subgroup. We study the algebra D(G/U) of algebraic differential operators on G/U and also its quasi-classical counterpart: the algebra of regular functions on the cotangent bundle. A long time ago, Gelfand and Graev have constructed an action of the Weyl group on D(G/U) by algebra automorphisms. The Gelfand-Graev construction was not algebraic, it involved analytic methods in an essential way. We give a new algebraic construction of the Gelfand-Graev action, as well as its quasi-classical counterpart. Our approach is based on Hami…
We define a quotient of the category of finitely generated modules over the cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier algebra for type An and show it has a module category structure over a direct sum of certain cyclotomic Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier algebras of type An-1, this way categorifying the branching rules for the inclusion of sl(n) in sl(n+1). Using this we give a new, elementary proof of Khovanov-Lauda cyclotomic conjecture. We show that continuing recursively gives the Gelfand-Tsetlin basis for type An. As an application we prove a conjecture of Mackaay, Stosic and Vaz concerning categorical W…
We define a class of quantum linear Galois algebras which include the universal enveloping algebra Uq(gln), the quantum Heisenberg Lie algebra and other quantum orthogonal Gelfand-Zetlin algebras of type A, the subalgebras of G-invariants of the quantum affine space, quantum torus for G = G(m, p, n), and of the quantum Weyl algebra for G = Sn. We show that all quantum linear Galois algebras satisfy the quantum Gelfand-Kirillov conjecture. Moreover, it is shown that the the subalgebras of invariants of the quantum affine space and of quantum torus for the reflection groups and of the quantum We…
Relation Gelfand-Tsetlin $\mathfrak{gl}_n$-modules were introduced in [FRZ19], and are determined by some special directed graphs and Gelfand-Tsetlin characters. In this work we constructed polyhedra associated with the class of relation modules, which includes as a particular case, any classical Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope. Following the ideas presented in [LM04] we give a characterization of $d$-faces of the associated polyhedra in terms of a matrix related to the corresponding graph.
We extend the classical Schur-Weyl duality between representations of the groups $SL(n,\C)$ and $\sN$ to the case of $SL(n,\C)$ and the infinite symmetric group $\sinf$. Our construction is based on a "dynamic," or inductive, scheme of Schur-Weyl dualities. It leads to a new class of representations of the infinite symmetric group, which have not appeared earlier. We describe these representations and, in particular, find their spectral types with respect to the Gelfand-Tsetlin algebra. The main example of such a representation acts in an incomplete infinite tensor product. As an important app…
This paper is a study of the bases introduced by Chari-Loktev for local Weyl modules of the current algebra associated to a special linear Lie algebra. Partition overlaid patterns, POPs for short---whose introduction is one of the aims of this paper---form convenient parametrizing sets of these bases. They play a role analogous to that played by (Gelfand-Tsetlin) patterns in the representation theory of the special linear Lie algebra. The notion of a POP leads naturally to the notion of area of a pattern. We observe that there is a unique pattern of maximal area among all those with a given bo…
Let $G$ be a $p$-adic classical group. The representations in a given Bernstein component can be viewed as modules for the corresponding Hecke algebra---the endomorphism algebra of a pro-generator of the given component. Using Heiermann's construction of these algebras, we describe the Bernstein components of the Gelfand--Graev representation for $G=$SO$(2n+1)$.
We study Kostant cohomology and Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolutions for finite dimensional representations of basic classical Lie superalgebras and reductive Lie superalgebras based on them. For each choice of parabolic subalgebra and irreducible representation of such a Lie superalgebra, there is a natural definition of the derivative and coderivative, which define the (co)homology groups. We prove that a necessary condition to have a resolution of an irreducible module in terms of Verma modules is complete reducibility of the cohomology groups. Essentially, if it exists, every such a resol…
We find an exact formula of Gelfand-Kirillov dimensions for the infinite-dimensional explicit irreducible sl(n, F)-modules that appeared in the Z^2-graded oscillator generalizations of the classical theorem on harmonic polynomials established by Luo and Xu. Three infinite subfamilies of these modules have the minimal Gelfand-Kirillov dimension. They contain weight modules with unbounded weight multiplicities and completely pointed modules.
We study the combinatorial structure of the irreducible characters of the classical groups ${\rm GL}_n(\mathbb{C})$, ${\rm SO}_{2n+1}(\mathbb{C})$, ${\rm Sp}_{2n}(\mathbb{C})$, ${\rm SO}_{2n}(\mathbb{C})$ and the "non-classical" odd symplectic group ${\rm Sp}_{2n+1}(\mathbb{C})$, finding new connections to the probabilistic model of Last Passage Percolation (LPP). Perturbing the expressions of these characters as generating functions of Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns, we produce two families of symmetric polynomials that interpolate between characters of ${\rm Sp}_{2n}(\mathbb{C})$ and ${\rm SO}_{2n…
The classical Gelfand-Tsetlin formulas provide a basis in terms of tableaux and an explicit action of the generators of $\mathfrak{gl} (n)$ for every irreducible finite-dimensional $\mathfrak{gl} (n)$-module. These formulas can be used to define a $\mathfrak{gl} (n)$-module structure on some infinite-dimensional modules - the so-called generic Gelfand-Tsetlin modules. The generic Gelfand-Tsetlin modules are convenient to work with since for every generic tableau there exists a unique irreducible generic Gelfand-Tsetlin module containing this tableau as a basis element. In this paper we initiat…
We present a simplified way to construct the Gelfand-Tsetlin modules over $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\mathbb C)$ related to a $1$-singular GT-tableau defined by Futorny, Grantcharov and Ramirez. We begin by reframing the classical construction of generic Gelfand-Tsetlin modules found by Drozd, Futorny and Ovsienki, showing that they form a flat family over generic points of $\mathbb C^{\binom{n}{2}}$. We then show that this family can be extended to a flat family over a variety including generic points and $1$-singular points for a fixed singular pair of entries. The $1$-singular modules are precisely t…
The coinvariant algebra of a Weyl group plays a fundamental role in several areas of mathematics. The fake degrees are the graded multiplicities of the irreducible modules of a Weyl group in its coinvariant algebra, and they were computed by Steinberg, Lusztig and Beynon-Lusztig. In this paper we formulate a notion of spin coinvariant algebra for every Weyl group. Then we compute all the spin fake degrees for each classical Weyl group, which are by definition the graded multiplicities of the simple modules of a spin Weyl group in the spin coinvariant algebra. The spin fake degrees for the exce…
We present a method to obtain infinitely many examples of pairs $(W,D)$ consisting of a matrix weight $W$ in one variable and a symmetric second-order differential operator $D$. The method is based on a uniform construction of matrix valued polynomials starting from compact Gelfand pairs $(G,K)$ of rank one and a suitable irreducible $K$-representation. The heart of the construction is the existence of a suitable base change $Ψ_{0}$. We analyze the base change and derive several properties. The most important one is that $Ψ_{0}$ satisfies a first-order differential equation which enables us to…
We study imaginary representations of the Khovanov-Lauda-Rouquier algebras of affine Lie type. Irreducible modules for such algebras arise as simple heads of standard modules. In order to define standard modules one needs to have a cuspidal system for a fixed convex preorder. A cuspidal system consists of irreducible cuspidal modules---one for each real positive root for the corresponding affine root system ${\tt X}_l^{(1)}$, as well as irreducible imaginary modules---one for each $l$-multipartition. We study imaginary modules by means of `imaginary Schur-Weyl duality'. We introduce an imagina…
In this paper, we compute the Gelfand-Kirillov dimensions for the infinite-dimensional explicit irreducible $\mathfrak{o}(n, \mathbb{C})$-modules and $\mathfrak{sp}(2n, \mathbb{C})$-modules that appeared in the $\mathbb{Z}$-graded oscillator generalizations of the classical theorem on harmonic polynomials established by Luo and Xu. We also found that some of the modules have the secondly minimal GK-dimension, and some of them have the larger GK-dimension than the maximal GK-dimension of unitary highest-weight modules.
We put the Adler-Gelfand-Dickey approach to classical W-algebras in the framework of Poisson vertex algebras. We show how to recover the bi-Poisson structure of the KP hierarchy, together with its generalizations and reduction to the N-th KdV hierarchy, using the formal distribution calculus and the lambda-bracket formalism. We apply the Lenard-Magri scheme to prove integrability of the corresponding hierarchies. We also give a simple proof of a theorem of Kupershmidt and Wilson in this framework. Based on this approach, we generalize all these results to the matrix case. In particular, we fin…
Young's orthogonal basis is a classical basis for an irreducible representation of a symmetric group. This basis happens to be a Gelfand-Tsetlin basis for the chain of symmetric groups. It is well-known that the chain of alternating groups, just like the chain of symmetric groups, has multiplicity-free restrictions for irreducible representations. Therefore each irreducible representation of an alternating group also admits Gelfand-Tsetlin bases. Moreover, each such representation is either the restriction of, or a subrepresentation of, the restriction of an irreducible representation of a sym…
In this paper we introduce an intrinsic version of the classical induction of representations for a subgroup $H$ of a (finite) group $G$, called here {\em geometric induction}, which associates to any, not necessarily transitive, $G$-set $X$ and any representation of the action groupoid $A(G,X)$ associated to $G$ and $X$, a representation of the group $G$. We show that geometric induction, applied to one dimensional characters of the action groupoid of a suitable $G$-set $X$ affords a Gelfand Model for $G$ in the case where $G$ is either the symmetric group or the projective general linear gro…
We discuss several topics of homological algebra for the Lie superalgebra osp(1|2n). First we focus on Bott-Kostant cohomology, which yields classical results although the cohomology is not given by the kernel of the Kostant quabla operator. Based on this cohomology we can derive strong Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolutions for finite dimensional osp(1|2n)-modules. Then we state the Bott-Borel-Weil theorem which follows immediately from the Bott-Kostant cohomology by using the Peter-Weyl theorem for osp(1|2n). Finally we calculate the projective dimension of irreducible and Verma modules in th…
We construct infinite-dimensional analogues of finite-dimensional simple modules of the nonstandard $q$-deformed enveloping algebra $U_q'(\mathfrak{so}_n)$ defined by Gavrilik and Klimyk, and we do the same for the classical universal enveloping algebra $U(\mathfrak{so}_n)$. In this paper we only consider the case when $q$ is not a root of unity, and $q\to 1$ for the classical case. Extending work by Mazorchuk on $\mathfrak{so}_n$, we provide rational matrix coefficients for these infinite-dimensional modules of both $U_q'(\mathfrak{so}_n)$ and $U(\mathfrak{so}_n)$. We use these modules with r…
A continuation of the joint work by Vadim Gorin and the author, J. Funct. Anal. 270 (2016), 375-418; arXiv:1504.06832. The extended Gelfand-Tsetlin graph, introduced in that paper, is a novel combinatorial object. Its q-boundary is formed by infinite point configurations on a two-sided q-lattice. The q-boundary carries a continuous family of probability measures that are a q-analogue of the so-called zw-measures, which originated in the problem of harmonic analysis on the infinite-dimensional unitary group. In the present paper, it is proved that certain transition Markov kernels, linked to th…
We consider two bases for an arbitrary finite dimensional irreducible representation of a complex special linear Lie algebra: the classical Gelfand-Tsetlin basis and the relatively new Chari-Loktev basis. Both are parametrized by the set of (integral Gelfand-Tsetlin) patterns with a fixed bounding sequence determined by the highest weight of the representation. We define the "row-wise dominance" partial order on this set of patterns, and prove that the transition matrix between the two bases is triangular with respect to this partial order. We write down explicit expressions for the diagonal e…
We associate to an arbitrary positive root $α$ of a complex semisimple finite-dimensional Lie algebra $\mfrak{g}$ a twisting endofunctor $T_α$ of the category of $\mfrak{g}$-modules. We apply this functor to generalized Verma modules in the category $\mcal{O}(\mfrak{g})$ and construct a family of $α$-Gelfand--Tsetlin modules with finite $Γ_α$-multiplicities, where $Γ_α$ is a commutative $\C$-subalgebra of the universal enveloping algebra of $\mfrak{g}$ generated by a Cartan subalgebra of $\mfrak{g}$ and by the Casimir element of the $\mfrak{sl}(2)$-subalgebra corresponding to the root $α$. Thi…
In this paper, we define a mixed-base number system over a Weyl group of type $D$, the group even-signed permutations. We introduce one-to-one correspondence between positive integers and elements of Weyl groups of type $D$ after constructed the subexceedant function associating to the group. Thus, the integer representations of all classical Weyl groups are now completed.
We develop the theory of Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series for root systems of type C. For an arbitrary root system of rank r and a positive integer n, these are Dirichlet series in r complex variables with analytic continuation and functional equations isomorphic to the associated Weyl group. In type C, they conjecturally arise from the Fourier-Whittaker coefficients of minimal parabolic Eisenstein series on an n-fold metaplectic cover of SO(2r+1). For any odd n, we construct an infinite family of Dirichlet series conjecturally satisfying the above analytic properties. The coefficients of …
With a view to determining character values of finite reductive groups at unipotent elements, we prove a number of results concerning inner products of generalised Gelfand-Graev characters with characteristic functions of character sheaves, here called Lusztig functions. These are used to determine projections of generalised Gelfand-Graev characters to the space of unipo- tent characters, and to the space of characters with a given wave front set. Such projections are expressed largely in terms of Weyl group data. We show how the values of characters at their unipotent support or wave front se…
The universal enveloping algebra of any semisimple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ contains a family of maximal commutative subalgebras, called shift of argument subalgebras, parametrized by regular Cartan elements of $\mathfrak{g}$. For $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{gl}_n$ the Gelfand-Tsetlin commutative subalgebra in $U(\mathfrak{g})$ arises as some limit of subalgebras from this family. In our previous work (arXiv:1807.11126) we studied the analogous limit of shift of argument subalgebras for the Lie algebras $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{sp}_{2n}$ and $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{o}_{2n+1}$. We described the li…
