We show that standard machine-learning algorithms may be trained to predict certain invariants of low genus arithmetic curves. Using datasets of size around one hundred thousand, we demonstrate the utility of machine-learning in classification problems pertaining to the BSD invariants of an elliptic curve (including its rank and torsion subgroup), and the analogous invariants of a genus 2 curve. Our results show that a trained machine can efficiently classify curves according to these invariants with high accuracies (>0.97). For problems such as distinguishing between torsion orders, and the recognition of integral points, the accuracies can reach 0.998.
We consider the reduction of an elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers modulo primes in a given arithmetic progression and investigate how often the subgroup of rational points of this reduced curve is cyclic as a special case of Serre's Cyclicity Conjecture.
We review the following subjects: 1. Basic theory on algebraic curves and their moduli space, 2. Schottky uniformization theory of Riemann surfaces, and its extension called arithmetic uniformization theory, 3. Application to these theories to the arithmetic of the moduli space of algebraic curves, especially to automorphic forms on this space.
We classify ``arithmetic convection equations'' on modular curves, and describe their space of solutions. Certain of these solutions involve the Fourier expansions of the Eisenstein modular forms of weight 4 and 6, while others involve the Serre-Tate expansions of the same modular forms; in this sense, our arithmetic convection equations can be seen as "unifying" the two types of expansions. The theory can be generalized to one of ``arithmetic heat equations'' on modular curves, but we prove that modular curves do not carry ``arithmetic wave equations.'' Finally, we prove an instability result…
We look for elliptic curves featuring rational points whose coordinates form two arithmetic progressions, one for each coordinate. A constructive method for creating such curves is shown, for lengths up to 5.
The purpose of this article is to initiate Arakelov theory in a noncommutative setting. More precisely, we are concerned with Arakelov theory of noncommutative arithmetic curves. Our first main result is an arithmetic Riemann-Roch formula in this setup. We proceed with introducing the Grothendieck group of arithmetic vector bundles on a noncommutative arithmetic curve and show that there is a uniquely determined degree map, which we then use to define a height function. We prove a duality theorem for this height.
In this note, I study a comparison map between a motivic and étale cohomology group of an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{Q}$ just outside the range of Voevodsky's isomorphism theorem. I show that the property of an appropriate version of the map being an isomorphism is equivalent to certain arithmetical properties of the elliptic curve.
We compute the arithmetic volumes of integral models of unitary Shimura curves. This establishes the base case of an inductive argument to compute the arithmetic volumes of unitary Shimura varieties of higher dimension, to appear in subsequent work of Bruinier and the author.
In this article we improve the upper bound for the arithmetic self-intersection number of the dualizing sheaf of the minimal regular model for the Fermat curves $F_p$ of prime exponent.
We prove arithmetic Riemann-Roch and Hilbert-Samuel type formulae for pointed stable curves. We give applications to volumes of lattices of integral cusps forms for pointed stable curves of genus 0.
In this short note, we shall construct a certain topological family which contains all elliptic curves over Q and, as an application, show that this family provides some geometric interpretations of the Hasse-Weil L-function of an elliptic curve over Q whose Mordell-Weil group is of rank $\leq1$.
We prove an arithmetic Riemann-Roch theorem for pointed stable curves. We derive consequences for the Selberg zeta function of an open modular curve $Y_{1}(p)$ (resp. $Y_{0}(p)$), for a prime number $p\geq 11$ (resp. congruent to 11 modulo 12).
In this paper we study elliptic curves which have a number of points whose coordinates are in arithmetic progression. We first motivate this diophantine problem, prove some results, provide a number of interesting examples and, finally point out open questions which focus on the most interesting aspects of the problem for us.
In this paper, we compute the semi-stable models of modular curves $X_0(p^2)$ for odd primes $p > 3$ and compute the Arakelov self-intersection numbers of the relative dualising sheaves for these models. We give two arithmetic applications of our computations. In particular, we give an effective version of the Bogomolov conjecture following the strategy outlined by Zhang and find the stable Faltings heights of the arithmetic surfaces corresponding to these modular curves.
In this paper, we consider a family of twists of a superelliptic curve over a global field, and obtain results on the distribution of the Mordell-Weil rank of these twists. Our results have applications to the distribution of the number of rational points.
We establish an arithmetic intersection theory in the framework of Arakelov geometry over adelic curves. To each projective scheme over an adelic curve, we associate a multi-homogenous form on the group of adelic Cartier divisors, which can be written as an integral of local intersection numbers along the adelic curve. The integrability of the local intersection number is justified by using the theory of resultants.
We show that asymptotically the first Betti number, or the arithmetic genus, of a Shimura curve satisfies the Gauss--Bonnet equality. We also show that the first Betti number of a congruence hyperbolic 3--orbifold asymptotically vanishes relatively to hyperbolic volume.
In 1983 Takeuchi showed that up to conjugation there are exactly 4 arithmetic subgroups of $\textrm{PSL}_2 (\mathbb{R})$ with signature $(1; \infty)$. Shinichi Mochizuki gave a purely geometric characterization of the corresponding arithmetic $(1; \infty)$-curves, which also arise naturally in the context of his recent work on inter-universal Teichmüller theory. Using Bely\uı maps, we explicitly determine the canonical models of these curves. We also study their arithmetic properties and modular interpretations.
We apply classical invariant theory of binary forms to explicitly characterize isomorphism classes of hyperelliptic curves of small genus and, conversely, propose algorithms for reconstructing hyperelliptic models from given invariants. We focus on genus 3 hyperelliptic curves. Both geometric and arithmetic aspects are considered.
We study arithmetic progression in the $x$-coordinate of rational points on genus two curves. As we know, there are two models for the curve $C$ of genus two: $C: y^2=f_{5}(x)$ or $C: y^2=f_{6}(x)$, where $f_{5}, f_{6}\in\Q[x]$, $\operatorname{deg}f_{5}=5, \operatorname{deg}f_{6}=6$ and the polynomials $f_{5}, f_{6}$ do not have multiple roots. First we prove that there exists an infinite family of curves of the form $y^2=f(x)$, where $f\in\Q[x]$ and $\operatorname{deg}f=5$ each containing 11 points in arithmetic progression. We also present an example of $F\in\Q[x]$ with $\operatorname{deg}F=…
We study the class field theory of curve defined over two dimensional local field. The approch used here is a combination of the work of Kato-Saito, and Yoshida where the base field is one dimensional
Three decades ago, Montgomery introduced a new elliptic curve model for use in Lenstra's ECM factorization algorithm. Since then, his curves and the algorithms associated with them have become foundational in the implementation of elliptic curve cryptosystems. This article surveys the theory and cryptographic applications of Montgomery curves over non-binary finite fields, including Montgomery's x-only arithmetic and Ladder algorithm, x-only Diffie--Hellman, y-coordinate recovery, and 2-dimensional and Euclidean differential addition chains such as Montgomery's PRAC algorithm.
For any family of elliptic curves over the rational numbers with fixed $j$-invariant, we prove that the existence of a long sequence of rational points whose $x$-coordinates form a non-trivial arithmetic progression implies that the Mordell-Weil rank is large, and similarly for $y$-coordinates. We give applications related to uniform boundedness of ranks, conjectures by Bremner and Mohanty, and arithmetic statistics on elliptic curves. Our approach involves Nevanlinna theory as well as Rémond's quantitative extension of results of Faltings.
We study the arithmetic self-intersection number of the dualizing sheaf on arithmetic surfaces with respect to morphisms of a particular kind. We obtain upper bounds for the arithmetic self-intersection number of the dualizing sheaf on minimal regular models of the modular curves associated with congruence subgroups $Γ_0(N)$ with square free level, as well as for the modular curves X(N) and the Fermat curves with prime exponent.
A telegraphic survey of some of the standard results and conjectures about the set $C({\bf Q})$ of rational points on a smooth projective absolutely connected curve $C$ over ${\bf Q}$.
We establish a valuative version of Grothendieck's section conjecture for curves over p-adic local fields. The image of every section is contained in the decomposition subgroup of a valuation which prolongs the p-adic valuation to the function field of the curve.
Let m be a positive integer and a,q two rational numbers. Denote by AP_m(a,q) the set of rational numbers d such that a,a+q,...,a+(m-1)q form an arithmetic progression in the Edwards curve E_d:x^2+y^2=1+d x^2 y^2. We study the set AP_m(a,q) and we parametrize it by the rational points of an algebraic curve.
We give a close formula for the Néron-Tate height of tautological integral cycles on Jacobians of curves over number fields as well as a new lower bound for the arithmetic self-intersection number $\hatω^2$ of the dualizing sheaf of a curve in terms of Zhang's invariant $φ$. As an application, we obtain an effective Bogomolov-type result for the tautological cycles. We deduce these results from a more general combinatorial computation of arithmetic intersection numbers of adelic line bundles on higher self-products of curves, which are linear combinations of pullbacks of line bundles on the cu…
A new approach has been recently developed to study the arithmetic of hyperelliptic curves $y^2=f(x)$ over local fields of odd residue characteristic via combinatorial data associated to the roots of $f$. Since its introduction, numerous papers have used this machinery of "cluster pictures" to compute a plethora of arithmetic invariants associated to these curves. The purpose of this user's guide is to summarise and centralise all of these results in a self-contained fashion, complemented by an abundance of examples.
An ADE Dynkin diagram gives rise to a family of algebraic curves. In this paper, we use arithmetic invariant theory to study the integral points of the curves associated to the exceptional diagrams $E_6, E_7$, $E_8$. These curves are non-hyperelliptic of genus 3 or 4. We prove that a positive proportion of each family consists of curves with integral points everywhere locally but no integral points globally.
We consider the problem of efficient computation in the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve of genus 3 defined over a field whose characteristic is not 2. For curves with a rational Weierstrass point, fast explicit formulas are well known and widely available. Here we address the general case, in which we do not assume the existence of a rational Weierstrass point, using a balanced divisor approach.
We investigate the arithmetic of algebraic curves on coarse moduli spaces for special linear rank two local systems on surfaces with fixed boundary traces. We prove a structure theorem for morphisms from the affine line into the moduli space. We show that the set of integral points on any nondegenerate algebraic curve on the moduli space can be effectively determined.
We extend the results of the first author on nontrivial elements in the Shafarevich-Tate group of the jacobian of a quotient of a Fermat curve of prime degree, and use the methods of the second author to derive a result bounding the quadratic points on the Fermat curve of degree 19.
This is an introduction to a probabilistic model for the arithmetic of elliptic curves, a model developed in a series of articles of the author with Bhargava, Kane, Lenstra, Park, Rains, Voight, and Wood. We discuss the theoretical evidence for the model, and we make predictions about elliptic curves based on corresponding theorems proved about the model. In particular, the model suggests that all but finitely many elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ have rank $\le 21$, which would imply that the rank is uniformly bounded.
By Grothendieck's anabelian conjectures, Galois representations landing in outer automorphism group of the algebraic fundamental group which are associated to hyperbolic smooth curves defined over number-fields encode all the arithmetic information of these curves. The Goal of this paper is to develop an arithmetic Teichmuller theory, by which we mean, introducing arithmetic objects summarizing the arithmetic information coming from all curves of the same topological type defined over number-fields. We also introduce Hecke-Teichmuller Lie algebra which plays the role of Hecke algebra in the an…
The correspondence between right triangles with rational sides, triplets of rational squares in arithmetic succession and integral solutions of certain quadratic forms is well known. We show how this correspondence can be extended to the generalized notions of rational $θ$-triangles, rational squares occurring in arithmetic progressions and concordant forms. In our approach we establish one-to-one mappings to rational points on certain elliptic curves and examine in detail the role of solutions of the $θ$-congruent number problem and the concordant form problem associated with nontrivial torsi…
Xue proved an equational refinement of the unitary Shimura curve case of the arithmetic Gan-Gross-Prasad conjecture via the Gross-Zagier formula for quaternionic Shimura curves. On the other hand, Rapoport, Smithling and Zhang posed a variant of the conjecture, using modified PEL type Shimura varieties, which we call RSZ Shimura varieties. We reinterpret the result of Xue in terms of the modified Shimura curves. We then use the reinterpretation to prove a case of the variant of the conjecture. Our result combined with the work of Xue establishes a connection between the variant and the Gross-Z…
The arithmetic of elliptic curves, namely polynomial addition and scalar multiplication, can be described in terms of global sections of line bundles on $E\times E$ and $E$, respectively, with respect to a given projective embedding of $E$ in $\mathbb{P}^r$. By means of a study of the finite dimensional vector spaces of global sections, we reduce the problem of constructing and finding efficiently computable polynomial maps defining the addition morphism or isogenies to linear algebra. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by improving the best known complexity for doubling and tripli…
We show how the size of the Galois groups of iterates of a quadratic polynomial $f(x)$ can be parametrized by certain rational points on the curves $C_n:y^2=f^n(x)$ and their quadratic twists. To that end, we study the arithmetic of such curves over global and finite fields, translating key problems in the arithmetic of polynomial iteration into a geometric framework. This point of view has several dynamical applications. For instance, we establish a maximality theorem for the Galois groups of the fourth iterate of quadratic polynomials $x^2+c$, using techniques in the theory of rational point…
We show that the points of a global function field, whose classes are 2-divisible in the Picard group, form a connected graph, with the incidence relation generalizing the well known quadratic reciprocity law. We prove that for every global function field the dimension of this graph is precisely 2. In addition we develop an analog of global square theorem that concerns points 2-divisible in the Picard group.
In this paper, we will define analogues of multiple zeta values by replacing the differential forms defining multiple zeta values with some $\mathbb{Q}$-rational differential forms on the Fermat curve $F_2$ of degree 2 and discuss their arithmetic properties. We also investigate a motivic structure of the motivic periods corresponding to our periods. However, in order to study them, the current theory for motivic zeta elements is insufficient, and it leads us to study the base extension of the space of the motivic periods $\mathcal{H}_4$ of level 4 and its Galois invariant part.
In this paper we investigate the theory of cuspidalisation of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of hyperbolic curves to cuspidally i-th and 2/p-th step prosolvable arithmetic fundamental groups. As a consequence we exhibit two, necessary and sufficient, conditions for sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of hyperbolic curves over p-adic local fields to arise from rational points. We also exhibit a class of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of p-adic curves which are orthogonal to Pic, and which satisfy (unconditionally) one of the above conditions.
Given a smooth plane quartic curve C over a field k of characteristic 0, with Jacobian variety J, and a marked rational point P of C(k), we construct a reductive group G and a G-variety X, together with an injection J(k)/2J(k) -> G(k)\X(k). We do this using the Mumford theta group of J, and a construction of Lurie which passes from Heisenberg groups to Lie algebras.
Using arithmetic jet spaces, we attach perfectoid spaces to smooth schemes and to $δ$-morphisms of smooth schemes. We also study perfectoid spaces attached to arithmetic differential equations defined by some of the remarkable $δ$-morphisms appearing in the theory such as the $δ$-characters of elliptic curves and the $δ$-period map on modular curves.
Let X and Y be curves over a finite field. In this article we explore methods to determine whether there is a rational map from Y to X by considering L-functions of certain covers of X and Y and propose a specific family of covers to address the special case of determining when X and Y are isomorphic. We also discuss an application to factoring polynomials over finite fields.
We present an algorithm which speeds scalar multiplication on a general elliptic curve by an estimated 3.8 % to 8.5 % over the best known general methods when using affine coordinates. This is achieved by eliminating a field multiplication when we compute 2P+Q from given points P, Q on the curve. We give applications to simultaneous multiple scalar multiplication and to the Elliptic Curve Method of factorization. We show how this improvement together with another idea can speed the computation of the Weil and Tate pairings by up to 7.8 %.
We discuss the problem of existence of rational curves on a certain del Pezzo surface from a computational point of view and suggest a computer algorithm implementing search. In particular, our computations reveal that the surface contains 920 rational curves with parametrizations of degree 8 and does not contain rational curves for a smaller degree.
We describe recent work on the arithmetic properties of moduli spaces of stable vector bundles and stable parabolic bundles on a curve over a global field. In particular, we describe a connection between the period-index problem for Brauer classes over the function field of the curve and the Hasse principle for rational points on etale forms of such moduli spaces, refining classical results of Artin and Tate. Submitted to proceedings of a Clay workshop on vector bundles on curves in honor of Newstead.
Much of arithmetic geometry is concerned with the study of principal bundles. They occur prominently in the arithmetic of elliptic curves and, more recently, in the study of the Diophantine geometry of curves of higher genus. In particular, the geometry of moduli spaces of principal bundles appears to be closely related to an effective version of Faltings's theorem on finiteness of rational points on curves of genus at least 2. The study of arithmetic principal bundles includes the study of {\em Galois representations}, the structures linking motives to automorphic forms according to the Langl…
