The Chern-Schwartz-MacPherson (CSM) and motivic Chern (mC) classes of Schubert cells in a Grassmannian are one parameter deformations of the fundamental classes of the Schubert varieties in cohomology and K-theory respectively. Like the fundamental classes, the deformed classes form a basis for the cohomology and K-theory ring of the Grassmannian. The purpose of this paper is to initiate the study of the structure constants associated to the basis CSM and mC classes in terms of the combinatorics of polynomials. First, we prove formulas for the structure constants of projective spaces that involve binomial coefficients. Then, using residue calculus on wieght functions, we describe the structure constants of projective spaces and certain related structure constants of 2-plane Grassmannians as coefficients of explicit polynomials in one variable. Finally, we propose an approach for obtaining more general results in this direction, and make conjectures generalizing the aformentioned results for projective spaces.
Let X be a symplectic or odd orthogonal Grassmannian which parametrizes isotropic subspaces in a vector space equipped with a nondegenerate (skew) symmetric form. We prove quantum Giambelli formulas which express an arbitrary Schubert class in the small quantum cohomology ring of X as a polynomial in certain special Schubert classes, extending the cohomological Giambelli formulas of arXiv:0811.2781.
The main result of the paper is a determinantal formula for the restriction to a torus fixed point of the equivariant class of a Schubert subvariety in the torus equivariant integral cohomology ring of the Grassmannian. As a corollary, we obtain an equivariant version of the Giambelli formula.
Let X be an orthogonal Grassmannian parametrizing isotropic subspaces in an even dimensional vector space equipped with a nondegenerate symmetric form. We prove a Giambelli formula which expresses an arbitrary Schubert class in the singular and quantum cohomology ring of X as a polynomial in certain special Schubert classes. Our analysis reveals a surprising relation between the Schubert calculus on even and odd orthogonal Grassmannians. We also study eta polynomials, a family of polynomials defined using raising operators whose algebra agrees with the Schubert calculus on X.
Let $X$ be an isotropic Grassmannian of type $B$, $C$, or $D$. In this paper we calculate $K$-theoretic Pieri-type triple intersection numbers for $X$: that is, the sheaf Euler characteristic of the triple intersection of two arbitrary Schubert varieties and a special Schubert variety in general position. We do this by determining explicit equations for the projected Richardson variety corresponding to the two arbitrary Schubert varieties, and show that it is a complete intersection in projective space. The $K$-theoretic Pieri coefficients are alternating sums of these triple intersection numb…
Let X be a symplectic or odd orthogonal Grassmannian parametrizing isotropic subspaces in a vector space equipped with a nondegenerate (skew) symmetric form. We prove a Giambelli formula which expresses an arbitrary Schubert class in H^*(X,Z) as a polynomial in certain special Schubert classes. We study theta polynomials, a family of polynomials defined using raising operators whose algebra agrees with the Schubert calculus on X. Furthermore, we prove that theta polynomials are special cases of Billey-Haiman Schubert polynomials and use this connection to express the former as positive linear …
Using localization methods on the moduli space of stable quasimaps to Grassmannian, we give explicit formulas of $J$-function and double $J$-function of stable quasimaps for complete intersection in Grassmannian.
Let V be a symplectic vector space and LG be the Lagrangian Grassmannian which parametrizes maximal isotropic subspaces in V. We give a presentation for the (small) quantum cohomology ring QH^*(LG) and show that its multiplicative structure is determined by the ring of (Q^~)-polynomials. We formulate a "quantum Schubert calculus" which includes quantum Pieri and Giambelli formulas, as well as algorithms for computing the structure constants appearing in the quantum product of Schubert classes.
We give a closed-form formula for the Hilbert function of the tangent cone at the identity of a Schubert variety X in the Grassmannian in both group theoretic and combinatorial terms. We also give a formula for the multiplicity of X at the identity, and a Grobner basis for the ideal defining the intersection of X with the opposite cell as a closed subvariety of the opposite cell. We give conjectures for the Hilbert function and multiplicity at points other than the identity.
We show that intersection numbers on the moduli space of stable bundles of coprime rank and degree over a smooth complex curve can be recovered as highest-degree asymptotics in formulas of Vafa-Intriligator type. In particular, we explicitly evaluate all intersection numbers appearing in the Verlinde formula. Our results are in agreement with previous computations of Witten, Jeffrey-Kirwan and Liu. Moreover, we prove the vanishing of certain intersections on a suitable Quot scheme which can be interpreted as giving equations between counts of maps to the Grassmannian.
We obtain identities involving symmetric and doubly symmetric polynomials. These identities provide a way of handling expressions appearing in the Atiyah-Bott-Berline-Vergne formula for Grassmannians. As corollaries, we obtain formulas for integrals over Grassmannians of characteristic classes of the tautological bundles. Moreover, we provide a valid proof of the Martin formula for the classical Grassmannian.
Using the method of degenerating a Grassmannian into a toric variety, we calculate recursive formulas for the dimensions of the eigenspaces of the action of an n-dimensional torus on a Grassmannian of planes in an n-dimensional space. In order to verify our result we compare it with the polynomial describing the Euler characteristic of invertible sheaves on a projective space with four blown-up points.
We give a Pieri rule for the torus-equivariant cohomology of (submaximal) Grassmannians of Lie types B, C, and D. To the authors' best knowledge, our rule is the first manifestly positive formula, beyond the equivariant Chevalley formula. We also give a simple proof of the equivariant Pieri rule for the ordinary (type A) Grassmannian.
We give an elementary proof of the Pieri-type formula in the cohomology of a Grassmannian of maximal isotropic subspaces of an odd orthogonal or symplectic vector space. This proof proceeds by explicitly computing a triple intersection of Schubert varieties. The decisive step is an explicit description of the intersection of two Schubert varieties, from which the multiplicities (which are powers of 2) in the Pieri-type formula are deduced.
We prove Pieri formulas for the multiplication with special Schubert classes in the K-theory of all cominuscule Grassmannians. For Grassmannians of type A this gives a new proof of a formula of Lenart. Our formula is new for Lagrangian Grassmannians, and for orthogonal Grassmannians it proves a special case of a conjectural Littlewood-Richardson rule of Thomas and Yong. Recent work of Thomas and Yong and of E. Clifford has shown that the full Littlewood-Richardson rule for orthogonal Grassmannians follows from the Pieri case proved here. We describe the K-theoretic Pieri coefficients both as i…
We first prove an identity involving symmetric polynomials. This identity leads us into exploring the geometry of Lagrangian Grassmannians. As an insight applications, we obtain a formula for the integral over the Lagrangian Grassmannian of a characteristic class of the tautological sub-bundle. Moreover, a relation to that over the ordinary Grassmannian and its application to the degree formula for the Lagrangian Grassmannian are given. Finally, we present further applications to the computation of Schubert structure constants and three-point, degree $1$, genus $0$ Gromov--Witten invariants of…
We give positive formulas for the restriction of a Schubert Class to a T-fixed point in the equivariant K-theory and equivariant cohomology of the Lagrangian Grassmannian. Our formulas rely on a result of Ghorpade-Raghavan, which gives an equivariant Grobner degeneration of a Schubert variety in the neighborhood of a T-fixed point of the Lagrangian Grassmannian.
We give a formula in terms of Young diagrams to calculate the minimum positive integer $d$ such that $q^d$ appears in the quantum product of two Schubert classes for the submaximal isotropic Grassmannians in Types B and C. We do this by studying curve neighborhoods. We compute curve neighborhoods in several combinatorial models including $k$-strict partitions and a set of partitions where their inclusion is compatible with the Bruhat order.
The Richardson variety $X_w^v$ is defined to be the intersection of the Schubert variety $X_w$ and the opposite Schubert variety $X^v$. For $X_w^v$ in the Grassmannian, we obtain a standard monomial basis for the homogeneous coordinate ring of $X_w^v$. We use this basis first to prove the vanishing of $H^i(X_w^v,L^m)$, $i > 0 $, $m \geq 0$, where $L$ is the restriction to $X_w^v$ of the ample generator of the Picard group of the Grassmannian; then to determine a basis for the tangent space and a criterion for smoothness for $X_w^v$ at any $T$-fixed point $e_\t$; and finally to derive a recursi…
We give positive formulas for the restriction of a Schubert Class to a T-fixed point in the equivariant K-theory and equivariant cohomology of the Grassmannian. Our formulas rely on a result of Kodiyalam-Raghavan and Kreiman-Lakshmibai, which gives an equivariant Grobner degeneration of a Schubert variety in the neighborhood of a T-fixed point of the Grassmannian.
We answer some questions related to multiplicity formulas by Rosenthal and Zelevinsky and by Lakshmibai and Weyman for points on Schubert varieties in Grassmannians. In particular, we give combinatorial interpretations in terms of nonintersecting lattice paths of these formulas, which makes the equality of the two formulas immediately obvious. Furthermore we provide an alternative determinantal formula for these multiplicities, and we show that they count semistandard tableaux of unusual shapes.
We prove a theorem classifying the equivariant $K$-theoretic pushforwards of the product of arbitrary Schur functors applied to the tautological bundle on the moduli space of framed rank $r$ torsion-free sheaves on $\mathbb{P}^2$, and its dual. This is done by deriving a formula for similar coefficients on Grassmannian varieties, and by thinking of the moduli space as a class in the $K$-theory of the Grassmannian, in analogy with the construction of the Hilbert scheme when the rank is one. Our motivations stem from some vertex operator calculus studied recently by Nekrasov, Okounkov, and the a…
We study the torus equivariant Schubert classes of the Grassmannian of non-maximal isotropic subspaces in a symplectic vector space. We prove a formula that expresses each of those classes as a sum of multi Schur-Pfaffians, whose entries are equivariantly modified special Schubert classes. Our result gives a proof to Wilson's conjectural formula, which generalizes the Giambelli formula for the ordinary cohomology proved by Buch-Kresch-Tamvakis, given in terms of Young's raising operators. Furthermore we show that the formula extends to a certain family of Schubert classes of the symplectic par…
The odd symplectic Grassmannian $\mathrm{IG}:=\mathrm{IG}(k, 2n+1)$ parametrizes $k$ dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{C}^{2n+1}$ which are isotropic with respect to a general (necessarily degenerate) symplectic form. The odd symplectic group acts on $\mathrm{IG}$ with two orbits, and $\mathrm{IG}$ is itself a smooth Schubert variety in the submaximal isotropic Grassmannian $\mathrm{IG}(k, 2n+2)$. We use the technique of curve neighborhoods to prove a Chevalley formula in the equivariant quantum cohomology of $\mathrm{IG}$, i.e. a formula to multiply a Schubert class by the Schubert divisor cl…
All-loop planar scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory can be formulated geometrically in terms of the "amplituhedron". We study the mathematical structures of the one-loop amplituhedron, and present a new formula for its canonical measure, or the one-loop Grassmannian measure formula. Using the recently proposed momentum-twistor diagrams, we show that there is a correspondence between the cells of one-loop amplituhedron, BCFW terms or equivalently on-shell diagrams, and residues of the one-loop Grassmannian formula. In particular, for the first non-trivial case of…
We give a new description of the Pieri rule for k-Schur functions using the Bruhat order on the affine type-A Weyl group. In doing so, we prove a new combinatorial formula for representatives of the Schubert classes for the cohomology of affine Grassmannians. We show how new combinatorics involved in our formulas gives the Kostka-Foulkes polynomials and discuss how this can be applied to study the transition matrices between Hall-Littlewood and k-Schur functions.
Let $LG_n$ denote the Lagrangian Grassmannian parametrizing maximal isotropic (Lagrangian) subspaces of a fixed symplectic vector space of dimension $2n.$ For each strict partition $λ=(λ_1,...,λ_k)$ with $λ_1\leq n$ there is a Schubert variety $X(λ).$ Let $T$ denote a maximal torus of the symplectic group acting on $LG_n.$ Consider the $T$-equivariant cohomology of $LG_n$ and the $T$-equivariant fundamental class $σ(λ)$ of $X(λ).$ The main result of the present paper is an explicit formula for the restriction of the class $σ(λ)$ to any torus fixed point. The formula is written in terms of fact…
We derive some explicit expressions for correlators on Grassmannian G_r(C^n) as well as on the moduli space of holomorphic maps, of a fixed degree d, from sphere into the Grassmannian. Correlators obtained on the Grassmannain are a first step generalization of the Schubert formula for the self-intersection. The intersection numbers on the moduli space for r=2,3 are given explicitly by two closed formulas, when r=2 the intersection numbers, are found to generate the alternate Fibonacci numbers, the Pell numbers and in general a random walk of a particle on a line with absorbing barriers. For r=…
We generalize our puzzle formula for ordinary Schubert calculus on Grassmannians, to a formula for the T-equivariant Schubert calculus. The structure constants to be calculated are polynomials in {y_{i+1} - y_i}; they were shown (abstractly) to have positive coefficients in [Graham] math.AG/9908172. Our formula is the first to be manifestly positive in this sense. In particular this gives a new and self-contained proof of the ordinary puzzle formula, by an induction backwards from the "most equivariant" case. The proof of the formula is mostly combinatorial, but requires no prior combinatorics…
Scattering amplitudes in 4d $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory (SYM) can be described by Grassmannian contour integrals whose form depends on whether the external data is encoded in momentum space, twistor space, or momentum twistor space. After a pedagogical review, we present a new, streamlined proof of the equivalence of the three integral formulations. A similar strategy allows us to derive a new Grassmannian integral for 3d $\mathcal{N}=6$ ABJM theory amplitudes in momentum twistor space: it is a contour integral in an orthogonal Grassmannian with the novel property that the internal…
Let $G:=\widehat{SL_2}$ denote the affine Kac-Moody group associated to $SL_2$ and $\bar{\mathcal{X}}$ the associated affine Grassmannian. We determine an inductive formula for the Schubert basis structure constants in the torus-equivariant Grothendieck group of $\bar{\mathcal{X}}$. In the case of ordinary (non-equivariant) $K$-theory we find an explicit closed form for the structure constants. We also determine an inductive formula for the structure constants in the torus-equivariant cohomology ring, and use this formula to find closed forms for some of the structure constants.
We show that (equivariant) K-theoretic 3-point Gromov-Witten invariants of genus zero on a Grassmann variety are equal to triple intersections computed in the ordinary (equivariant) K-theory of a two-step flag manifold, thus generalizing an earlier result of Buch, Kresch, and Tamvakis. In the process we show that the Gromov-Witten variety of curves passing through 3 general points is irreducible and rational. Our applications include Pieri and Giambelli formulas for the quantum K-theory ring of a Grassmannian, which determine the multiplication in this ring. Our formula for Gromov-Witten invar…
We establish a direct connection between scattering amplitudes in planar four-dimensional theories and a remarkable mathematical structure known as the positive Grassmannian. The central physical idea is to focus on on-shell diagrams as objects of fundamental importance to scattering amplitudes. We show that the all-loop integrand in N=4 SYM is naturally represented in this way. On-shell diagrams in this theory are intimately tied to a variety of mathematical objects, ranging from a new graphical representation of permutations to a beautiful stratification of the Grassmannian G(k,n) which gene…
We study residue formulas for push-forward in K-theory of homogeneous spaces. First we review formulas for classical groups, which we derive from a formula for the classical Grassmannian case. Next we consider the homogeneous spaces for G2. One of them embeds in the Grassmannian Gr(2,7). We find its fundamental class in the equivariant K-theory and obtain the residue formula for the push-forward. This formula is valid for G2/B as well.
We give a proof of a result of D. Peterson's identifying the quantum cohomology ring of a Grassmannian with the reduced coordinate ring of a certain subvariety of $GL_n$. The totally positive part of this subvariety is then constructed and we give closed formulas for the values of the Schubert basis elements on the totally positive points. We then use the developed methods to give a new proof of a formula of Vafa and Intriligator and Bertram for the structure constants (Gromov--Witten invariants). Finally, we use the positivity of these Gromov--Witten invariants to prove certain inequalities f…
The quaternionic Grassmannian HGr(r,n) is the affine open subscheme of the ordinary Grassmannian parametrizing those 2r-dimensional subspaces of a 2n-dimensional symplectic vector space on which the symplectic form is nondegenerate. In particular there is HP^{n} = HGr(1,n+1). For a symplectically oriented cohomology theory A, including oriented theories but also hermitian K-theory, Witt groups and symplectic and special linear algebraic cobordism, we have A(HP^{n}) = A(pt)[p]/(p^{n+1}). We define Borel classes for symplectic bundles. They satisfy a splitting principle and the Cartan sum formul…
We prove an explicit combinatorial formula for the structure constants of the Grothendieck ring of a Grassmann variety with respect to its basis of Schubert structure sheaves. We furthermore relate K-theory of Grassmannians to a bialgebra of stable Grothendieck polynomials, which is a K-theory parallel of the ring of symmetric functions.
In this note we describe the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian of $k$-planes in $n$-dimensional complex vector space as an $\mathrm{GL}_n$-module. We give explicit formulas for the operators of its principal $\mathfrak{sl}_2$-triple. It is proved that one of these operators corresponds to the shifted cohomology degree operator and the second operator coincides with the Lefschetz map on cohomology (as in the hard Lefschetz theorem). We check that the cohomology ring of the complex Grassmannian as a $\mathrm{GL}_n$-representation is isomorphic to the $k$-th exterior power of the standard $n$-d…
Based on the Basis theorem of Bruhat--Chevalley [C] and the formula for multiplying Schubert classes obtained in [D\QTR{group}{u}] and programed in [DZ$_{\QTR{group}{1}}$], we introduce a new method computing the Chow rings of flag varieties (resp. the integral cohomology of homogeneous spaces). The method and results of this paper have been extended in [DZ$_{3}$, DZ$_{4}$] to obtain the integral cohomology rings of all complete flag manifolds, and to construct the integral cohomologies of Lie groups in terms of Schubert classes.
Here, we utilize facts about the big Chern classes discovered by M. Kapranov and independently by M. V. Nori to prove certain results about the nonexistence of certain morphisms from Grassmannian to Grassmannian in characteristic 0. In particular, we show that the filtration F_. on CH^l(X) where F_rCH^l(X) is the linear span of ch_l(V) for all vector bundles V of rank <=r is nontrivial as a theory by showing that for a fixed l>=2, for infinitely many r, for a Grassmannian of r dimensional quotient spaces in an n dimensional vector space (n sufficiently large) over a field of charactersitic 0, …
In this paper, we study the T_w-equivariant cohomology of the weighted Grassmannians wGr(d,n) introduced by Corti-Reid where T_w is the n-dimensional torus that naturally acts on wGr(d,n). We introduce the equivariant weighted Schubert classes and, after we show that they form a basis of the equivariant cohomology, we give an explicit formula for the structure constants with respect to this Schubert basis. We also find a linearly independent subset {wu_1,...,wu_n} of Lie(T_w)^* such that those structure constants are polynomials in wu_i's with non-negative coefficients, up to a permutation on …
The Grassmannian of affine subspaces is a natural generalization of both the Euclidean space, points being zero-dimensional affine subspaces, and the usual Grassmannian, linear subspaces being special cases of affine subspaces. We show that, like the Grassmannian, the affine Grassmannian has rich geometrical and topological properties: It has the structure of a homogeneous space, a differential manifold, an algebraic variety, a vector bundle, a classifying space, among many more structures; furthermore; it affords an analogue of Schubert calculus and its (co)homology and homotopy groups may be…
