For any gauge theory, there may be a subgroup of the gauge group which acts trivially on the matter content. While many physical observables are not sensitive to this fact, the identification of the precise gauge group becomes crucial when the magnetic spectrum of the theory is considered. This question is addressed in the context of Coulomb branches for $3$d $\mathcal{N}=4$ quiver gauge theories, which are moduli spaces of dressed monopole operators. Since monopole operators are characterized by their magnetic charge, the identification of the gauge group is imperative for the determination of the magnetic lattice. It is well-known that the gauge group of unframed unitary quivers is the product of all unitary nodes in the quiver modded out by the diagonal $\mathrm{U}(1)$ acting trivially on the matter representation. This reasoning generalises to the notion that a choice of gauge group associated to a quiver is given by the product of the individual nodes quotiented by any subgroup that acts trivially on the matter content. For unframed (unitary-) orthosymplectic quivers composed of $\mathrm{SO}(\textrm{even})$, $\mathrm{USp}$, and possibly $\mathrm{U}$ gauge nodes, the maximal subgroup acting trivially is a diagonal $\mathbb{Z}_2$. For unframed unitary quivers with a single $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ node it is $\mathbb{Z}_N$. We use this notion to compute the Coulomb branch Hilbert series of many unitary-orthosymplectic quivers. Examples include nilpotent orbit closures of the exceptional E-type algebras and magnetic quivers that arise from brane physics. This includes Higgs branches of theories with 8 supercharges in dimensions $4$, $5$, and $6$. A crucial ingredient in the calculation of exact refined Hilbert series is the alternative construction of unframed magnetic quivers from resolved Slodowy slices, whose Hilbert series can be derived from Hall-Littlewood polynomials.
We investigate orthosymplectic quivers that take the shape of D-type and B-type Dynkin diagrams. The D-type orthosymplectic quivers explored here contain a balanced "fork", i.e., a balanced subquiver with a D-type bifurcation, whereas the B-type orthosymplectic quivers are obtained by folding the D-type quivers. The Coulomb branches of these quivers are products of two moduli spaces. In the second part, the relevant orthosymplectic quivers are shown to emerge as magnetic quivers for brane configurations involving ON$^0$ planes. Notably, the appearance of ON$^0$ plane clarifies the product natu…
Folding identical legs of a simply-laced quiver creates a quiver with a non-simply laced edge. So far, this has been explored for quivers containing unitary gauge groups. In this paper, orthosymplectic quivers are folded, giving rise to a new family of quivers. This is realised by intersecting orientifolds in the brane system. The monopole formula for these non-simply laced orthosymplectic quivers is introduced. Some of the folded quivers have Coulomb branches that are closures of minimal nilpotent orbits of exceptional algebras, thus providing a new construction of these fundamental moduli sp…
We study the moduli space of 3d $\mathcal{N}=4$ quiver gauge theories with unitary, orthogonal and symplectic gauge nodes, that fall into exceptional sequences. We find that both the Higgs and Coulomb branches of the moduli space factorise into decoupled sectors. Each decoupled sector is described by a single quiver gauge theory with only unitary gauge nodes. The orthosymplectic quivers serve as magnetic quivers for 5d $\mathcal{N}=1$ superconformal field theories which can be engineered in type IIB string theories both with and without an O5 plane. We use this point of view to postulate the d…
Supersymmetric Sp(k) quantum chromodynamics with 8 supercharges in space-time dimensions 3 to 6 can be realised by two different Type II brane configurations in the presence of orientifolds. Consequently, two types of magnetic quivers describe the Higgs branch of the Sp(k) SQCD theory. This is a salient example of a general phenomenon: a given hyper-Kahler Higgs branch may admit several magnetic quiver constructions. It is then natural to wonder if these different magnetic quivers, which are described by 3d N=4 theories, are dual theories. In this work, the unitary and orthosymplectic magnetic…
We study the Higgs branch of 5d superconformal theories engineered from brane webs with orientifold five-planes. We propose a generalization of the rules to derive magnetic quivers from brane webs pioneered in arXiv:2004.04082, by analyzing theories that can be described with a brane web with and without O5 planes. Our proposed magnetic quivers include novel features, such as hypermultiplets transforming in the fundamental-fundamental representation of two gauge nodes, antisymmetric matter, and $\mathbb{Z}_2$ gauge nodes. We test our results by computing the Coulomb and Higgs branch Hilbert se…
We propose quivers for Coulomb branch constructions of universal implosions for orthogonal and symplectic groups, extending the work on special unitary groups in arXiv:2004.09620. The quivers are unitary-orthosymplectic as opposed to the purely unitary quivers in the A-type case. Where possible we check our proposals using Hilbert series techniques.
We study the Higgs branch of the SCFT limit of 5d SO(6) and SO(8) gauge theory with hypermultiplets in the spinor and vector representations. In the case of SO(6) gauge theories, we contrast the magnetic quivers obtained with those of SU(4) gauge theory with hypermultiplets in the fundamental and second rank antisymmetric representations. Since SU(4) gauge theories admit several different values of the Chern-Simons level, we make some observations about how to distinguish those theories from the brane webs of the SO(6) theories. In the case of SO(8) gauge theories, we use SO(8) triality to pro…
We consider N = 3 supersymmetric Chern-Simons gauge theories with product unitary and orthosymplectic groups and bifundamental and fundamental fields. We study the partition functions on an S^3 by using the Kapustin-Willett-Yaakov matrix model. The saddlepoint equations in a large N limit lead to a constraint that the long range forces between the eigenvalues must cancel; the resulting quiver theories are of affine Dynkin type. We introduce a folding/unfolding trick which lets us, at the level of the large N matrix model, (i) map quivers with orthosymplectic groups to those with unitary groups…
In this note we construct magnetic quivers for the known rank-2 four dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal field theories. For every rank-1 theory one can find a unitary magnetic quiver; we observe that this is no longer possible at rank 2. Our list of magnetic quivers necessarily includes orthosymplectic quivers, in addition to unitary ones, of both the simply and non-simply laced variety. Using quiver subtraction, one can compute Higgs branch Hasse diagrams and compare with the results obtained via other methods finding nearly perfect agreement.
Sezione INFN Roma “Tor Vergata” & Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Roma “Tor Vergata”（INFN罗马“托尔维加塔”分部与罗马“托尔维加塔”大学物理系）；Abdus Salam Centre for Theoretical Physics, Imperial College London（阿卜杜斯·萨拉姆理论物理中心，伦敦帝国理工学院）
Magnetic quivers have led to significant progress in the understanding of gauge theories with 8 supercharges at UV fixed points. For a given low-energy gauge theory realised via a Type II brane construction, there exist magnetic quivers for the Higgs branches at finite and infinite gauge coupling. Comparing these moduli spaces allows to study the non-perturbative effects when transitioning to the fixed point. For 5d $\mathcal{N}=1$ SQCD, 5-brane webs have been an important tool for deriving magnetic quivers. In this work, the emphasis is placed on 5-brane webs with orientifold 5-planes which g…
Sezione INFN Roma “Tor Vergata” & Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”（罗马托尔维加塔大学物理系及INFN罗马分部）；Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Fudan University（复旦大学数学与交叉科学研究院）；Shanghai Institute for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences (SIMIS)（上海数学与交叉学科研究院）
Limits of the Superconformal Index and the Moduli Space of 3d $\mathcal{N}=3$ Theories
Abdus Salam Centre for Theoretical Physics, Imperial College London（阿卜杜斯·萨拉姆理论物理中心，伦敦帝国理工学院）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano-Bicocca（米兰比可卡大学物理系）；INFN, sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所，米兰比可卡分部）；Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University（朱拉隆功大学理学院物理系）
M5 branes on a D-type ALE singularity display various phenomena that introduce additional massless degrees of freedom. The M5 branes are known to fractionate on a D-type singularity. Whenever two fractional M5 branes coincide, tensionless strings arise. Therefore, these systems do not admit a low-energy Lagrangian description. Focusing on the 6-dimensional N=(1,0) world-volume theories on the M5 branes, the vacuum moduli space has two branches were either the scalar fields in the tensor multiplet or the scalars in the hypermultiplets acquire a non-trivial vacuum expectation value. As suggested…
We argue that quiver gauge theories with $SU(N)$ gauge groups give rise to lattice gauge theories with matter possessing fractonic properties, where the lattice is the quiver itself. This idea extends a recent proposal by Razamat. This class of theories exhibit a $\mathbb{Z}_N$ 1-form global symmetry that can be used to classify their phases. The order parameter of this transition is the expectation value of Wilson loops, which correspond to mesonic operators in the underlying quiver gauge theory. We discuss how this perspective naturally fits with the deconstruction of a higher dimensional th…
We describe a block-spin-like transformation on a simplified subset of the space of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories that arise on the worldvolumes of D-brane probes of orbifold geometries, by sequentially Higgsing the gauge symmetry in these theories. This process flows to lower worldvolume energies in the regions of the orbifold moduli space where the closed string blowup modes, and therefore the expectation values of the bifundamental scalars, exhibit a hierarchy of scales. Lifting to the ``upstairs'' matrices of the image branes makes contact with the matrix coarse-graining defined in …
In this paper we detail the lattice constructions of several classes of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories in two and three Euclidean spacetime dimensions possessing exact supersymmetry at finite lattice spacing. Such constructions are obtained through the methods of topological twisting and geometric discretization of Euclidean Yang--Mills theories with eight and sixteen supercharges in two and three dimensions. We detail the lattice constructions of two-dimensional quiver gauge theories possessing four and eight supercharges and three-dimensional quiver gauge theories possessing eight supe…
The singularity structure of the Coulomb and Higgs branches of good $3d$ $\mathcal{N}=4$ circular quiver gauge theories (CQGTs) with unitary gauge groups is studied. The central method employed is the Kraft--Procesi transition. CQGTs are described as a generalisation of a class of linear quivers. This class degenerates into the familiar class $T_ρ^σ(SU(N))$ in the linear case, however the circular case does not have the degeneracy and so the class of CQGTs contains many more theories and much more structure. We describe a collection of good, unitary, CQGTs from which the entire class can be fo…
We discuss certain structural analogies between supersymmetric quiver gauge theories and lattice models leading to fracton phases of matter. In particular, classes of quiver models can be viewed as lattice models having sub-system symmetries, dimensions of moduli spaces growing linearly with the size of the lattice, and having excitations with limited mobility (with "excitations" and "mobility" properly defined).
We give one formulation of an algorithm of Hanany and Vegh which takes a lattice polygon as an input and produces a set of isoradial dimer models. We study the case of lattice triangles in detail and discuss the relation with coamoebas following Feng, He, Kennaway and Vafa.
We discuss connections between certain classes of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories and integrable lattice models from the point of view of topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). The relevant classes include 4d $\mathcal{N} = 1$ theories known as brane box and brane tilling models, 3d $\mathcal{N} = 2$ and 2d $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ theories obtained from them by compactification, and 2d $\mathcal{N} = (0,2)$ theories closely related to these theories. We argue that their supersymmetric indices carry structures of TQFTs equipped with line operators, and as a consequence, are equal to the…
We describe the structure of the vacuum states of quiver gauge theories obtained via dimensional reduction over homogeneous spaces, in the explicit example of SU(3)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills-Dirac theory on manifolds of the form M x CP(2). We pay particular attention to the role of topology of background gauge fields on the internal coset spaces, in this case U(1) magnetic monopoles and SU(2) instantons on CP(2). The reduction of Yang-Mills theory induces a quiver gauge theory involving coupled Yang-Mills-Higgs systems on M with a Higgs potential leading to dynamical symm…
Reflexive polygons have attracted great interest both in mathematics and in physics. This paper discusses a new aspect of the existing study in the context of quiver gauge theories. These theories are 4d supersymmetric worldvolume theories of D3 branes with toric Calabi-Yau moduli spaces that are conveniently described with brane tilings. We find all 30 theories corresponding to the 16 reflexive polygons, some of the theories being toric (Seiberg) dual to each other. The mesonic generators of the moduli spaces are identified through the Hilbert series. It is shown that the lattice of generator…
In this paper we find and explore the correspondence between quivers, torus knots, and combinatorics of counting paths. Our first result pertains to quiver representation theory -- we find explicit formulae for classical generating functions and Donaldson-Thomas invariants of an arbitrary symmetric quiver. We then focus on quivers corresponding to $(r,s)$ torus knots and show that their classical generating functions, in the extremal limit and framing $rs$, are generating functions of lattice paths under the line of the slope $r/s$. Generating functions of such paths satisfy extremal A-polynom…
We introduce gauge networks as generalizations of spin networks and lattice gauge fields to almost-commutative manifolds. The configuration space of quiver representations (modulo equivalence) in the category of finite spectral triples is studied; gauge networks appear as an orthonormal basis in a corresponding Hilbert space. We give many examples of gauge networks, also beyond the well-known spin network examples. We find a Hamiltonian operator on this Hilbert space, inducing a time evolution on the C*-algebra of gauge network correspondences. Given a representation in the category of spectra…
Reflexive polygons have been extensively studied in a variety of contexts in mathematics and physics. We generalize this programme by looking at the 45 different lattice polygons with two interior points up to SL(2,$\mathbb{Z}$) equivalence. Each corresponds to some affine toric 3-fold as a cone over a Sasaki-Einstein 5-fold. We study the quiver gauge theories of D3-branes probing these cones, which coincide with the mesonic moduli space. The minimum of the volume function of the Sasaki-Einstein base manifold plays an important role in computing the R-charges. We analyze these minimized volume…
We derive the quiver gauge theory on the world-volume of D3-branes transverse to an L(a,b,c) singularity by computing the endomorphism algebra of a tilting object first constructed by Van den Bergh. The quiver gauge theory can be concisely specified by an embedding of a graph into a face-centered cubic lattice. In this description, planar Seiberg dualities of the gauge theory act by changing the graph embedding. We use this description of Seiberg duality to show these quiver gauge theories possess periodic Seiberg dualities whose existence was expected from the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Recently, there has been observed an interesting correspondence between supersymmetric quiver gauge theories with four supercharges and integrable lattice models of statistical mechanics such that the two-dimensional spin lattice is the quiver diagram, the partition function of the lattice model is the partition function of the gauge theory and the Yang-Baxter equation expresses the identity of partition functions for dual pairs. This correspondence is a powerful tool which enables us to generate new integrable models. The aim of the present paper is to give a short account on a progress in in…
Noncommutative Donaldson-Thomas invariants for abelian orbifold singularities can be studied via the enumeration of instanton solutions in a six-dimensional noncommutative N=2 gauge theory; this construction is based on the generalized McKay correspondence and identifies the instanton counting with the counting of framed representations of a quiver which is naturally associated to the geometry of the singularity. We extend these constructions to compute BPS partition functions for higher-rank refined and motivic noncommutative Donaldson-Thomas invariants in the Coulomb branch in terms of gauge…
We study integrable models in the context of the recently discovered Gauge/YBE correspondence, where the Yang-Baxter equation is promoted to a duality between two supersymmetric gauge theories. We study flavored elliptic genus of 2d $\mathcal{N}=(2,2)$ quiver gauge theories, which theories are defined from statistical lattices regarded as quiver diagrams. Our R-matrices are written in terms of theta functions, and simplifies considerably when the gauge groups at the quiver nodes are Abelian. We also discuss the modularity properties of the R-matrix, reduction of 2d index to 1d Witten index, an…
We study 4d superconformal indices for a large class of N=1 superconformal quiver gauge theories realized combinatorially as a bipartite graph or a set of "zig-zag paths" on a two-dimensional torus T^2. An exchange of loops, which we call a "double Yang-Baxter move", gives the Seiberg duality of the gauge theory, and the invariance of the index under the duality is translated into the Yang-Baxter-type equation of a spin system defined on a "Z-invariant" lattice on T^2. When we compactify the gauge theory to 3d, Higgs the theory and then compactify further to 2d, the superconformal index reduce…
For an arbitrary Nakajima quiver variety $X$, we construct an analog of the quantum dynamical Weyl group acting in its equivariant K-theory. The correct generalization of the Weyl group here is the fundamental groupoid of a certain periodic locally finite hyperplane arrangement in $Pic(X)\otimes {\mathbb{C}}$. We identify the lattice part of this groupoid with the operators of quantum difference equation for $X$. The cases of quivers of finite and affine type are illustrated by explicit examples.
In this work we present a new class of N=1 supersymmetric confining gauge theories, with strikingly simple infrared theories that descend from intricate interconnected networks of product gauge groups. A diagram of the gauge groups and the charged matter content of the ultraviolet theory has the structure of a triangular lattice, with $SU(N)$ or $SU(3 N)$ gauge groups at each of the vertices, connected by bifundamental chiral superfields. This structure admits a $U(1)_R$ conserving superpotential with marginal trilinear operators. With the introduction of this superpotential, the $SU(3N)$ and …
We extend the construction of the relativistic Toda chains as integrable systems on the Poisson submanifolds in Lie groups beyond the case of A-series. For the simply-laced case this is just a direct generalization of the well-known relativistic Toda chains, and we construct explicitly the set of the Ad-invariant integrals of motion on symplectic leaves, which can be described by the Poisson quivers being just the blown up Dynkin diagrams. We also demonstrate how to get the set of "minimal" integrals of motion, using the co-multiplication rules for the corresponding Lie algebras. In the non si…
An infinite class of analytic AdS_7 x S^3 solutions has recently been found. The S^3 is distorted into a "crescent roll" shape by the presence of D8-branes. These solutions are conjectured to be dual to a class of "linear quivers", with a large number of gauge groups coupled to (bi-)fundamental matter and tensor fields. In this paper we perform a precise quantitative check of this correspondence, showing that the a Weyl anomalies computed in field theory and gravity agree. In the holographic limit, where the number of gauge groups is large, the field theory result is a quadratic form in the ga…
