Quiver gauge theories and integrable lattice models
Junya Yagi
备注：
46 pages. v2: minor changes and corrections; v3: minor changes and corrections, references added, published version; v4: typos corrected, a reference corrected
We discuss connections between certain classes of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories and integrable lattice models from the point of view of topological quantum field theories (TQFTs). The relevant classes include 4d $\mathcal{N} = 1$ theories known as brane box and brane tilling models, 3d $\mathcal{N} = 2$ and 2d $\mathcal{N} = (2,2)$ theories obtained from them by compactification, and 2d $\mathcal{N} = (0,2)$ theories closely related to these theories. We argue that their supersymmetric indices carry structures of TQFTs equipped with line operators, and as a consequence, are equal to the partition functions of lattice models. The integrability of these models follows from the existence of extra dimension in the TQFTs, which emerges after the theories are embedded in M-theory. The Yang-Baxter equation expresses the invariance of supersymmetric indices under Seiberg duality and its lower-dimensional analogs.
We construct new integrable systems describing particles with internal spin from four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ quiver gauge theories. The models can be quantized and solved exactly using the quantum inverse scattering method and also using the Bethe/Gauge correspondence.
The topological vertex formalism for 5d $\mathcal{N}=1$ gauge theories is not only a convenient tool to compute the instanton partition function of these theories, but it is also accompanied by a nice algebraic structure that reveals various kinds of nice properties such as dualities and integrability of the underlying theories. The usual refined topological vertex formalism is derived for gauge theories with $A$-type quiver structure (and $A$-type gauge groups). In this article, we propose a construction with a web of vertex operators for all $ABCDEFG$-type and affine quivers by introducing s…
We introduce a correspondence between dimer models (and hence superconformal quivers) and the quantum Teichmuller space of the Riemann surfaces associated to them by mirror symmetry. Via the untwisting map, every brane tiling gives rise to a tiling of the Riemann surface with faces surrounding punctures. We explain how to obtain an ideal triangulation by dualizing this tiling. In order to do so, tiling nodes of valence greater than 3 (equivalently superpotential terms of order greater than 3 in the corresponding quiver gauge theories) must be decomposed by the introduction of 2-valent nodes. F…
We study Ihara zeta function for graphs in the context of quivers arising from gauge theories, especially under Seiberg duality transformations. The distribution of poles is studied as we proceed along the duality tree, in light of the weak and strong graph versions of the Riemann Hypothesis. As a by-product, we find a refined version of Ihara zeta function to be the generating function for the generic superpotential of the gauge theory.
We explore the connections between three classes of theories: A_r quiver matrix models, d=2 conformal A_r Toda field theories and d=4 N=2 supersymmetric conformal A_r quiver gauge theories. In particular, we analyse the quiver matrix models recently introduced by Dijkgraaf and Vafa and make detailed comparisons with the corresponding quantities in the Toda field theories and the N=2 quiver gauge theories. We also make a speculative proposal for how the matrix models should be modified in order for them to reproduce the instanton partition functions in quiver gauge theories in five dimensions.
We study the integral Bailey lemma associated with the $\mathrm{A_n}$-root system and identities for elliptic hypergeometric integrals generated thereby. Interpreting integrals as superconformal indices of four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ quiver gauge theories with the gauge groups being copies of $\mathrm{SU(n+1)}$, we provide evidence for various new dualities. Further confirmation is achieved by explicitly checking that the `t Hooft anomaly matching conditions holds. We discuss a flavour symmetry breaking phenomenon for supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics (SQCD), and by making use of the …
We study three-dimensional supersymmetric quiver gauge theories with a non-simply laced global symmetry primarily focusing on framed affine $B_{N}$ quiver theories. Using a supersymmetric partition function on a three sphere, and its transformation under S-duality, we study the three-dimensional ADHM quiver for $SO(2N+1)$ instantons with a half-integer Chern-Simons coupling. The theory after S-duality has no Lagrangian, and can not be represented by a single quiver, however its partition function can be conveniently described by a collection of framed affine ${B}_{N}$ quivers. This corresponde…
In this work we compare different descriptions of the space of vacua of certain three dimensional N=4 superconformal field theories, compactified on a circle and mass-deformed to N=2 in a canonical way. The original N=4 theories are known to admit two distinct mirror descriptions as linear quiver gauge theories, and many more descriptions which involve the compactification on a segment of four-dimensional N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. Each description gives a distinct presentation of the moduli space of vacua. Our main result is to establish the precise dictionary between these presentations. W…
The infrared dynamics of generic 3d N=4 bad theories (as per the good-bad-ugly classification of Gaiotto and Witten) are poorly understood. Examples of such theories with a single unitary gauge group and fundamental flavors have been studied recently, and the low energy effective theory around some special point in the Coulomb branch was shown to have a description in terms of a good theory and a certain number of free hypermultiplets. A classification of possible infrared fixed points for bad theories by Bashkirov, based on unitarity constraints and superconformal symmetry, suggest a much ric…
We study the BPS spectrum and vacuum moduli spaces in dimensional reductions of Chern-Simons-matter theories with N>=2 supersymmetry to zero dimensions. Our main example is a matrix model version of the ABJM theory which we relate explicitly to certain reduced 3-algebra models. We find the explicit maps from Chern-Simons quiver matrix models to dual IKKT matrix models. We address the problem of topologically twisting the ABJM matrix model, and along the way construct a new twist of the IKKT model. We construct a cohomological matrix model whose partition function localizes onto a moduli space …
We study the connection between N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories, quantum cohomology and quantum integrable systems of hydrodynamic type. We consider gauge theories on ALE spaces of A and D-type and discuss how they describe the quantum cohomology of the corresponding Nakajima's quiver varieties. We also discuss how the exact evaluation of local BPS observables in the gauge theory can be used to calculate the spectrum of quantum Hamiltonians of spin Calogero integrable systems and spin Intermediate Long Wave hydrodynamics. This is explicitly obtained by a Bethe Ansatz Equation provided by t…
The prepotentials for the quiver supersymmetric gauge theories are defined as quasiclassical tau-functions, depending on two different sets of variables: the parameters of the UV gauge theory or the bare compexified couplings, and the vacuum condensates of the theory in IR. The bare couplings are introduced as periods on the UV base curve, and the consistency of corresponding gradient formulas for the tau-functions is proven using the Riemann bilinear relations. It is shown, that dependence of generalised prepotentials for the quiver gauge theories upon the bare couplings turns to coincide wit…
We study several quiver Chern-Simons-matter theories on the three-sphere, combining the matrix model formulation with a systematic use of Mordell's integral, computing partition functions and checking dualities. We also consider Wilson loops in ABJ(M) theories, distinguishing between typical (long) and atypical (short) representations and focusing on the former. Using the Berele-Regev factorization of supersymmetric Schur polynomials, we express the expectation value of the Wilson loops in terms of sums of observables of two factorized copies of $U(N)$ pure Chern-Simons theory on the sphere. T…
Recently, there has been observed an interesting correspondence between supersymmetric quiver gauge theories with four supercharges and integrable lattice models of statistical mechanics such that the two-dimensional spin lattice is the quiver diagram, the partition function of the lattice model is the partition function of the gauge theory and the Yang-Baxter equation expresses the identity of partition functions for dual pairs. This correspondence is a powerful tool which enables us to generate new integrable models. The aim of the present paper is to give a short account on a progress in in…
We survey and compare recent approaches to the computation of the partition functions and correlators of chiral BPS observables in $\mathcal{N}=2$ gauge theories on ALE spaces based on quiver varieties and the minimal resolution $X_k$ of the $A_{k-1}$ toric singularity $\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_k$, in light of their recently conjectured duality with two-dimensional coset conformal field theories. We review and elucidate the rigorous constructions of gauge theories for a particular family of ALE spaces, using their relation to the cohomology of moduli spaces of framed torsion free sheaves on a s…
We introduce bi-fermion fishnet theories, a class of models describing integrable sectors of four-dimensional gauge theories with non-maximal supersymmetry. Bi-fermion theories are characterized by a single complex scalar field and two Weyl fermions interacting only via chiral Yukawa couplings. The latter generate oriented Feynman diagrams forming hexagonal lattices, whose fishnet structure signals an underlying integrability that we exploit to compute anomalous dimensions of BMN-vacuum operators. Furthermore, we investigate Lunin-Maldacena deformations of $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal field …
We consider SU(3)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory over certain cyclic orbifolds of the 5-sphere which are Sasaki-Einstein manifolds. We obtain new quiver gauge theories extending those induced via reduction over the leaf spaces of the characteristic foliation of the Sasaki-Einstein structure, which are projective planes. We describe the Higgs branches of these quiver gauge theories as moduli spaces of spherically symmetric instantons which are SU(3)-equivariant solutions to the Hermitian Yang-Mills equations on the associated Calabi-Yau cones, and further compare them to…
We discuss the relation between the cluster integrable systems and $q$-difference Painlevé equations. The Newton polygons corresponding to these integrable systems are all 16 convex polygons with a single interior point. The Painlevé dynamics is interpreted as deautonomization of the discrete flows, generated by a sequence of the cluster quiver mutations, supplemented by permutations of quiver vertices. We also define quantum $q$-Painlevé systems by quantization of the corresponding cluster variety. We present formal solution of these equations for the case of pure gauge theory using $q$-defor…
Magnetic quivers and Hasse diagrams for Higgs branches of rank 1 $4d$ $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFTs are provided. These rank 1 theories fit naturally into families of higher rank theories, originating from higher dimensions, which are addressed.
We study metastable dynamical breaking of supersymmetry in A_n quiver gauge theories. We present a general analysis and criteria for the perturbative existence of metastable vacua in quivers of any length. Different mechanisms of gauge mediation can be realized.
We consider dimensional reduction of gauge theories with arbitrary gauge group in a formalism based on equivariant principal bundles. For the classical gauge groups we clarify the relations between equivariant principal bundles and quiver bundles, and show that the reduced quiver gauge theories are all generically built on the same universal symmetry breaking pattern. The formalism enables the dimensional reduction of Chern-Simons gauge theories in arbitrary odd dimensionalities. The reduced model is a novel Chern-Simons-Higgs theory consisting of a Chern-Simons term valued in the residual gau…
We investigate orthosymplectic quivers that take the shape of D-type and B-type Dynkin diagrams. The D-type orthosymplectic quivers explored here contain a balanced "fork", i.e., a balanced subquiver with a D-type bifurcation, whereas the B-type orthosymplectic quivers are obtained by folding the D-type quivers. The Coulomb branches of these quivers are products of two moduli spaces. In the second part, the relevant orthosymplectic quivers are shown to emerge as magnetic quivers for brane configurations involving ON$^0$ planes. Notably, the appearance of ON$^0$ plane clarifies the product natu…
We introduce and explore the relation between quivers and 3-manifolds with the topology of the knot complement. This idea can be viewed as an adaptation of the knots-quivers correspondence to Gukov-Manolescu invariants of knot complements (also known as $F_K$ or $\hat{Z}$). Apart from assigning quivers to complements of $T^{(2,2p+1)}$ torus knots, we study the physical interpretation in terms of the BPS spectrum and general structure of 3d $\mathcal{N}=2$ theories associated to both sides of the correspondence. We also make a step towards categorification by proposing a $t$-deformation of all …
We construct a new infinite family of quiver gauge theories which blow down to the X^{p,q} quiver gauge theories found by Hanany, Kazakopoulos and Wecht. This family includes a quiver gauge theory for the third del Pezzo surface. We show, using Z-minimaization, that these theories generically have irrational R-charges. The AdS/CFT correspondence implies that the dual geometries are irregular toric Sasaki-Einstein manifolds, although we do not know the explicit metrics.
In this note we construct magnetic quivers for the known rank-2 four dimensional $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal field theories. For every rank-1 theory one can find a unitary magnetic quiver; we observe that this is no longer possible at rank 2. Our list of magnetic quivers necessarily includes orthosymplectic quivers, in addition to unitary ones, of both the simply and non-simply laced variety. Using quiver subtraction, one can compute Higgs branch Hasse diagrams and compare with the results obtained via other methods finding nearly perfect agreement.
We compute the index for orbifold quiver gauge theories. We compare it with the results obtained from the type IIB supergravity (superstring) on AdS_5 \times S^5/Γ.
The possibility that non-supersymmetric quiver theories may have a renormalization-group fixed point at which there is conformal invariance requires non-perturbative information.
We construct a new infinite family of N=1 quiver gauge theories which can be Higgsed to the Y^{p,q} quiver gauge theories. The dual geometries are toric Calabi-Yau cones for which we give the toric data. We also discuss the action of Seiberg duality on these quivers, and explore the different Seiberg dual theories. We describe the relationship of these theories to five dimensional gauge theories on (p,q) 5-branes. Using the toric data, we specify some of the properties of the corresponding dual Sasaki-Einstein manifolds. These theories generically have algebraic R-charges which are not quadrat…
We study N=2 supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theories coupled to non-Lagrangian superconformal field theories induced by compactifying the six dimensional A_1 (2,0) theory on Riemann surfaces with irregular punctures. These are naturally associated to Hitchin systems with wild ramification whose spectral curves provide the relevant Seiberg-Witten geometries. We propose that the prepotential of these gauge theories on the Omega-background can be obtained from the corresponding irregular conformal blocks on the Riemann surfaces via a generalization of the coherent state construction to the case of hi…
We argue that quiver gauge theories with $SU(N)$ gauge groups give rise to lattice gauge theories with matter possessing fractonic properties, where the lattice is the quiver itself. This idea extends a recent proposal by Razamat. This class of theories exhibit a $\mathbb{Z}_N$ 1-form global symmetry that can be used to classify their phases. The order parameter of this transition is the expectation value of Wilson loops, which correspond to mesonic operators in the underlying quiver gauge theory. We discuss how this perspective naturally fits with the deconstruction of a higher dimensional th…
We consider N=2 quiver Chern-Simons theories described by brane tilings, whose moduli spaces are toric Calabi-Yau 4-folds. Simple prescriptions to obtain toric data of the moduli space and a corresponding brane crystal from a brane tiling are proposed.
We show that the $AdS_5 \times L^{a,b,c}$ solution in type IIB theory is non-integrable. To do so, we consider a string embedding and study its fluctuations which do not admit Liouville integrable solutions. We, also, perform a numerical analysis to study the time evolution of the string and compute the largest Lyapunov exponent. This analysis indicates that the string motion is chaotic. Finally, we consider the point-like limit of the string that corresponds to BPS mesons of the quiver theory.
We study Seiberg duality of quiver gauge theories associated to the complex cone over the second del Pezzo surface. Homomorphisms in the path algebra of the quivers in each of these cases satisfy relations which follow from a superpotential of the corresponding gauge theory as F-flatness conditions. We verify that Seiberg duality between each pair of these theories can be understood as a derived equivalence between the categories of modules of representation of the path algebras of the quivers. Starting from the projective modules of one quiver we construct tilting complexes whose endomorphism…
We discuss a general procedure to obtain 1/2 BPS partition functions for generic N=1 quiver gauge theories. These functions count the gauge invariant operators (bosonic and fermionic), charged under all the global symmetries (mesonic and baryonic), in the chiral ring of a given quiver gauge theory. In particular we discuss the inclusion of the spinor degrees of freedom in the partition functions.
We consider SU(2)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory on manifolds of the form $M\times S^3/Γ$, where $M$ is a smooth manifold and $S^3/Γ$ is a three-dimensional Sasaki-Einstein orbifold. We obtain new quiver gauge theories on $M$ whose quiver bundles are based on the affine ADE Dynkin diagram associated to $Γ$. We relate them to those arising through translationally-invariant dimensional reduction over the associated Calabi-Yau cones $C(S^3/Γ)$ which are based on McKay quivers and ADHM matrix models, and to those arising through SU(2)-equivariant dimensional reduction over …
We propose a relation between correlation functions in the 2d A_{N-1} conformal Toda theories and the Nekrasov instanton partition functions in certain conformal N=2 SU(N) 4d quiver gauge theories. Our proposal generalises the recently uncovered relation between the Liouville theory and SU(2) quivers. New features appear in the analysis that have no counterparts in the Liouville case.
We consider Spin(4)-equivariant dimensional reduction of Yang-Mills theory on manifolds of the form $M^d \times T^{1,1}$, where $M^d$ is a smooth manifold and $T^{1,1}$ is a five-dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifold Spin(4)/U(1). We obtain new quiver gauge theories on $M^d$ extending those induced via reduction over the leaf spaces $\mathbb{C}P^1 \times \mathbb{C}P^1$ in $T^{1,1}$. We describe the Higgs branches of these quiver gauge theories as moduli spaces of Spin(4)-equivariant instantons on the conifold which is realized as the metric cone over $T^{1,1}$. We give an explicit construction …
In this paper we detail the lattice constructions of several classes of supersymmetric quiver gauge theories in two and three Euclidean spacetime dimensions possessing exact supersymmetry at finite lattice spacing. Such constructions are obtained through the methods of topological twisting and geometric discretization of Euclidean Yang--Mills theories with eight and sixteen supercharges in two and three dimensions. We detail the lattice constructions of two-dimensional quiver gauge theories possessing four and eight supercharges and three-dimensional quiver gauge theories possessing eight supe…
We demonstrate a practical and efficient method for generating toric Calabi-Yau quiver theories, applicable to both D3 and M2 brane world-volume physics. A new analytic method is presented at low order parametres and an algorithm for the general case is developed which has polynomial complexity in the number of edges in the quiver. Using this algorithm, carefully implemented, we classify the quiver diagram and assign possible superpotentials for various small values of the number of edges and nodes. We examine some preliminary statistics on this space of toric quiver theories.
We show by direct construction that a large class of quiver gauge theories admits actions of finite Heisenberg groups. We consider various quiver gauge theories that arise as AdS/CFT duals of orbifolds of C^3, the conifold and its orbifolds and some orbifolds of the cone over Y(p,q). Matching the gauge theory analysis with string theory on the corresponding spaces implies that the operators counting wrapped branes do not commute in the presence of flux.
Quiver theories arising on D3-branes at orbifold and del Pezzo singularities are studied using mirror symmetry. We show that the quivers for the orbifold theories are given by the soliton spectrum of massive 2d N=2 theory with weighted projective spaces as target. For the theories obtained from the del Pezzo singularities we show that the geometry of the mirror manifold gives quiver theories related to each other by Picard-Lefschetz transformations, a subset of which are simple Seiberg duals. We also address how one indeed derives Seiberg duality on the matter content from such geometrical tra…
We discuss several examples of non-toric quiver gauge theories dual to Sasaki-Einstein manifolds with U(1)^2 or U(1) isometry. We give a general method for constructing non-toric examples by adding relevant deformations to the toric case. For all examples, we are able to make a complete comparison between the prediction for R-charges based on geometry and on quantum field theory. We also give a general discussion of the spectrum of conformal dimensions for mesonic and baryonic operators for a generic quiver theory; in the toric case we make an explicit comparison between R-charges of mesons an…
We show that the Higgs branch of a four-dimensional Yang-Mills theory, with gauge and matter content summarised by an ADE quiver diagram, is identical to the generalised Coulomb branch of a four-dimensional superconformal strongly coupled gauge theory with ADE global symmetry. This equivalence suggests the existence of a mirror symmetry between the quiver theories and the strongly coupled theories.
Dijkgraaf and Vafa have conjectured the correspondences between topological string theories, ${\cal N}=1$ gauge theories and matrix models. By the use of this conjecture, we calculate the quantum deformations of Calabi-Yau threefolds with ADE singularities from ADE multi-matrix models. We obtain the effective superpotentials of the dual quiver gauge theories in terms of the geometric engineering for the deformed geometries. We find the Veneziano-Yankielowicz terms in the effective superpotentials.
We introduce a class of new integrable lattice models labeled by a pair of positive integers N and r. The integrable model is obtained from the Gauge/YBE correspondence, which states the equivalence of the 4d N=1 S^1 \times S^3/Z_r index of a large class of SU(N) quiver gauge theories with the partition function of 2d classical integrable spin models. The integrability of the model (star-star relation) is equivalent with the invariance of the index under the Seiberg duality. Our solution to the Yang-Baxter equation is one of the most general known in the literature, and reproduces a number of …
Using the Eguchi-Kawai equivalence, we provide regularizations of supersymmetric quiver and Chern-Simons gauge theories which leave the supersymmetries unbroken. This allow us to study many interesting theories on a computer. As examples we construct large-$N$ reduced models of supersymmetric QCD with flavor and the ABJM model of multiple M2 branes.
We describe an infinite family of quiver gauge theories that are AdS/CFT dual to a corresponding class of explicit horizon Sasaki-Einstein manifolds. The quivers may be obtained from a family of orbifold theories by a simple iterative procedure. A key aspect in their construction relies on the global symmetry which is dual to the isometry of the manifolds. For an arbitrary such quiver we compute the exact R-charges of the fields in the IR by applying a-maximization. The values we obtain are generically quadratic irrational numbers and agree perfectly with the central charges and baryon charges…
We consider non-supersymmetric quiver theories obtained by orbifolding the N=4 supersymmetric U(K) gauge theory by a discrete Z_Γgroup embedded in the SU(4) R-symmetry group. We explicitly find that in such theories there are no one-loop quadratic divergences in the effective potential. Moreover, when the gauge group U(n)^Γof the quiver theory is spontaneously broken down to the diagonal U(n), we identify a custodial supersymmetry which is responsible for the fermion-boson degeneracy of the mass spectrum.
We explore the relationship between four-dimensional N=2 quantum field theories and their associated BPS quivers. For a wide class of theories including super-Yang-Mills theories, Argyres-Douglas models, and theories defined by M5-branes on punctured Riemann surfaces, there exists a quiver which implicitly characterizes the field theory. We study various aspects of this correspondence including the quiver interpretation of flavor symmetries, gauging, decoupling limits, and field theory dualities. In general a given quiver describes only a patch of the moduli space of the field theory, and a ke…
We study N=1 four dimensional quiver theories arising on the worldvolume of D3-branes at del Pezzo singularities of Calabi-Yau threefolds. We argue that under local mirror symmetry D3-branes become D6-branes wrapped on a three torus in the mirror manifold. The type IIB (p,q) 5-brane web description of the local del Pezzo, being closely related to the geometry of its mirror manifold, encodes the geometry of 3-cycles and is used to obtain gauge groups, quiver diagrams and the charges of the fractional branes.
