Kays Haddad, Andreas Helset
We show how to double-copy Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET) to Heavy Black Hole Effective Theory (HBET) for spin $s\leq 1$. In particular, the double copy of spin-$s$ HQET with scalar QCD produces spin-$s$ HBET, while the double copy of spin-1/2 HQET with itself gives spin-1 HBET. Finally, we present novel all-order-in-mass Lagrangians for spin-1 heavy particles.
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The classical double copy relating exact solutions of biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theories continues to receive widespread attention. Recently, a derivation of the exact classical double copy was presented, using ideas from twistor theory, in which spacetime fields are mapped to Cech cohomology classes in twistor space. A puzzle remains, however, in how to interpret the twistor double copy, in that it relies on somehow picking special representatives of each cohomology class. In this paper, we provide two alternative formulations of the twistor double copy using the more widely-used la…
Classical strings and the double copy
本文研究了开放弦在恒定电场中的运动及其双重复制为闭合弦在时空背景中的运动，揭示了双重复制在经典弦背景下扩展的可能性。
The double copy is a much-studied relationship between gauge theory and gravity amplitudes. Recently, this was generalised to an infinite family of classical solutions to Einstein's equations, namely stationary Kerr-Schild geometries. In this paper, we extend this to the Taub-NUT solution in gravity, which has a double Kerr-Schild form. The single copy of this solution is a dyon, whose electric and magnetic charges are related to the mass and NUT charge in the gravity theory. Finally, we find hints that the classical double copy extends to curved background geometries.
The Weyl double copy is a procedure for relating exact solutions in biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theories, and relates fields in spacetime directly. Where this procedure comes from, and how general it is, have until recently remained mysterious. In this paper, we show how the current form and scope of the Weyl double copy can be derived from a certain procedure in twistor space. The new formalism shows that the Weyl double copy is more general than previously thought, applying in particular to gravity solutions with arbitrary Petrov types. We comment on how to obtain anti-self-dual as w…
We construct classical curvature spinors in topologically massive gauge theory and topologically massive gravity, expressed in terms of massive three-particle amplitudes. We show that when the amplitudes double copy, the curvature spinors satisfy the Cotton double copy, the three-dimensional cousin of the Weyl double copy. Furthermore, we show that under certain circumstances the Cotton double copy can be derived via a dimensional reduction of the Weyl double copy.
The double copy is a map from non-abelian gauge theories to gravity, that has been demonstrated both for scattering amplitudes and exact classical solutions. In this study, we reconsider the double copy for exact solutions that are self-dual in either the gauge or gravity theory. In this case, one may formulate a general double copy in terms of a certain differential operator, which generates the gauge and gravity solutions from a harmonic function residing in a biadjoint scalar theory. As an illustration, we examine the single copy of the well-known Eguchi-Hanson instanton in gravity. The gau…
Recently, a perturbative duality between gauge and gravity theories (the double copy) has been discovered, that is believed to hold to all loop orders. In this paper, we examine the relationship between classical solutions of non-Abelian gauge theory and gravity. We propose a general class of gauge theory solutions that double copy to gravity, namely those involving stationary Kerr-Schild metrics. The Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes (plus their higher-dimensional equivalents) emerge as special cases. We also discuss plane wave solutions. Furthermore, a recently examined double copy between …
The naive double-copy of (multi) loop amplitudes involving massive matter coupled to gauge theories will generically produce amplitudes in a gravitational theory that contains additional contributions from propagating antisymmetric tensor and dilaton states even at tree-level. We present a graph-based approach that combines the method of maximal cuts with double-copy construction to offer a systematic framework to isolate the pure Einstein-Hilbert gravitational contributions through loop level. Indeed this allows for a bootstrap of pure-gravitational results from the double-copy of massive sca…
We extend Shen's recent formulation (arXiv:1806.07388) of the classical double copy, based on explicit color-kinematic duality, to the case of finite-size sources with non-zero spin. For the case of spinning Yang-Mills sources, the most general consistent double copy consists of gravitating objects which carry pairs of spin degrees of freedom. We find that the couplings of such objects to background fields match those of a classical (i.e. heavy) closed bosonic string, suggesting a string theory interpretation of sources related by color-kinematics duality. As a special case, we identify a limi…
The Weyl double copy relates vacuum solutions in general relativity to Abelian gauge fields in Minkowski spacetime. In a previous work, we showed how the Weyl double copy can be extended to provide a treatment of external gravitational sources consistent with the classical Kerr-Schild double copy. Using this generalization, here we provide a complete double copy analysis of electrovacuum Petrov type D spacetimes. This includes the first analysis of the charged C-metric, whose single copy interpretation invokes the two-potential formalism of electrodynamics. We also present the first double cop…
We construct a double copy relation between the Cotton spinor and the dual field strength spinor of topologically massive theories, as the three-dimensional analogue of the Weyl double copy. The relationship holds in curved backgrounds for wave solutions. We give an explicit proof for Type N spacetimes and show examples satisfying the Cotton double copy.
The SAGEX Review on Scattering Amplitudes, Chapter 2: An Invitation to Color-Kinematics Duality and the Double Copy
本文综述色-运动学对偶与双重拷贝结构，介绍其在规范、引力及有效场论中的表现，并展示可构造理论网络与引力波计算应用。
We establish a correspondence between perturbative classical gluon and gravitational radiation emitted by spinning sources, to linear order in spin. This is an extension of the non-spinning classical perturbative double copy and uses the same color-to-kinematic replacements. The gravitational theory has a scalar (dilaton) and a 2-form field (the Kalb-Ramon axion) in addition to the graviton. In arXiv:1712.09250, we computed axion radiation in the gravitational theory to show that the correspondence fixes its action. Here, we present complete details of the gravitational computation. In particu…
Expanding on the double copy in null Fermi coordinates
本文在零测地线附近的费米法坐标中提出外尔经典双重拷贝，证明任意时空至少在彭罗斯展开次领头阶内具有该结构，并指出向克尔-席尔德双重拷贝扩展时存在规范不相容困难。
The classical double copy relates solutions to the equations of motion in gauge theory and in gravity. In this paper, we present two double-copy formalisms for relating the Coulomb solution in gauge theory to the two-parameter Janis-Newman-Winicour solution in gravity. The latter is a static, spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat solution that generically includes a dilaton field, but also admits the Schwarzschild solution as a special case. We first present the classical double copy as a perturbative construction, similar to its formulation for scattering amplitudes, and then present it …
The Weyl double copy relates exact solutions in general relativity to exact solutions in gauge theory, formulated in the spinorial language. To date, the Weyl double copy is understood and employed only for vacuum spacetimes, and hence only to vacuum gauge theories. In this letter, we propose an extension to the Weyl double copy that provides a systematic procedure for treating gravitational sources. We show this extended Weyl double copy gives a new perspective on the Kerr-Newman black hole and the general class of Petrov type D electro-vac spacetimes.
Double Copy in AdS3 from Minitwistor Space
本研究在双曲时空的迷你扭量空间中构造经典双拷贝，发现其要求不同自旋场质量不等，导出体到边界传播子的位置空间双拷贝，证明拓扑有质量引力相关的Cotton双拷贝为精确关系，且边界附近双拷贝联系对偶CFT流。
We extend the perturbative classical double copy to the analysis of bound systems. We first obtain the leading order perturbative gluon radiation field sourced by a system of interacting color charges in arbitrary time dependent orbits, and test its validity by taking relativistic bremsstrahlung and non-relativistic bound state limits. By generalizing the color to kinematic replacement rules recently used in the context of classical bremsstrahlung, we map the gluon emission amplitude to the radiation fields of dilaton gravity sourced by interacting particles in generic (self-consistent) orbits…
We derive a non-perturbative, Lagrangian-level formulation of the double copy in two spacetime dimensions. Our results elucidate the field theoretic underpinnings of the double copy in a broad class of scalar theories which can include masses and higher-dimension operators. An immediate corollary is the amplitudes-level double copy at all orders in perturbation theory. Applied to certain integrable models, the double copy defines an isomorphism between Lax connections, Wilson lines, and infinite towers of conserved currents. We also implement the double copy at the level of non-perturbative cl…
Weyl double copy in Lifshitz spacetimes
本文探讨了在利夫希茨时空背景下，通过特定正则化方案恢复韦尔双复制与克尔-施金德双复制一致性的方法，验证了该方案在不同案例中的有效性。
Aspects of Conformal Gravity and Double Field Theory from a Double Copy Map
本文通过二重拷贝映射将四导数杨-米尔斯理论扩展至双场理论，获得在纯引力极限下二次阶简化为共形引力的四导数理论，揭示了共形对称性在DFT中的研究方面。
We find double copy relations between classical radiating solutions in Yang-Mills theory coupled to dynamical color charges and their counterparts in a cubic bi-adjoint scalar field theory which interacts linearly with particles carrying bi-adjoint charge. The particular color-to-kinematics replacements we employ are motivated by the BCJ double copy correspondence for on-shell amplitudes in gauge and gravity theories. They are identical to those recently used to establish relations between classical radiating solutions in gauge theory and in dilaton gravity. Our explicit bi-adjoint solutions a…
We construct the pure gravity Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST) Einstein-Hilbert Lagrangian, to cubic order, using the BRST convolution product of two Yang-Mills theories, in conjunction with the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) double-copy.
A stringy massive double copy
本文在弦理论中利用开弦有质量矢量构造闭弦有质量自旋-2态，通过三点振幅揭示双重复制结构，并在平坦时空下重现无鬼影双度量理论的立方拉格朗日量。
The Penrose limit of the Weyl double copy
该研究将彭罗斯极限嵌入外尔经典二重拷贝，拓展了经典二重拷贝的适用范围，解决了彼得罗夫N型时空二重拷贝的函数模糊性，还推导出四维真空D型时空任意彭罗斯极限的解析表达式。
A characteristic value formulation of the Weyl double copy leads to an asymptotic formulation. We find that the Weyl double copy holds asymptotically in cases where the full solution is algebraically general, using rotating STU supergravity black holes as an example. The asymptotic formulation provides clues regarding the relation between asymptotic symmetries that follows from the double copy. Using the C-metric as an example, we show that a previous interpretation of this gravity solution as a superrotation has a single copy analogue relating the appropriate Liénard-Wiechert potential to a l…
We describe a systematic framework for computing the conservative potential of a compact binary system using modern tools from scattering amplitudes and effective field theory. Our approach combines methods for integration and matching adapted from effective field theory, generalized unitarity, and the double-copy construction, which relates gravity integrands to simpler gauge-theory expressions. With these methods we derive the third post-Minkowskian correction to the conservative two-body Hamiltonian for spinless black holes. We describe in some detail various checks of our integration metho…
Regularized Weyl double copy
本文在有源Weyl双拷贝中提出正则化程序，使其匹配Kerr-Schild版本的结果，从而可处理AdS和Lifshitz黑洞，为连接经典双拷贝与全息术铺路。
Hawking radiation from the double copy
通过双复制方法，在无全局视界和热谱的背景规范场中，研究霍金辐射的非扰动特性及黑洞时空的统一描述。
The classical double copy relates exact solutions of gauge, gravity and other theories. Although widely studied, its origins and domain of applicability have remained mysterious. In this letter, we show that a particular incarnation - the Weyl double copy - can be derived using well-established ideas from twistor theory. As well as explaining where the Weyl double copy comes from, the twistor formalism also shows that it is more general than previously thought.
The recently developed worldline quantum field theory (WQFT) formalism for the classical gravitational scattering of massive bodies is extended to massive, charged point particles coupling to bi-adjoint scalar field theory, Yang-Mills theory, and dilaton-gravity. We establish a classical double copy relation in these WQFTs for classical observables (deflection, radiation). The bi-adjoint scalar field theory fixes the locality structure of the double copy from Yang-Mills to dilaton-gravity. Using this the eikonal scattering phase (or free energy of the WQFT) is computed to next-to-leading order…
The double copy is a much-studied relationship between scattering amplitudes in gauge and gravity theories, that has subsequently been extended to classical field solutions. In nearly all previous examples, the graviton field is defined around Minkowski space. Recently, it has been suggested that one may set up a double copy for gravitons defined around a non-trivial background. We investigate this idea from the point of view of the classical double copy. First, we use Kerr-Schild spacetimes to construct graviton solutions in curved space, as double copies of gauge fields on non-zero gauge bac…
Gauge-gravity duality is arguably our best hope for understanding quantum gravity. Considerable progress has been made in relating scattering amplitudes in certain gravity theories to those in gauge theories---a correspondence dubbed the "double copy". Recently, double copies have also been realized in a classical setting, as maps between exact solutions of gauge theories and gravity. We present here a novel map between a certain class of real, exact solutions of Einstein's equations and self-dual solutions of the flat-space vacuum Maxwell equations. This map, which we call the "Newman-Penrose…
Black Hole Horizons from the Double Copy
本文提出在双重复制范式中仅用平坦时空上的单重与零重复制数据定位Kerr-Schild时空黑洞视界的方法，并成功验证了Schwarzschild黑洞和一般Myers-Perry黑洞的视界位置。
Here we discuss color-kinematics duality for higher-derivative QCD-like amplitudes. We explicitly show that the duality still holds in this case and it can be instrumental in constructing the associated quadratic-gravity amplitudes by using the double-copy prescription. This allows one to drastically simplify calculations. We also evaluate some tree-level Compton scattering amplitudes in higher-derivative Yang-Mills and quadratic gravity coupled with matter. Furthermore, we illustrate the application of generalized unitarity method for both cases by studying a specific one-loop amplitude.
Asymptotic Weyl double copy in Newman-Penrose formalism
本文在Newman-Penrose形式中系统研究渐近Weyl双重拷贝，发现Newman-Unti规范下两个透明约束解可给出线性化与Einstein引力的Petrov类型N或D截断解。
Advances in our understanding of perturbation theory suggest the existence of a correspondence between classical general relativity and Yang-Mills theory. A concrete example of this correspondence, which is known as the double copy, was recently introduced for the case of stationary Kerr-Schild spacetimes. Building on this foundation, we examine the simple time-dependent case of an accelerating, radiating point source. The gravitational solution, which generalises the Schwarzschild solution, includes a non-trivial stress-energy tensor. This stress-energy tensor corresponds to a gauge theoretic…
Recently, a double-copy formalism was used to calculate gravitational radiation from classical Yang-Mills radiation solutions. This work shows that Yang-Mills theory coupled to a biadjoint scalar field admits a radiative double copy that agrees with solutions in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory at the lowest finite order. Within this context, the trace-reversed metric $\bar{h}^{μν}$ is a natural double copy of the gauge boson $A^{μa}$. This work provides additional evidence that solutions in gauge and gravity theories are related, even though their respective Lagrangians and nonlinear equations of m…
Recently, an intriguing relationship (the "double copy") has been discovered between theories like electromagnetism, and gravity. This potentially gives us a new way to think about gravity, and there are also practical applications involving the efficient calculation of gravitational observables, and also how to simulate gravity using optical systems. In this tutorial, we will review what is known about the double copy, and argue that now is the perfect time for researchers in optics and / or condensed matter to become interested in this fascinating correspondence.
We examine the double copy structure of anyons in gauge theory and gravity. Using on-shell amplitude techniques, we construct little group covariant spinor-helicity variables describing massive particles with spin, which together with locality and unitarity enables us to derive the long-range tree-level scattering amplitudes involving anyons. We discover that classical gauge theory anyon solutions double copy to their gravitational counterparts in a non-trivial manner. Interestingly, we show that the massless double copy captures the topological structure of curved spacetime in three dimension…
3D gravity and double copy theory
本文提出一种基于Chern-Simons理论双重复制思想的三维引力新表述，通过无散向量框架重新诠释了引力理论，并探讨了其与Chern-Simons型作用量的关系及AdS_3扩展。
We argue that the complex transformation relating the Schwarzschild to the Taub-NUT metric, introduced by Talbot, is in fact an electric-magnetic duality transformation. We show that at null infinity, the complex transformation is equivalent to a complexified BMS supertranslation, which rotates the supertranslation and the dual (magnetic) supertranslation charges. This can also be seen from the cubic coupling between the classical source and its background, which for Taub-NUT is given by a complex phase rotation acting on gravitational minimal couplings. The same phase rotation generates dyons…
Double Copy Map for Double Field Theory on an Arbitrary Constant Background
本文扩展了双复制过程，从 Minkowski 空间上含非平凡背景规范场的两个 Yang-Mills 作用量出发，获得了常数 DFT 背景上的双场论作用量。
Aligned Fields Double Copy to Kerr-NUT-(A)dS
本文利用多重Kerr-Schild方案将对准阿贝尔规范场的双重复制结构推广到含NUT荷和任意宇宙学常数的Kerr-NUT-(A)dS黑洞族，并在五维中用Weyl双重复制验证了单复制场强。
Gleaning gravitational amplitudes -- a double copy for canceling dilatons
本文提出一种基于规范场场的非对称双副本规则，通过将新贡献视为鬼场自动抵消有质量标量物质产生的不需要的伸缩子，以匹配长程引力相互作用，并在树状图和单圈层面验证了其有效性。
QCD-Gravity double-copy in the Regge regime: shock wave propagators
本研究在超相对论核碰撞胶子辐射与超普朗克引力冲击波引力子辐射的双重拷贝关系基础上，计算广义相对论下引力冲击波传播子，验证其与胶子传播子的双重拷贝关系，为黑洞遭遇高频辐射谱计算提供关键输入。
We formulate a new program to generalize the double-copy of tree amplitudes. The approach exploits the link between the identity element of the KLT algebra and the KLT kernel, and we demonstrate how this leads to a set of KLT bootstrap equations that the double-copy kernel has to satisfy (in addition to locality constraints). We solve the KLT bootstrap equations perturbatively to find the most general higher-derivative corrections to the 4- and 5-point field theory KLT kernel. The new kernel generalizes the string KLT kernel and its associated monodromy relations. It admits new color-structure…
We consider the momentum-space 3-point correlators of currents, stress tensors and marginal scalar operators in general odd-dimensional conformal field theories. We show that the flat space limit of these correlators is spanned by gauge and gravitational scattering amplitudes in one higher dimension which are related by a double copy. Moreover, we recast three-dimensional CFT correlators in terms of tree-level Feynman diagrams without energy conservation, suggesting double copy structure beyond the flat space limit.
We study the scattering amplitudes of massive Kaluza-Klein (KK) states of open and closed bosonic strings under toroidal compactification. We analyze the structure of vertex operators for the KK strings and derive an extended massive KLT-like relation which connects the $N$-point KK closed-string amplitude to the products of two KK open-string amplitudes at tree level. Taking the low energy field-theory limit of vanishing Regge slope, we derive double-copy construction formula of the $N$-point massive KK graviton amplitude from the sum of proper products of the corresponding KK gauge boson amp…
We find that scattering amplitudes in massive scalar QCD can manifest the duality between color and kinematics at loop-level. Specifically we construct the one-loop integrands for four-point scattering between two distinct massive scalars, and the five-point process encoding the first correction to massive scalar scattering with gluonic radiation. We find that factorization and the color-kinematics duality are sufficient principles to entirely bootstrap these calculations, allowing us to construct all contributions ultimately from the three-point tree-level amplitudes which are themselves enti…
We construct entangled states of gluons that scatter exactly as if they were gravitons. Operationally, these objects implement the double copy at the level of the wave function. Our analysis begins with a general ansatz for a wave function characterizing gluons in two copies of ${\rm SU}(N)$ gauge theory. Given relatively minimal assumptions following from permutation invariance and dimensional analysis, the three- and four-particle wave functions generate scattering amplitudes that automatically coincide exactly with gravity, modulo normalization. For five-particle scattering the match is not…
Towards the Double Copy Formulation for the Abelian Sector of Heterotic Double Field Theory
本文通过带电标量场的杨-米尔斯理论的双拷贝，构造了异质双场论阿贝尔扇区直至三阶的作用量，并证明其精确匹配。
The double copy relates momentum-space scattering amplitudes in gauge and gravity theories. It has also been extended to classical solutions, where in some cases an exact double copy can be formulated directly in terms of products of fields in position space. This is seemingly at odds with the momentum-space origins of the double copy, and the question of why exact double copies are possible in position space and when this form will break has remained largely unanswered. In this paper, we provide an answer to this question, using a recently developed twistorial formulation of the double copy. …
Type D Spacetimes and the Weyl Double Copy
研究规范理论和引力中经典解的双重拷贝关系，针对代数D型四维真空度规，提出适用于所有此类时空的Weyl双重拷贝，将时空曲率与电磁场强关联，并给出C度规和Eguchi-Hanson瞬子的新例子。
We are investigating if the double copy structure as product of scattering amplitudes of gauge theories applies to cosmological correlators computed in a class of theories for inflation by the operatorial version of the In-In formalism of Schwinger-Keldysh. We consider tree level momentum-space correlators involving primordial gravitational waves with different polarizations and the scalar curvature fluctuations on a three dimensional fixed spatial slice. The correlators are sum of terms factorized in a time dependent scalar factor, which takes into account the curved background where energy i…
Hyper-Hermitian Weyl Double Copy
本文将自对偶双重拷贝推广到超埃尔米特情形，利用外尔双重拷贝形式求得不同超埃尔米特度规的解，发现存在两个麦克斯韦旋量，其中一个无源而另一个带源流，与超埃尔米特空间一般非里奇平坦的性质相容。
The classical double copy relations establish correspondence between exact gravity solutions and their counterparts in biadjoint and gauge theories. In this work, we investigate a peculiar case of double copy relations arising in exact solutions of the scalar gravity equation, relating static spacetime geometry to the Komar density distribution. We use a scalar-restricted static metric ansatz to isolate the degree of freedom governed by the linear equation for the zeroth copy. The corresponding metric solutions are interpreted as describing gravity without self-interaction, based on the Komar …
The Kerr-Schild double copy relates exact solutions of gauge and gravity theories. In all previous examples, the gravity solution is associated with an abelian-like gauge theory object, which linearises the Yang-Mills equations. This appears to be at odds with the double copy for scattering amplitudes, in which the non-abelian nature of the gauge theory plays a crucial role. Furthermore, it is not yet clear whether or not global properties of classical fields - such as non-trivial topology - can be matched between gauge and gravity theories. In this paper, we clarify these issues by explicitly…
Untwisting the double copy: the zeroth copy as an optical seed
本文为平坦背景上的稳态真空Kerr-Schild时空提供了历史光学基础，并用现代双重复制语言进行解释，揭示了单个复数种子如何组织局部几何、规范场并编码零重复制的几何内容。
The double copy relates scattering amplitudes in gauge and gravity theories, and has also been extended to classical solutions. In this paper, we study solutions in three spacetime dimensions, where the double copy may be expected to be problematic due to the absence of propagating degrees of freedom for the graviton, and the lack of a Newtonian limit. In particular, we examine the double copy of a gauge theory point charge. This is a vacuum solution in gauge theory, but leads to a non-vacuum solution in gravity, which we show is consistent with previously derived constraints. Furthermore, we …
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