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arXiv 2005.03668astro-ph.EP
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用GPU加速形成胚胎:重新评价陆地吸积的初始条件

Embryo formation with GPU acceleration: reevaluating the initial conditions for terrestrial accretion

Matthew S. Clement, Nathan A. Kaib, John E. Chambers

摘要:

太阳系的类地行星被认为是在数百万年的时间里从一片较小的胚胎和微行星的海洋中积累而成的。由于不可能知道原始太阳星云中固体的表面密度分布和尺寸频率分布,区分各种提出的演化方案一直是历史上困难的。几乎所有以前的类地行星形成的模拟都假设月球到火星的大量胚胎在原始气盘阶段形成于整个内太阳系。然而,通过胚胎增长模型验证这一假设在计算上具有挑战性,因为需要大量的身体。在这里,我们重新评估这个问题的GPU加速,直接N体模拟胚胎生长从r~100公里的微行星。我们发现,胚胎出现的原始气相在一个给定的径向距离已经有类似的质量最大的物体在同一半长轴在现代太阳系。因此,地球和金星达到了它们现代质量的50%,火星质量的胚胎在火星区域形成,谷神星质量的物体在整个小行星带中普遍存在。与其他最近的工作相一致,我们的新的初始条件的陆地吸积模型产生显着改善太阳系类似物时,通过巨大的影响阶段的行星形成。然而,我们仍然得出结论,需要一个额外的动力学机制,如巨行星迁移,以防止地球大规模的火星类似物的增长。

英文摘要:

The solar system's terrestrial planets are thought to have accreted over millions of years out of a sea of smaller embryos and planetesimals. Because it is impossible to know the surface density profile for solids and size frequency distribution in the primordial solar nebula, distinguishing between the various proposed evolutionary schemes has been historically difficult. Nearly all previous simulations of terrestrial planet formation assume that Moon to Mars massed embryos formed throughout the inner solar system during the primordial gas-disk phase. However, validating this assumption through models of embryo accretion is computationally challenging because of the large number of bodies required. Here, we reevaluate this problem with GPU-accelerated, direct N-body simulations of embryo growth starting from r~100 km planetesimals. We find that embryos emerging from the primordial gas phase at a given radial distance already have masses similar to the largest objects at the same semi-major axis in the modern solar system. Thus, Earth and Venus attain ~50% of their modern mass, Mars-massed embryos form in the Mars region, and Ceres-massed objects are prevalent throughout asteroid belt. Consistent with other recent work, our new initial conditions for terrestrial accretion models produce markedly improved solar system analogs when evolved through the giant impact phase of planet formation. However, we still conclude that an additional dynamical mechanism such as giant planet migration is required to prevent Earth-massed Mars analogs from growing.

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