通过球粒吸积的小行星、行星胚胎和柯伊伯带天体的生长
Growth of asteroids, planetary embryos and Kuiper belt objects by chondrule accretion
摘要：
球粒是毫米大小的小球，主要是来自小行星带的原始陨石。陨石球粒与小行星体的结合一定是行星形成的重要一步，但其机制尚不清楚。我们表明，小行星的主要增长可能是由于气体阻力辅助吸积的球粒。特征半径为100公里的最大星子群在约300万年内经历了陨石球粒的逃逸吸积，形成了火星大小的行星胚胎以及大小分布与主带小行星相匹配的较小小行星。空气动力吸积导致球粒的大小排序与陨石一致。毫米大小的球粒和冰粒的吸积也驱动了微行星在冰线之外的生长，但在25 AU之外，微行星的生长时间增加到了盘的寿命。直接的星子吸积对小行星和柯伊伯带天体的增长贡献很小。相比之下，在类地行星形成区，星子吸积和球粒吸积对月球大小的胚胎的形成起着更为平等的作用。这些胚胎彼此分离，并且仅以低速率共生星子。然而，球粒的持续吸积破坏了寡头结构的稳定性，并通过球粒直接吸积和巨大撞击的结合形成了火星大小的胚胎和类地行星。
英文摘要：
Chondrules are millimeter-sized spherules that dominate primitive meteorites (chondrites) originating from the asteroid belt. The incorporation of chondrules into asteroidal bodies must be an important step in planet formation, but the mechanism is not understood. We show that the main growth of asteroids can result from gas-drag-assisted accretion of chondrules. The largest planetesimals of a population with a characteristic radius of 100 km undergo run-away accretion of chondrules within ~3 Myr, forming planetary embryos up to Mars sizes along with smaller asteroids whose size distribution matches that of main belt asteroids. The aerodynamical accretion leads to size-sorting of chondrules consistent with chondrites. Accretion of mm-sized chondrules and ice particles drives the growth of planetesimals beyond the ice line as well, but the growth time increases above the disk life time outside of 25 AU. The contribution of direct planetesimal accretion to the growth of both asteroids and Kuiper belt objects is minor. In contrast, planetesimal accretion and chondrule accretion play more equal roles for the formation of Moon-sized embryos in the terrestrial planet formation region. These embryos are isolated from each other and accrete planetesimals only at a low rate. However, the continued accretion of chondrules destabilizes the oligarchic configuration and leads to the formation of Mars-sized embryos and terrestrial planets by a combination of direct chondrule accretion and giant impacts.
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