Complexity of distances: Reductions of distances between metric and Banach spaces
Marek Cúth, Michal Doucha, Ondřej Kurka
备注：
Accepted in Israel Journal of Mathematics. This paper is a result of splitting the original arxiv submission arXiv:1804.11164 into two parts and some polishing. This is the second part. The original submission arXiv:1804.11164 has been replaced by the first part of the split
We show that all the standard distances from metric geometry and functional analysis, such as Gromov-Hausdorff distance, Banach-Mazur distance, Kadets distance, Lipschitz distance, Net distance, and Hausdorff-Lipschitz distance have all the same complexity and are reducible to each other in a precisely defined way.
This is done in terms of descriptive set theory and is a part of a larger research program initiated by the authors in \emph{Complexity of distances: Theory of generalized analytic equivalence relations}. The paper is however targeted also to specialists in metric geometry and geometry of Banach spaces.
We consider the problem of determining the complexity of the uniform homeomorphism relation between separable Banach spaces in the Borel reducibility hierarchy of analytic equivalence relations. We prove that the complete $K_σ$ equivalence relation is Borel reducible to the uniform homeomorphism relation, and we also determine the possible complexities of the relation when restricted to some small classes of Banach spaces. Moreover, we determine the exact complexity of the local equivalence relation between Banach spaces, namely that it is bireducible with $K_σ$. Finally, we construct a class …
The category of Banach Lie-Poisson spaces is introduced and studied. It is shown that the category of W*-algebras can be considered as one of its subcategories. Examples and applications of Banach Lie-Poisson spaces to quantization and integration of Hamiltonian systems are given. The relationship between classical and quantum reduction is discussed.
In this paper, we study the descriptive complexity of some inevitable classes of Banach spaces. Precisely, as shown in [Go], every Banach space either contains a hereditarily indecomposable subspace or an unconditional basis, and, as shown in [FR], every Banach space either contains a minimal subspace or a continuously tight subspace. In these notes, we study the complexity of those inevitable classes as well as the complexity of containing a subspace in any of those classes.
It is proved that the relation of isomorphism between separable Banach spaces is a complete analytic equivalence relation, i.e., that any analytic equivalence relation Borel reduces to it. Thus, separable Banach spaces up to isomorphism provide complete invariants for a great number of mathematical structures up to their corresponding notion of isomorphism. The same is shown to hold for (1) complete separable metric spaces up to uniform homeomorphism, (2) separable Banach spaces up to Lipschitz isomorphism, and (3) up to (complemented) biembeddability, (4) Polish groups up to topological isomo…
These notes are dedicated to the study of the complexity of several classes of separable Banach spaces. We compute the complexity of the Banach-Saks property, the alternating Banach-Saks property, the complete continuous property, and the LUST property. We also show that the weak Banach-Saks property, the Schur property, the Dunford-Pettis property, the analytic Radon-Nikodym property, the set of Banach spaces whose set of unconditionally converging operators is complemented in its bounded oper- ators, the set of Banach spaces whose set of weakly compact operators is complemented in its bounde…
For $1<p\le \infty$, we show the existence of a Banach space which is both injectively and surjectively universal for the class of all separable Banach spaces with an equivalent $p$-asymptotically uniformly smooth norm. We prove that this class is analytic complete in the class of separable Banach spaces. These results extend previous works by Kalton, Werner and Kurka in the case $p=\infty$.
Employing a construction of Tsirelson-like spaces due to Argyros and Deliyanni, we show that the class of all Banach spaces which are isomorphic to a subspace of $c_{0}$ is a complete analytic set with respect to the Effros Borel structure of separable Banach spaces. Moreover, the classes of all separable spaces with the Schur property and of all separable spaces with the Dunford-Pettis property are $\mathbfΠ^{1}_{2}$-complete.
We determine the computational complexity of the Hahn-Banach Extension Theorem. To do so, we investigate some basic connections between reverse mathematics and computable analysis. In particular, we use Weak Konig's Lemma within the framework of computable analysis to classify incomputable functions of low complexity. By defining the multi-valued function Sep and a natural notion of reducibility for multi-valued functions, we obtain a computational counterpart of the subsystem of second order arithmetic WKL_0. We study analogies and differences between WKL_0 and the class of Sep-computable mul…
We consider a curve of Fredholm pairs of Lagrangian subspaces in a fixed Banach space with continuously varying (weak) symplectic structures. Assuming vanishing index, we obtain intrinsically a continuously varying splitting of the total Banach space into pairs of symplectic subspaces. Using such decompositions we define the curve's Maslov index by symplectic reduction to the classical finite-dimensional case. We prove the transitivity of repeated symplectic reductions and obtain the invariance of the Maslov index under symplectic reduction, while recovering all the standard properties of the …
We study the interplay between Banach space theory and theory of analytic P-ideals. Applying the observation that, up to isomorphism, all Banach spaces with unconditional bases can be constructed in a way very similar to the construction of analytic P-ideals from submeasures, we point out numerous symmetries between the two theories. Also, we investigate a special case, the interactions between combinatorics of families of finite sets, topological properties of the "Schreier type" Banach spaces associated to these families, and the complexity of ideals generated by the canonical bases in these…
These notes concern the nonlinear geometry of Banach spaces, asymptotic uniform smoothness and several Banach-Saks-like properties. We study the existence of certain concentration inequalities in asymptotically uniformly smooth Banach spaces as well as weakly sequentially continuous coarse (Lipschitz) embeddings into those spaces. Some results concerning the descriptive set theoretical complexity of those properties are also obtained. We finish the paper with a list of open problem.
We improve the known results about the complexity of the relation of isomorphism between separable Banach spaces up to Borel reducibility, and we achieve this using the classical spaces $c_0$, $\ell_p$ and $L_p$, $1 \leq p <2$. More precisely, we show that the relation $E_{K_σ}$ is Borel reducible to isomorphism and complemented biembeddability between subspaces of $c_0$ or $\ell_p, 1 \leq p <2$. We show that the relation $E_{K_σ} \otimes =^+$ is Borel reducible to isomorphism, complemented biembeddability, and Lipschitz equivalence between subspaces of $L_p, 1 \leq p <2$.
We construct a class of minimal trees and use these trees to establish a number of coloring theorems on general trees. Among the applications of these trees and coloring theorems are quantification of the Bourgain $\ell_p$ and $c_0$ indices, dualization of the Bourgain $c_0$ index, establishing sharp positive and negative results for constant reduction, and estimating the Bourgain $\ell_p$ index of an arbitrary Banach space $X$ in terms of a subspace $Y$ and the quotient $X/Y$.
For $1<p\leqslant \infty$, we study the complexity and the existence of universal spaces for two classes of separable Banach spaces, denoted $\textsf{A}_p$ and $\textsf{N}_p$, and related to asymptotic smoothness in Banach spaces. We show that each of these classes is Borel in the class of separable Banach spaces. Then we build small families of Banach spaces that are both injectively and surjectively universal for these classes. Finally, we prove the optimality of this universality result, by proving in particular that none of these classes admits a universal space.
A Banach space $X$ is elastic if there is a constant $K$ so that whenever a Banach space $Y$ embeds into $X$, then there is an embedding of $Y$ into $X$ with constant $K$. We prove that $C[0,1]$ embeds into separable infinite dimensional elastic Banach spaces, and therefore they are universal for all separable Banach spaces. This confirms a conjecture of Johnson and Odell. The proof uses incremental embeddings into $X$ of $C(K)$ spaces for countable compact $K$ of increasing complexity. To achieve this we develop a generalization of Bourgain's basis index that applies to unconditional sums of …
We discuss pruning and coloring lemmas on regular families. We discuss several applications of these lemmas to computing the Szlenk index of certain $w^*$ compact subsets of the dual of a separable Banach space. Applications include estimates of the Szlenk index of Minkowski sums, infinite direct sums of separable Banach spaces, constant reduction, and three space properties. We also consider using regular families to construct Banach spaces with prescribed Szlenk index. As a consequence, we give a characterization of which countable ordinals occur as the Szlenk index of a Banach space, prove …
We use a method involving elementary submodels and a partial converse of Foran lemma to prove separable reduction theorems concerning Suslin sigma-P-porous sets where "P" can be from a rather wide class of porosity-like relations in complete metric spaces. In particular, we separably reduce the notion of Suslin cone small set in Asplund spaces. As an application we prove a theorem stating that a continuous approximately convex function on an Asplund space is Frechet differentiable up to a cone small set.
We consider a certain type of geometric properties of Banach spaces, which includes for instance octahedrality, almost squareness, lushness and the Daugavet property. For this type of properties, we obtain a general reduction theorem, which, roughly speaking, states the following: if the property in question is stable under certain finite absolute sums (for example finite $\ell^p$-sums), then it is also stable under the formation of corresponding Köthe-Bochner spaces (for example $L^p$-Bochner spaces). From this general theorem, we obtain as corollaries a number of new results as well as some …
Fudan University（复旦大学）；AI for Scientific Simulation and Discovery Lab, Westlake University（西湖大学科学模拟与发现人工智能实验室）；Westlake University（西湖大学）；University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）；ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）
We study spaces with directionally asymptotically controlled ellipsoids approximating the unit ball in finite-dimensions. These ellipsoids are the unique minimum volume ellipsoids, which contain the unit ball of the corresponding finite-dimensional subspace. The directional control here means that we evaluate the ellipsoids with a given functional of the dual space. The term asymptotical refers to the fact that we take '$\limsup$' over finite-dimensional subspaces. This leads to some isomorphic and isometric characterizations of Hilbert spaces. An application involving Mazur's rotation problem…
Let $L_0$ be a bounded operator on a Banach space, and consider a perturbation $L=L_0+K$, where $K$ is compact. This work is concerned with obtaining bounds on the number of eigenvalues of $L$ in subsets of the complement of the essential spectrum of $L_0$, in terms of the approximation numbers of the perturbing operator $K$. Our results can be considered as wide generalizations of classical results on the distribution of eigenvalues of compact operators, which correspond to the case $L_0=0$. They also extend previous results on operators in Hilbert space. Our method employs complex analysis a…
A Classification of Order Convergence via a Transfinite Fatou Hierarchy
Universidad de Murcia（穆尔西亚大学）；University of Maryland（马里兰大学）；ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas (CSIC-UAM-UC3M-UCM)（数学科学研究所（西班牙高等科学研究理事会-马德里自治大学-马德里理工大学-马德里 Complutense 大学））
Geodesic contraction in vector-valued differential equations is readily verified by linearized operators which are uniformly negative-definite in the Riemannian metric. In the infinite-dimensional setting, however, such analysis is generally restricted to norm-contracting systems. We develop a generalization of geodesic contraction rates to Banach spaces using a smoothly-weighted semi-inner product structure on tangent spaces. We show that negative contraction rates in bijectively weighted spaces imply asymptotic norm-contraction, and apply recent results on asymptotic contractions in Banach s…
We extend the framework by Kawamura and Cook for investigating computational complexity for operators occurring in analysis. This model is based on second-order complexity theory for functions on the Baire space, which is lifted to metric spaces by means of representations. Time is measured in terms of the length of the input encodings and the required output precision. We propose the notions of a complete representation and of a regular representation. We show that complete representations ensure that any computable function has a time bound. Regular representations generalize Kawamura and Co…
A topological setting is defined to study the complexities of the relation of equivalence of embeddings (or "position") of a Banach space into another and of the relation of isomorphism of complex structures on a real Banach space. The following results are obtained: a) if $X$ is not uniformly finitely extensible, then there exists a space $Y$ for which the relation of position of $Y$ inside $X$ reduces the relation $E_0$ and therefore is not smooth; b) the relation of position of $\ell_p$ inside $\ell_p$, or inside $L_p$, $p \neq 2$, reduces the relation $E_1$ and therefore is not reducible t…
We prove that there exist weakly countably determined spaces of complexity higher than coanalytic. On the other hand, we also show that coanalytic sets can be characterized by the existence of a cofinal adequate family of closed sets. Therefore the Banach spaces constructed by means of these families have at most coanalytic complexity.
In this paper we further develop the theory of canonical approximations of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups, building on previous work of Solecki and Farah--Solecki. In particular, we obtain a characterization of such canonical approximations in terms of their Borel complexity class. As an application we provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of Polishable subgroups of Polish groups or, equivalently, of the ranges of continuous group homomorphisms between Polish groups. We also provide a complete list of all the possible Borel complexity classes of the ranges…
We prove a general principle satisfied by weakly precompact sets of Lipschitz-free spaces. By this principle, certain infinite dimensional phenomena in Lipschitz-free spaces over general metric spaces may be reduced to the same phenomena in free spaces over their compact subsets. As easy consequences we derive several new and some known results. The main new results are: $\mathcal F(X)$ is weakly sequentially complete for every superreflexive Banach space $X$, and $\mathcal F(M)$ has the Schur property and the approximation property for every scattered complete metric space $M$.
We develop Banach spaces for ReLU neural networks of finite depth $L$ and infinite width. The spaces contain all finite fully connected $L$-layer networks and their $L^2$-limiting objects under bounds on the natural path-norm. Under this norm, the unit ball in the space for $L$-layer networks has low Rademacher complexity and thus favorable generalization properties. Functions in these spaces can be approximated by multi-layer neural networks with dimension-independent convergence rates. The key to this work is a new way of representing functions in some form of expectations, motivated by mult…
This paper contains results concerning the Borel reduction of the relation $E_0$ of eventual agreement between sequences of 0's and 1's, to the relation of permutative equivalence between basic sequences in a Banach space. For more clarity in this abstract, we state these results in terms of classification by real numbers. If $R$ is some (analytic) equivalence relation on a Polish space $X$, it is said that $R$ is classifiable (by real numbers) if there exists a Borel map $g$ from $X$ into the real line such that $x R x'$ if and only if $g(x)=g(x')$. If $R$ is not classifiable, there must be $…
We study density requirements on a given Banach space that guarantee the existence of subsymmetric basic sequences by extending Tsirelson's well-known space to larger index sets. We prove that for every cardinal $κ$ smaller than the first Mahlo cardinal there is a reflexive Banach space of density $κ$ without subsymmetric basic sequences. As for Tsirelson's space, our construction is based on the existence of a rich collection of homogeneous families on large index sets for which one can estimate the complexity on any given infinite set. This is used to describe detailedly the asymptotic struc…
A bounded linear operator $U$ between Banach spaces is universal for the complement of some operator ideal $\mathfrak{J}$ if it is a member of the complement and it factors through every element of the complement of $\mathfrak{J}$. In the first part of this paper, we produce new universal operators for the complements of several ideals and give examples of ideals whose complements do not admit such operators. In the second part of the paper, we use Descriptive Set Theory to study operator ideals. After restricting attention to operators between separable Banach spaces, we call an operator idea…
This review article is concerned with a recently uncovered connection between operator spaces, a noncommutative extension of Banach spaces, and quantum nonlocality, a striking phenomenon which underlies many of the applications of quantum mechanics to information theory, cryptography and algorithms. Using the framework of nonlocal games, we relate measures of the nonlocality of quantum mechanics to certain norms in the Banach and operator space categories. We survey recent results that exploit this connection to derive large violations of Bell inequalities, study the complexity of the classica…
